„Aetius-Zisterne“ – Versionsunterschied
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Vefa.stadi1.jpg|275px|thumb|The Karagümrük Stadium seen from the west. Behind the trees it is possible to see the remains of the walls of the Cistern.]] |
[[File:Vefa.stadi1.jpg|275px|thumb|The Karagümrük Stadium seen from the west. Behind the trees it is possible to see the remains of the walls of the Cistern.]] |
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Although according to a late tradition the erection of the cistern, which lay in the [[Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae|fourteenth region]] of Constantinople, dates back to the reign of [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Valens]] (r. 364–78), it is ascertained that it was built in 421 by [[Aetius (praetorian prefect)|Aetius]], ''[[praefectus urbis]]'' in Constantinople in 419 and ''[[Praetorian prefecture of the East|praefectus praetorio Orientis]]'' in 425, under Emperor [[Theodosius II]] (r. 408–50).<ref name=ja203/><ref name=mw278/> The cistern was confused in scholarship for a long time with the cistern of [[Bonus (patrician)|Bonus]] or with that of |
Although according to a late tradition the erection of the cistern, which lay in the [[Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae|fourteenth region]] of Constantinople, dates back to the reign of [[Roman Emperor|Emperor]] [[Valens]] (r. 364–78), it is ascertained that it was built in 421 by [[Aetius (praetorian prefect)|Aetius]], ''[[praefectus urbis]]'' in Constantinople in 419 and ''[[Praetorian prefecture of the East|praefectus praetorio Orientis]]'' in 425, under Emperor [[Theodosius II]] (r. 408–50).<ref name=ja203/><ref name=mw278/> The cistern was confused in scholarship for a long time with the cistern of [[Bonus (patrician)|Bonus]] or with [[Cistern of Aspar|that of Aspar]]: only in recent times has its identification become certain.<ref name=mw278/> The giant tank was oriented parallel to one branch of the [[Mese (Constantinople)|Mese]], the main road of the city which connected the Gate of Charisios with the center of the city passing near the [[Church of the Holy Apostles]],<ref name=mw278/> and was supplied by the water main connected to the [[Valens Aqueduct]].<ref name=mw278/> Due to its huge dimensions, in the Byzantine age the reservoir was often used as reference point to locate other buildings, like the [[monasteries]] of ''Prodomos of Petra'', of the Romans ({{lang-gr|τὰ Ρωμαίου}}) and of ''Mara'' ({{lang-gr|τὰ Μάρα}}).<ref name=ja203/> |
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After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, the 16th-century French traveller [[Pierre Gilles]] reported that around 1540 the reservoir was already empty.<ref name=ja204>Janin (1964), p. 204</ref> In the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period, as its [[Turkish language|Turkish]] name ''Çukurbostan'' ("hollow garden") betrays, the structure was used as vegetable garden.<ref name=ja204/> |
After the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453, the 16th-century French traveller [[Pierre Gilles]] reported that around 1540 the reservoir was already empty.<ref name=ja204>Janin (1964), p. 204</ref> In the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period, as its [[Turkish language|Turkish]] name ''Çukurbostan'' ("hollow garden") betrays, the structure was used as vegetable garden.<ref name=ja204/> |
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Version vom 2. September 2014, 12:17 Uhr
The Cistern of Aetius (Vorlage:Lang-gr), known since the Ottoman period as Çukurbostan ("sunken garden") and since 1928 as Karagümrük stadyomu [1][2] ("Karagümrük stadium") or Vefa stadyomu ("Vefa stadium"), was a Byzantine open-sky water reservoir in the city of Constantinople, important for historical reasons. Once one of the largest Byzantine cisterns, it is now a football stadium in Istanbul.
Location
The cistern is located in Istanbul, in the district of Fatih (the walled city), in the neighborhood of Karagümrük, about Vorlage:Convert southeast of the Gate of Edirne (the Byzantine Gate of Charisius, later known as Gate of Adrianople) of the city walls, along Fevzi Paşa Caddesi.[3][4] It lies at the upper end of the valley which divides the fifth and the sixth hills of Constantinople.[4]
History
Although according to a late tradition the erection of the cistern, which lay in the fourteenth region of Constantinople, dates back to the reign of Emperor Valens (r. 364–78), it is ascertained that it was built in 421 by Aetius, praefectus urbis in Constantinople in 419 and praefectus praetorio Orientis in 425, under Emperor Theodosius II (r. 408–50).[4][3] The cistern was confused in scholarship for a long time with the cistern of Bonus or with that of Aspar: only in recent times has its identification become certain.[3] The giant tank was oriented parallel to one branch of the Mese, the main road of the city which connected the Gate of Charisios with the center of the city passing near the Church of the Holy Apostles,[3] and was supplied by the water main connected to the Valens Aqueduct.[3] Due to its huge dimensions, in the Byzantine age the reservoir was often used as reference point to locate other buildings, like the monasteries of Prodomos of Petra, of the Romans (Vorlage:Lang-gr) and of Mara (Vorlage:Lang-gr).[4]
After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the 16th-century French traveller Pierre Gilles reported that around 1540 the reservoir was already empty.[5] In the Ottoman period, as its Turkish name Çukurbostan ("hollow garden") betrays, the structure was used as vegetable garden.[5]
Since the 1920s the structure has been turned into a sports ground, and since 1928 it hosts a football stadium, the Karagümrük (or Vefa, from the Vefa S.K. football team) stadium, which is the home stadium of Fatih Karagümrük SK team.[1]
Identification problem
Attempts to identify the location of the Cistern of Aetius started quite late.[4] The cistern has been successively identified with: a cistern located near the Palace of the Porphyrogenitus (Vorlage:Lang-tr), and now disappeared; the cistern located in the court of the little Kefeli Mosque; the vaulted cistern located southeast of the Çukurbostan of the Gate of Adrianople and known as Zina Yokusu Bodrumi.[4] The key to the eventual establishment of its location lay in the information that the Cistern of Aetius was located near the monastery of Prodomos of Petra, which was surely in the valley dividing the fifth and the sixth hills: this led to its identification with the Çukurbostan near the Gate of Adrianople.[4]
Description
The cistern has a rectangular plan with huge dimensions, being Vorlage:Convert long and Vorlage:Convert wide: its average depth lies between Vorlage:Convert and Vorlage:Convert.[3] [5] Its capacity was about Vorlage:Convert of water.[3] Its walls, Vorlage:Convert thick[2] and partially still in place, were built according to the Roman constructive technique named opus listatum by alternating four courses of bricks and ten courses of stone, an elegant pattern similar to that used by the cistern of Aspar.[6] It has been hypothesized that this reservoir was used to supply with water the moat of the city walls, but it is more plausible that it was a central reservoir whence the water was distributed in the city.[2]
References
Vorlage:Reflist
Sources
- Ernest Mamboury: The Tourists' Istanbul. Çituri Biraderler Basımevi, Istanbul 1953.
- Semavi Eyice: Istanbul. Petite Guide a travers les Monuments Byzantins et Turcs. Istanbul Matbaası, Istanbul 1955 (französisch).
- Raymond Janin: Constantinople Byzantine. Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines, Paris 1964 (französisch).
- Wolfgang Müller-Wiener: Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh. Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, ISBN 978-3-8030-1022-3.
External links
Vorlage:Public spaces of Constantinople