Commons:独創性の水準

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著作権
アムトラックのロゴは単に文字の書体のみで構成されることから「著作権のある作品」とは見なされず、アメリカ法のもとでは著作権の対象外です。それでも商標登録法の保護の対象であることに変わりはありません。
アムトラックのロゴは単に文字の書体のみで構成されることから「著作権のある作品」とは見なされず、アメリカ法のもとでは著作権の対象外です。それでも商標登録法の保護の対象であることに変わりはありません。

"独創性の水準"とは、特定の作品やその一部が著作権で保護されるかどうかを評価するために使用される著作権法における概念です。これは著作権によって保護されるべき十分な独創性のある作品と、そうでない作品を区別するために使用されます。ここでいう独創性とは、「(著作者の性格を反映しておらず、かつ)既存のものを組み合わせて誰かが発案した/作った」ではなく「過去に発生したことも存在したこともない」ものを指します。

著作権は一般的に作品全体に適用されます。著作物の一部が著作権保護を受けるほど複雑な場合、その作品全体が著作権保護の対象となります。"デ・ミニミス"を作品の微小部分に適用して作品をコモンズにアップロードすることはできません。

このページの残りの部分では、裁判所または同様の期間によって著作権保護の対象外と判断された画像について説明します。特定の画像が独創性の水準を超えているかどうかを判断することは通常、司法判断なしには不可能です。しかし予防原則により、著作権で保護されていないことに重大な疑いがある場合、その画像は削除されるべきです。

詳細についてはWikipediaの独創性の水準をご覧ください。

"独創性の水準"が地域によってどのように変化するかを示す説明的なインフォグラフィック

地図

アメリカ合衆国

COM:TOO United States
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アメリカ合衆国

情報がありません

大陸法国家

大陸法を使用する国々では通常、比較的高い知的創造性が要求されるため、典型的な署名や単純なロゴは著作権保護の対象から除外されます。しかしこれはすべての国に当てはまるわけではありません。例えば、オーストラリアと中国は、独創性の水準が比較的低いことで知られていますが、フィリピンではいくつかのシンプルなロゴが同国の知的財産帳から著作権登録を受けています。

"どの国でもいいので、もしあなたがこの問題に関する具体的な判例または法的助言を知っている場合は、Commons:各国の著作権ルールに国ごとのサブページを追加し、"独創性の水準"の項目を追加してください。


COM:TOO Afghanistan
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アフガニスタン

According to the 2008 Copyright Law, work that may be protected includes: Photography work that has been created using an innovative mode; Innovative work of handicraft or industrial art (carpet designs, rugs, felt carpet and its attachments etc.); Innovative work which has been created based on the public culture (folklore) or national cultural heritage and art.[2008 Article 6(1) items 7-9]

COM:TOO Austria
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オーストリア

情報がありません

COM:TOO Brazil
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ブラジル

情報がありません

COM:TOO Czech Republic
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チェコ共和国

情報がありません

COM:TOO Chile
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チリ

Registration in the Intellectual Property Registry generates a "presumption" of copyright in favor of the registrant. Any work may be registered for "presumed" copyright, but Law No. 17.336 clearly states the "presumed" copyright may be contested. That is because, as established in "Astorga Sánchez José / Inversiones C. S. A.", C-2470-2009, 17.° Juzgado Civil de Santiago (28 October 2011), the Intellectual Property Conservator (Conservador) only makes the deposit of the documents into the registry, does not make an examination of their originality, or to determine whether the deposited documents are works or not, and so certificates of intellectual property generated by the Intellectual Property Registry do not establish that a work is new, original or viceversa. The Conservator of Intellectual Property expressed in 2011 it is up to the judicial system "to carry out an originality test to define whether the creation is indeed a particular manifestation of human ingenuity that can be classified as original compared to other equivalent creations, analyzed from a subjective perspective, that is, that the imprint or trace of the author can be perceived, that allows it to stand out from others". Such pronouncement was adhered to by the 17th civil judge of Santiago.[1]

COM:TOO China
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中国

情報がありません

COM:TOO Denmark
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デンマーク

情報がありません

COM:TOO Finland
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フィンランド

情報がありません

COM:TOO France
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フランス

情報がありません

COM:TOO Germany
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ドイツ

情報がありません

COM:TOO Greece
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ギリシャ

情報がありません

COM:TOO Hungary
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ハンガリー

◯  

  • stylized text with a common stylized globe icon (does not show the actual image).[2]

  

COM:TOO Indonesia
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インドネシア


Indonesia's threshold of originality is reportedly low, being based on common law ("Anglo-American model") principles, with "wallpaper, wrappers, packaging designs and technical drawings" being registered by copyright authorities.[4]

COM:TOO Iran
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イラン

情報がありません

COM:TOO Italy
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イタリア

Hogan Lovells states "In summary, the threshold for an industrial design product to enjoy copyright protection is still quite high and even famous industrial design products have been denied such protection by Italian Courts."[5]

Probably this applies to logos too. These files have been kept as simple logos:

But the logo of AC Parma was deleted as being a complex logo.[6] Another Parma logo has been deleted but then restored.

COM:TOO Japan
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日本

情報がありません

COM:TOO Libya
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リビア

情報がありません

COM:TOO Luxembourg
から参照読み込みされたテキスト

ルクセンブルク

情報がありません

COM:TOO Mexico
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メキシコ

情報がありません

COM:TOO Netherlands
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オランダ

情報がありません

COM:TOO Norway
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ノルウェー

Not protected

Two-minute theatre play.[7]

Protected
COM:TOO Peru
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ペルー

情報がありません

COM:TOO Philippines
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フィリピン

The concept of threshold of originality probably does not exist in the Philippines. It is possible that the sweat of the brow concept applies. In this concept, "a work can be eligible for copyright protection if there is a substantial amount of labor, effort, or investment involved, even if it lacks a significant level of creativity. This standard places emphasis on the effort put into creating the work rather than the level of originality or creativity." (Reference: Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2023/07#Probable low Philippines TOO)

For this reason, some logos that may be simple for the American jurisprudence may be eligible for copyright in the Philippines. Two examples are logos of Photo Sikwate (2022-00957-G) and of Geomax Solutions and Innovations (2022-01698-G), both of which were afforded copyright registration as proven by the 2022 copyright registry of Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines.

However, in the midst of controversy surrounding the most popular noontime variety show of the Philippines in mid-2023 (refer to w:en:Eat Bulaga!#Copyright infringement case for the background information), Atty. Maggie Garduque who represents the show's producer (TAPE, Inc.) claims the design of the logo of the show "is a trademark and not subject of copyright."[9]

COM:TOO Poland
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ポーランド

Per Tomasz Targosz (Institute of Intellectual Property Law, Jagiellonian University Kraków):

Polish copyright law has quite a long tradition of setting the threshold rather low, which may encourage frivolous lawsuits forcing courts to ponder whether simple graphic designs, short lines of text or even names should or should not be protected by copyright law.

[10]

COM:TOO Portugal
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ポルトガル

情報がありません

COM:TOO Russia
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ロシア

情報がありません

COM:TOO Senegal
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セネガル

Works of the mind may enjoy protection only if they are original. "Originality" means the work bears the stamp of the author's personality.[2008-09 Article 7]

COM:TOO Slovenia
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スロベニア

情報がありません

COM:TOO South Korea
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大韓民国

情報がありません

COM:TOO Spain
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スペイン

STS 4443/2004 notes that a work must have the characteristics of "uniqueness, individuality and distinguishability" to qualify for protection.[11]

STS 1644/2017 concerns architecture and states "The terms in which an architectural project is drawn up largely respond to the technical or functional requirements and compliance with urban regulations. When this is the case, the project or the architectural buildings are not protected by copyright in the part imposed by those technical, functional or normative requirements"; and more generally, "the factor of recognizability or differentiation of the work with respect to the pre-existing ones [is] essential to grant an exclusive right with moral and patrimonial aspects".[12]

COM:TOO Sweden
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スウェーデン

"A simple general rule is that if it is unlikely that two persons would create, for example, a text identically or similarly, the text is probably sufficiently original to qualify as a protected work. (..) Often, the requirements for copyright protection are considered to be relatively low."[13] From the court cases below it can be concluded that the threshold of originality in Sweden is significantly higher then the ditto in the United Kingdom even though it might be considered low compared to the one in the United States.

Status Example Notes
◯  
The text itself can't be considered to fulfill the general threshold of originality considered for copyright protection. This same interpretation is made whether one sees it as Roman numerals or Latin letters. The logo itself does have some figurative design. The font must however, despite some inconsistancies along the edges, be considered as ordinary and the black rectangle in the background does not contribute to any distinctive character. – Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende nr 2017/00120/01, Registrering nr 540495
◯  
The logo consists of an a and a 6. The round part of each character is not closed, however the characters are, besides that, made in a fairly ordinary font without any distinctive character. Between the characters is a simple, sun-feather resembelling, figure with a pointy tip which goes down between the characters. Above this figure there are four points, two to the left and two to the right. The logo is way too simple to be granted such copyright protection which can constitute an impediment for others' trademark registration. – Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende nr 2005/0006/0001, Registrering nr 369154.

This ruling was appealed to Patentbesvärsrätten (Patent court of appeals) which settled the original ruling (Mål nr 06-304, vm.reg. 369.154), albeit with one member of the court with a dissenting opinion. Unfortunately, they did not elaborate as to why they settled the original ruling.

◯  
Technical drawing. According to decision by the Swedish Supreme Court.NJA 2004 s. 149
   https://shop.textalk.se/shop/4541/files/entombed/ENT_logo_web.png The logo has been created using a Gothic font in a way which is frequently used among bands in the genre in question [death metal]. The logotype can thus not be considered to fulfill the demands of originality and distinctive character needed for copyright protection. – Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende 2013/0133/0001, Registrering nr 514059.

According to the court, after a comprehensive assessment, the wordmark shows such level of indivudual, distinctive character that it must be considered to possess copyright protection. The court especially values the font of choice, the individual design of the first and last letter and the fact that the first and last letter has been written in caps. – Patent- och marknadsdomstolen (Patent and Market Court) PMÄ 10796-16

This ruling was appealed to Patent- och marknadsöverdomstolen (Patent and Market Court of Appeals) which settled the previous ruling (Mål nr PMÖÄ 5441-17). Unfortunately, they did not elaborate as to why they settled the previous ruling.

   A black-and-white version of fr:File:Dunderklumpen Logo.png Ruled above the TOO by Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) (Varumärkesansökan nr 2014/00870), another part of the same ruling was appealed to the Patent- och marknadsdomstolen (Patent and Market Court) which settled the original ruling (Mål nr PMÄ 10748-16). Neither instance elaborated further as why the logo was ruled above the TOO but one can speculate that it was because it was a very obvious case.
   Michelin man lamp Ruled above the TOO by Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) (Varumärkesansökan nr 2015/03538). The office did not elaborate further as why the logo was ruled above the TOO but one can speculate that it was because it was a very obvious case.
  
Mini Maglite torch (Mål: T 1421-07, Högsta domstolen)
   Porcelain [1] "Sundborn", made by Rörstrand
   Photo illustrating a newspaper article RH 2009:18 (removed from the website in 2004 because of copyright infringement, protected as a photographic work for 70 years after author's death)
   Knitted tunic (NJA 1995 s. 164)
   Technical drawings (NJA 1998 s. 563)
COM:TOO Switzerland
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スイス

Swiss copyright law defines works as "literary and artistic intellectual creations with individual character, irrespective of their value or purpose".[14] Such works are protected by copyright: "Up to 70 years after the death of the author (50 years for computer programs); 50 years from the taking of a photograph without individual character; 70 years from the performance/publication of a phonogram or audio-visual fixation; 50 years from the transmission of a broadcast."[15] This section discusses some types of subject matter.

Photographs: Photographs may be protected as works on the basis of their individual character (individual photographs). Some photographs that lack individual character may also enjoy protection (non-individual photographs).

  • Individual photographs: The individual character may manifest itself in a variety of ways, such as the choice of the depicted object, the decision on when the picture is taken, or the editing work done after the picture has been taken.[16] In a 2003 decision, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland held that a photo of Bob Marley taken at a concert by a spectator with a handheld camera was eligible for protection as a photographic work because it had the required individual character by virtue of the aesthetic appeal of the picture, combined with the orientation of the picture's components and the distribution of light and shadow. It also found that the photograph was a "creation of the mind" by being shot at a specific time during the singer's movement on the stage.[17] By contrast, in the 2004 case Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation, the Court found that a photo (en:File:Christoph Meili 1997-nonfree.jpg), shot by a reporter to document Christoph Meili with the files he had taken from his employer, lacked individual character. It found that the scope of conceptual and technical possibilities was not exploited, and that the photograph did not distinguish itself in any way from what was common use.[18] The copyright in an individual photograph lasts for 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author died.[19]
  • Non-individual photographs: Effective 1 April 2020, Swiss law also protects certain non-individual photographs. Article 2(3bis) URG provides that "photographic depictions and depictions of three-dimensional objects produced by a process similar to that of photography are considered works, even if they do not have individual character". While no individuality is required, according to the official motives accompanying the (eventually adopted) revision draft, these photographs are still required to be "based on human actions", and thus "automatically created photographs such as radar pictures, pictures from surveillance cameras or camera traps" are ineligible for protection.[20] It should be noted that the new right also applies to photographs created before 1 April 2020 that had previously not been protected for failing the individuality test; however, if a particular use of a non-individual photograph was "begun prior to the commencement" of the new law, it "may be completed".[21] According to the official motives, this has the effect that "if non-individual photographs are used on a web page, the web page may be maintained after the entry into force of the protection of non-individual photographs. If, on the other hand, such photographs are included into an existing or a new web page after the entry into force of this protection, permission is required from the owner of the rights in the non-individual photographs."[22] The copyright in a non-individual photograph lasts for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the photo was taken.[23]
COM:TOO Taiwan
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中華民国

情報がありません

COM:TOO Turkey
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トルコ

Might be OK The Turkish copyright laws depend on the work bearing the characteristics of its creator while deciding whether the work is original, and considered on a case-by-case basis.[24]

判例法国家

See also: 英国における独創性の水準。

判例法国家では通常、著作権による保護を受けることができる独創性の最低レベルを決定するために、「技術と労働力」テストを使用しています。オーストラリアやイギリスなど一部の国では、要求されるレベルは極めて低いです。個々の法律を調査しない限り、判例法を採用している国のテキストロゴが必ずしもコモンズで認められるとは限りません。現地の裁判所がどのような立場を取るか本当に疑わしい場合は、予防原則に基づき画像を削除しなくてはなりません.

ロゴが非常にシンプルである場合(例えば標準フォントだけで構成されている)は、判例法主義の国でも著作権の対象となるものではありません。

"どの国でもいいので、もしあなたがこの問題に関する具体的な判例または法的助言を知っている場合は、Commons:各国の著作権ルールに国ごとのサブページを追加し、"独創性の水準"の項目を追加してください。

COM:TOO Australia
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オーストラリア

情報がありません

COM:TOO Canada
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カナダ

Unlike other common law countries, Canada's threshold of originality veers closer to that of the United States. CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada explicitly rejected the "sweat of the brow" doctrine for being too low of a standard, but at the same time, stated that the creativity standards for originality were too high:

A creativity standard implies that something must be novel or non-obvious — concepts more properly associated with patent law than copyright law. And for these reasons, I conclude that an “original” work under the Copyright Act is one that originates from an author and is not copied from another work. That alone, however, is not sufficient to find that something is original. In addition, an original work must be the product of an author’s exercise of skill and judgment. The exercise of skill and judgment required to produce the work must not be so trivial that it could be characterized as a purely mechanical exercise."

The same case also stated:

For a work to be “original” within the meaning of the Copyright Act, it must be more than a mere copy of another work. At the same time, it need not be creative, in the sense of being novel or unique. What is required to attract copyright protection in the expression of an idea is an exercise of skill and judgment. By skill, I mean the use of one’s knowledge, developed aptitude or practised ability in producing the work. By judgment, I mean the use of one’s capacity for discernment or ability to form an opinion or evaluation by comparing different possible options in producing the work. This exercise of skill and judgment will necessarily involve intellectual effort.

COM:TOO Hong Kong
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香港

情報がありません

COM:TOO India
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インド

情報がありません

COM:TOO Ireland
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アイルランド

情報がありません

COM:TOO Israel
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イスラエル

Although Israel historically used a "skill and labour" test similar to that used by the UK, since the 1989 Israeli Supreme Court's ruling in Interlego A/S v. Exin-Lines Bros. SA they have tended fairly close to a US-style requirement equating originality with human creativity.[25]

In Israel, the Supreme Court in the Interlego A/S v. Exin-Lines Bros. SA decision adopted the Feist ruling with regards to both the interpretation of the originality requirement and the general rejection of the ‘sweat of the brow’ doctrine and the labour theory as a legitimate interest for establishing a copyright claim.

COM:TOO Malaysia
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マレーシア


The threshold of originality situation in Malaysia remains  Unsure. Some previous discussions:

  1. The File:Hcc.png was deleted probably based on calligraphic Chinese words, and cited that COM:TOO UK may also applied for deletion;
  2. But the File:Petronas Logo.svg was nominated and decided to keep twice, despite that this may also beyond COM:TOO UK. Note that this logo is used before June 2013, and since that, the Petronas modified their logo to be more modern and fairly complex, the current Petronas logo is located at English Wikipedia for Fair use, though some users oppose that.


COM:TOO Nigeria
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ナイジェリア

Under the Copyright Act of 1988 (Chapter C.28, as codified 2004), A literary, musical or artistic work shall not be eligible for copyright unless (a) sufficient effort has been expended on making the work to give it an original character;...[C28/2004 Section 1(2)]

COM:TOO New Zealand
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ニュージーランド

As stated in the New Zealand government's NZGOAL copyright guide (January 2015),

  • As the Court of Appeal has stated, the “threshold test for originality is not high”, the determining factor being “whether sufficient time, skill, labour, or judgment has been expended in producing the work”. The Court has also reiterated the axiom, or principle, that copyright is not concerned with the originality of ideas but with the form of their expression. A work is not original, however, if (a) it is, or to the extent that it is, a copy of another work; or (b) it infringes the copyright in, or to the extent that it infringes the copyright in, another work.

[26]

COM:TOO Singapore
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シンガポール


For logos

 Likely not OK for most logos. The level of originality required for copyright protection is presumably very low.

Because Singapore was a territory of the United Kingdom until 1963, Singapore law is modeled on UK law, and in the absence of any specific case law to the contrary it is reasonable to assume that the rules will be similar. See the United Kingdom for more details.

For buildings

Assume all Singaporean buildings as copyrighted, regardless of design or artistry involved. Copyright Act 2021 (Act 22 of 2021) explicitly considers all buildings as artistic works: a building or a model of a building (whether the building or model is of artistic quality or not).[22/2021 Section 20(1)(a)(ii)] Please use {{FoP-Singapore}} even to plain-looking Singaporean buildings instead of {{PD-structure|SGP}}.

COM:TOO United Kingdom
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イギリス

情報がありません

Logos and flags

建造物

独創性がない、あるいはデ・ミニミス'によって削除が却下された画像。

いくつかの議論は論争の的だったことに注意してください。

写真

Photographs which have been deemed ineligible for copyright protection:

  • (DR) Photograph of a three-dimensional object (drawer pull) with bevels and cast shadows
    (DR) Photograph of a three-dimensional object (drawer pull) with bevels and cast shadows

地図

Maps which have been deemed ineligible for copyright protection:

Darden v. Peters.

Darden v. Peters: the addition of "font and color selection; visual effects such as relief, shadowing, and shading; labeling; call-outs" and anti-aliasing to a preexisting map is below the threshold of originality

Use: {{PD-map}}. See the section farther down on partial copying or cropping of uncopyrightable elements from copyrighted works.

See also:

Charts

Charts which have been deemed ineligible for copyright protection. Use: {{PD-chart}}. See the section farther down on partial copying or cropping of uncopyrightable elements from copyrighted works. See also:

Partial copying or cropping of copyrighted works

When a file copies only part of a copyrighted work, that file's copyright status is determined only by what it has copied. If it only copied uncopyrightable elements, then the file is also uncopyrightable. In other words, we judge the copyright status of a file only by what the file itself contains, not by the status of other content the original source contained that was not copied by the file.

OK
This image of the front cover of a novel is public domain in the USA because it only copies uncopyrightable text, not copyrightable contents of the book itself or possibly-copyrightable contents of the back cover. (DR) It would probably not be PD in UK because of the UK's publisher's 25 year copyright on typography, except for the fact that this typographical arrangement was published over 25 years ago.

Lower threshold in United Kingdom etc.

関連項目

脚注

Some citation text may not have been transcluded
  1. ↑ Sentencia nº C-2470-2009, de 17º Juzgado Civil de Santiago, 28 de Octubre de 2011
  2. ↑ Logó szerzői jogi védelme Ügyszám: SZJSZT – 17/12 (in Hungarian). Copyright Expert Panel (20 February 2013). Retrieved on 2019-03-26.
  3. ↑ SZJSZT 1/2005
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named IndTOO
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lovells
  6. ↑ Logo on external site DR
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Høyesteretts2007
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JuliBlåfjelllogo
  9. ↑ Blancaflor, MJ (2023-07-13). TAPE Inc: 'Eat Bulaga' name, logo not subject to copyright. Metro News Central. Retrieved on 2023-07-21.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kluwer
  11. ↑ https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/TS/openDocument/d42c9049784c7c02/20040821 p. 4
  12. ↑ https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/TS/openDocument/a95395d6789f5037/20170509 p. 9
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named PRVprotected
  14. ↑ Federal Act on Copyright and Related Rights, art 2(1). SR 231.1 Bundesgesetz über das Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte. Government of Switzerland. Retrieved on 12 September 2020.
  15. ↑ Envisioned. Created. Protected. – A Concise Guide to Trade Marks, Patents & Co.. Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property (April 2020). Retrieved on 22 August 2021.
  16. ↑ Cf BGE 130 III 168, 173 – Bob Marley.
  17. ↑ X. gegen Y. AG, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of September 5, 2003; BGE 130 III 168.
  18. ↑ Blau Guggenheim gegen British Broadcasting Corporation BBC, decision of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court of April 19, 2004; BGE 130 III 714.
  19. ↑ Art 29(2) lit b URG.
  20. ↑ Bundesrat, "Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung", BBl 2018 591, 620. See also W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), Das neue Urheberrecht (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 2 para 35.
  21. ↑ Art 80(2) URG. W Egloff in D Barrelet and W Egloff (eds), Das neue Urheberrecht (4th edn, Stämpfli 2020) art 2 para 38; P Mosimann and Y Hostettler, "Zur Revision des Urheberrechtsgesetzes" (2018) 36 recht 123, 126; Bundesrat, "Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung", BBl 2018 591, 620 («In Verbindung mit Artikel 80 Absatz 1 URG führt die Erweiterung des Schutzumfangs auf Fotografien ohne individuellen Charakter dazu, dass der Urheberrechtsschutz solche Fotografien auch dann erfassen wird, wenn sie vor seinem Inkrafttreten dieser Teilrevision geschaffen wurden.»).
  22. ↑ Bundesrat, "Botschaft zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes sowie zur Genehmigung zweier Abkommen der Weltorganisation für geistiges Eigentum und zu deren Umsetzung", BBl 2018 591, 621.
  23. ↑ Art 29(2) lit abis, 29(4) URG.
  24. ↑ ECONOMIC AND MORAL RIGHTS IN TURKISH AND EUROPEAN UNION COPYRIGHT LAW (2009).
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pessach
  26. ↑ NZGOAL copyright guide. New Zealand Government (January 2015). Retrieved on 2019-03-16.

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