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Α-Carotene: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Previtamin}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''alpha''-Carotene}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{lowercasetitle}}
{{ExpandUse sectionmdy dates|date=February 20132024}}▼
{{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477318860
| ImageFile = Alpha-carotene.svg
| ImageSize = 300px
| ImageAlt1ImageAlt = Skeletal formula
| ImageFile1 = Alpha-Carotene-3D-spacefill.png
| ImageSize1 = 300px
| ImageAlt1 = Space-filling model
| Name =α α-Carotene
| IUPACName = (6′''R'')-β,ε-Carotene
| SystematicName = 1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-<nowiki/>{(1''E'',3''E'',5''E'',7''E'',9''E'',11''E'',13''E'',15''E'',17''E'')-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-[(1''R'')-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaen-1-yl}cyclohex-1-ene
| OtherNames =
|Section1= {{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3571861
| InChI = 1/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8)17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9)10/h11-14,17-23,25-28,37H,15-16,24,29-30H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,19-13+,20-14+,27-25+,28-26+,31-17+,32-18+,33-21+,34-22+
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| StdInChIKey = ANVAOWXLWRTKGA-JLTXGRSLSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}
| CASNo = 7488-99-5
| PubChem = 6419725
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 45XWE1Z69V
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 28425
| SMILES = C\C2=C\CCC(C)(C)C2/C=CC(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(/C)CCCC1(C)C
}}
|Section2= {{Chembox Properties
| C=40 |H=56
| MolarMass = 536.873
| Appearance =
| Density =
| MeltingPt =
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility =
}}
|Section3= {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt =
| AutoignitionPt =
| Autoignition=
}}
}}
 
'''α-Carotene''' (''alpha''-carotene) is a form of [[carotene]] with a β-[[ionone]] ring at one end and an α-[[ionone]] ring at the opposite end. It is the second most common form of [[carotene]].
 
==Human physiology==
DietaryIn intakeAmerican affectsand bloodChinese levelsadults, the mean concentration of serum α-carotene, whichwas in4.71&nbsp;μg/dL. oneIncluding study4.22&nbsp;μg/dL wasamong associatedmen withand significantly5.31&nbsp;μg/dL loweramong risk of deathwomen.<ref name=Li2010>{{cite journal |authorvauthors=Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S |title=Serum α-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=507–15 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21098341 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440 |pmid=21098341 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archinternmed.2010.440v1 |laysummaryarchive-url=[httphttps://wwwweb.medicalnewstodayarchive.comorg/articlesweb/208965.php Those With High Alpha-Carotene Blood Levels Live Much Longer] |laysource=Medical News Today |laydate=22 November 2010}}<20101129085914/ref><ref>[http://wwwarchinte.tuftshealthletterama-assn.comorg/ShowArticlecgi/content/full/archinternmed.aspx?rowId2010.440v1|archive-date=928 ''Alpha-caroteneNovember Linked to Lower Mortality Rates'' ]29, Tufts2010 Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011</ref>|doi-access=free}}▼
In United States adults and Chinese adults the mean concentration of serum α-carotene was 4.71&nbsp;µg/dL, including 4.22&nbsp;µg/dL among men and 5.31&nbsp;µg/dL among women (to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.01863).<ref name=Li2010/>
* {{cite news |vauthors=Nordqvist C|date=November 22, 2010 |title=Those With High Alpha-Carotene Blood Levels Live Much Longer |work=Medical News Today |url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/208965.php}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tuftshealthletter.com/ShowArticle.aspx?rowId=928 ''Alpha-carotene Linked to Lower Mortality Rates'' ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513164242/http://www.tuftshealthletter.com/ShowArticle.aspx?RowID=928 |date=May 13, 2012 }}, Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011</ref>
 
==Health effects==
▲ {{Expand section|date=February 2013}}
▲Dietary intake affects blood levels of α-carotene, which in one study was associated with significantly lower risk of death.<ref name=Li2010>{{cite journal |author=Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, Balluz LS, Giles WH, Liu S |title=Serum α-carotene concentrations and risk of death among US Adults: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Follow-up Study |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=171 |issue=6 |pages=507–15 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21098341 |doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2010.440 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/archinternmed.2010.440v1 |laysummary=[http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/208965.php Those With High Alpha-Carotene Blood Levels Live Much Longer] |laysource=Medical News Today |laydate=22 November 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tuftshealthletter.com/ShowArticle.aspx?rowId=928 ''Alpha-carotene Linked to Lower Mortality Rates'' ], Tufts Health and Nutrition Letter, March 2011</ref>
 
==Dietary sources==
The following vegetables are rich in alpha-carotene:<ref name=Li2010/>
* Yellow-orange vegetables : [[Carrot]]s (the main source for U.S. adults), [[Sweetsweet potato]]es, [[Pumpkinpumpkin]], [[Winterwinter squash]]
* Dark-green vegetables : [[Broccoli]], [[Greengreen bean]]s, [[Greengreen pea]]s, [[Spinachspinach]], [[Turnipturnip]] greens, [[Collardscollards]], Leafleaf [[lettuce]], [[Avocadoavocado]]
 
==Research==
A 2018 meta-analysis found that both dietary and [[Blood test|circulating]] α-carotene are associated with a lower risk of all-cause [[Mortality rate|mortality]]. The highest circulating α-carotene category, compared to the lowest, correlated with a 32% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, while increased dietary α-carotene intake was linked to a 21% decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality.<ref name="pmid30239557">{{cite journal| vauthors=Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S| title=Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies. | journal=Adv Nutr | year= 2018 | volume= 9 | issue= 6 | pages= 701–716 | pmid=30239557 | doi=10.1093/advances/nmy040 | pmc=6247336 }} </ref>
 
==References==
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{{Carotenoids}}
{{Vitamin}}
{{Terpenoids}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carotene, Alpha-}}
[[Category:Carotenoids]]
[[Category:Tetraterpenes]]
[[Category:Cyclohexenes]]
 
[[Category:Vitamin A]]
 
{{Biochem-stub}}
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