Sulfur dyes

Sulfur dyes are used mainly for dyeing textile ceUulosic materials or blends of ceUulosic fibers (qv) with synthetic fibers such as acryUc fibers, polyamides (nylons), and polyesters. They are also used for sHk (qv) and paper (qv) in limited quantities for specific appHcations. Solubilized sulfur dyes are used on certain types of leathers (qv). [Pg.162]

From an appHcations point of view, the sulfur dyes are between vat, direct, and fiber-reactive dyes. They give good to moderate lightfastness and good wetfastness at low cost and rapid processing (see Dyes, application and evaluation). [Pg.162]

Traditionally, these dyes are appHed from a dyebath containing sodium sulfide. However, development in dyeing techniques and manufacture has led to the use of sodium sulfhydrate, sodium polysulfide, sodium dithionite, thiourea dioxide, and glucose as reducing agents. In the reduced state, the dyes have affinity for cellulose (qv) and are subsequendy exhausted on the substrate with common salt or sodium sulfate and fixed by oxidation. [Pg.162]

The range of colors covers all hue classification groups except a tme red. As a rule, the hues are dull compared with other dye classes. Black is the most important, followed by blues, oHves, and browns (see Dyes and dye intermediates). [Pg.162]

Year Development Product Name Number CAS Registry Ref. [Pg.162]

Sulfur Elves Sulfur dyes are inexpensive complex reaction mixtures of selected aromatic compounds with sodium polysulfide. The sulfur dyes are chemically reduced in the presence of base prior to appl ication to the fiber, and are reoxidized after dyeing on the fiber by oxygen in the air or by application of a mild oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide. [Pg.174]

The sulfur dyes are similar in application and fiber affinity to vat dyes, and also are available in a solubilized leuco form [Pg.175]

Sulfur dyes are inexpensive, and have adequate colorfastness properties for most applications. [Pg.176]

Uses. (9-Nitrochlorobenzene is used in the synthesis of azo dye intermediates such as o-chloroaniline (Fast YeUow G Base), i9-nitroani1ine (Fast Orange GR Base), o-anisidine (Fast Red BB Base), o-phenetidine, and (9-aminophenol (see Azo dyes). It also is used in corrosion inhibitors, pigments, and agriculture chemicals. -Nitrochlorobenzene is used principally in the production of intermediates for azo and sulfur dyes. Other uses include pharmaceuticals (qv), photochemicals, mbber chemicals (qv), and insecticides (see Insectcontroltechnology). Typical intermediates manufactured from the para isomer are -lutioaruline (Fast Red GC Base), anisidine, -aminophenol, -nitrophenol, -phenylenediamine, 2-chloro-/)-anisidine (Fast Red R Base), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, and l,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. [Pg.68]

Uses. (9-Nitrotoluene is used in the synthesis of intermediates for azo dyes, sulfur dyes, mbber chemicals, and agriculture chemicals. Typical intermediates are o-toluidine, o-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-nitro-4-chlorotoluene, 2-nitro-6-chlorotoluene, 2-amino-4-chlorotoluene (Fast Scarlet TR Base), and 2-amino-6-chlorotoluene (Fast Red KB Base). -Nitrotoluene is used principally in the production of intermediates for azo and sulfur dyes. Typical intermediates are -toluidine, -nitrobenzaldehyde, and 4-nitro-2-chlorotoluene. [Pg.71]

Approximately 90% of the phthalocyanines (predominantly copper phthalocyanine) are used as pigments (qv). In addition, they have found acceptance in many types of dyestuffs, eg, direct and reactive dyes, water-soluble and solvent-soluble dyes with physical and chemical binding, a2o-reactive dyes, a2o nonreactive dyes, sulfur dyes, and vat dyes (1) (see Dyes Dyes, reactive). [Pg.506]

Phthalocyanine Dyes. In addition to their use as pigments, the phthalocyanines have found widespread appHcation as dyestuffs, eg, direct and reactive dyes, water-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, solvent-soluble dyes with physical or chemical binding, a2o reactive dyes, a2o nonreactive dyes, sulfur dyes, and wet dyes. The first phthalocyanine dyes were used in the early 1930s to dye textiles like cotton (qv). The water-soluble forms Hke sodium salts of copper phthalocyanine disulfonic acid. Direct Blue 86 [1330-38-7] (Cl 74180), Direct Blue 87 [1330-39-8] (Cl 74200), Acid Blue 249 [36485-85-5] (Cl 74220), and their derivatives are used to dye natural and synthetic textiles (qv), paper, and leather (qv). The sodium salt of cobalt phthalocyanine, ie. Vat Blue 29 [1328-50-3] (Cl 74140) is mostly appHed to ceUulose fibers (qv). [Pg.506]

Both the m- and -phenylenediamines are used to manufacture sulfur dyes, either by refluxing in aqueous sodium polysulfide, or heating with elementary sulfur at 330°C to give the leuco form of the dye. These dyes are polymeric, high molecular weight compounds, and soluble in base. The color is developed by oxidation on the fabric. 2,4-Toluenediamine and sulfur give Sulfur Orange 1 (14). [Pg.254]

The H2S sulfanes are the subject of several reviews (129,133). Except for hydrogen sulfide these have no practical utiUty. Sodium tetrasulfide [12034-39-8] is available commercially as a 40 wt % aqueous solution and is used to dehair hides in taimeries, as an ore flotation agent, in the preparation of sulfur dyes (qv), and for metal sulfide finishes (see Leather Mineral recovery and processing). [Pg.137]

Reaction with anilines yields the Herz compounds, which are intermediates for certain sulfur dyes (qv) as well as vulcanizing agents for mbber (149). [Pg.138]

Addition of sodium dithionite to formaldehyde yields the sodium salt of hydroxymethanesulfinic acid [79-25-4] H0CH2S02Na, which retains the useful reducing character of the sodium dithionite although somewhat attenuated in reactivity. The most important organic chemistry of sodium dithionite involves its use in reducing dyes, eg, anthraquinone vat dyes, sulfur dyes, and indigo, to their soluble leuco forms (see Dyes, anthraquinone). Dithionite can reduce various chromophores that are not reduced by sulfite. Dithionite can be used for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols (348). Quantitative studies have been made of the reduction potential of dithionite as a function of pH and the concentration of other salts (349,350). [Pg.150]

Table 1. Historical Events in the Development of Sulfur Dyes...

Glassification and Structure. Litde is known about the structure of sulfur dyes, and therefore, they ate classified according to the chemical Structure of the starting materials. [Pg.163]

Sulfur The yellow, orange, and brown sulfur dyes belong to this group. The dyes are usually made from aromatic amines, diamines, and... [Pg.163]

The stmcture of indophenol-type sulfur dyes was studied (21) on Cl Sulfur Blue 9 made from the indophenol (13). This compound was purified and brominated to a tetrabromo derivative (14) identical with that obtained on hromin ation of Methylene Violet [2516-05-4] (15). [Pg.164]

Thus, the presence of a thiamine ring in Cl Sulfur Blue 9 was conclusively proved. The thiamine ring is the fundamental chromophore that accounts for the high color value of both the sulfur dye and Methylene Blue [61-73-4] including their abiUty to form pale yeUow leuco forms on reduction. Methylene Violet (15) is obtained from Methylene Blue (16) by hydrolysis in boiling alkah. [Pg.165]

This work supports the suggestion that sulfur dyes are complex thiamines derived generally from diphenylamine units (22). Depending on the conditions of the thionation, two or more thiamine units could be linked by sulfur to produce a typical sulfur blue (17, R = OH or NH2). [Pg.165]

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