Quantum lower bounds for fanout (pp046-057)
         Maosen Fang, Stephen Fenner, Frederic Green, Steve Homer, and Yong Zhang 
          doi: https://doi.org/10.26421/QIC6.1-3
Abstracts: We consider the resource bounded quantum circuit model with circuits restricted by the number of qubits they act upon and by their depth. Focusing on natural universal sets of gates which are familiar from classical circuit theory, several new lower bounds for constant depth quantum circuits are proved. The main result is that parity (and hence fanout) requires log depth quantum circuits, when the circuits are composed of single qubit and arbitrary size Toffoli gates, and when they use only constantly many ancill\ae. Under this constraint, this bound is close to optimal. In the case of a non-constant number $a$ of ancill\ae\ and $n$ input qubits, we give a tradeoff between $a$ and the required depth, that results in a non-constant lower bound for fanout when $a = n^{1-o(1)}$. We also show that, regardless of the number of ancill\ae\, arbitrary arity Toffoli gates cannot be simulated exactly by a constant depth circuit family with gates of bounded arity.
Key words: quantum computation, quantum complexity, circuit complexity, fanout