Duffield, Derbyshire: Difference between revisions

|latitude coordinates = {{coord|52.989|-1.489|display=inline,title}}

|population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 census]])<ref name=ons>[{{Cite web |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/ |title=Key Statistics: Dwellings; Quick Statistics: Population Density; Physical Environment: Land Use Survey 2005] |access-date=17 February 2015 |archive-date=11 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030211201309/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Duffield''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʌ|f|iː|l|d}}) is a south Derbyshire village in the [[Amber Valley]] district of [[Derbyshire]], {{convert|5|mi}} north of [[Derby]]. It is [[nucleated village|centred]] on the western bank of the [[River Derwent, Derbyshire|River Derwent]] at the mouth of the [[River Ecclesbourne]]. It is within the [[Derwent Valley Mills]] World Heritage Area and its elevated surroundings are the southern foothills of the [[Pennines]].

==Early historyHistory==

There have been humans in the area, probably, from the Iron Age. A [[paleolithicpalaeolithic]] hand axe has been discovered near the head of the [[River Ecclesbourne]] at [[Hopton, Derbyshire|Hopton]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cockerton, |first=R. W. P. (|date=1954) ''|title=A Palaeolith from Hopton,'' |journal=Derbyshire Archaeological Journal |volume=79. pp|pages=153–155 |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-2300-1/dissemination/pdf/074/DAJ_v074_1954_153-155.pdf 153–155|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> In the Duffield area itself, settlement by the [[Celts]] occurred in 400BCE.<ref>{{citation |last=Cook, |first=D., (|date=2011) ''|title=Welcome to Duffield,'' |publisher=Duffield Parish Council}}</ref> Although it has been suggested that, once farming began, they would have inhabited the plains of the Derwent and Ecclesbourne, they would most likely have retreated to higher ground during the winter floods.

===Anglo Saxon settlement===

A few remains have, however, been found of [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] occupation by a person, or persons, of some substance. The [[Domesday Survey]] records "Duvelle" as being within the [[wapentake]] or hundred of [[List of hundreds of England|Morleystone]]. In [[Normans|Norman]] times, [[Duffield Castle, Derbyshire|Duffield Castle]] was built to protect the hunting grounds of [[Duffield Frith]], awarded to [[Henry de Ferrers]] (or de Ferrars) by [[William I of England|William I]]. Most of this became the ancient parish of Duffield, which contained the townships of [[Hazelwood, Derbyshire|Hazlewood]], [[Holbrook, Derbyshire|Holbrook]], [[Milford, Derbyshire|Makeney, Milford]], [[Shottle]], and [[Windley]], and the chapelries of [[Belper]], [[Heage]], and [[Turnditch]].

Meanwhile, [[St Alkmund's Church, Duffield|St Alkmunds Church]] was built some quarter of a mile to south. Its position, so far from the village, it is thought, arose from its purpose, in Anglo-Saxon times, of serving travellers crossing the river on their way from [[Ashbourne, Derbyshire|Ashbourne]] to [[Nottingham]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Tudor, |first=T.L., (|date=1939) ''|title=New Light on Duffield Church and its Ancient Parish.'' |asin=B000S9P8KK}}</ref> The original part of the present building, however, is Norman. Duffield Bridge was built across the river, next to the present Bridge Inn, in the thirteenth century and widened in the eighteenth. This later became the main road to the north and, in the eighteenth century the road along Duffield Bank was improved, as the 'New Chesterfield Turnpike'.

===Norman invasion===

Meanwhile, there was a growing community next to [[Duffield Castle, Derbyshire|Duffield Castle]] built by Henri de Ferrers. For many centuries, Duffield was by far the largest centre of population in the parish. Following the rebellion by [[Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby]] his lands became part of the [[Duchy of Lancaster]] until the reign of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]. These included the manor of Duffield and seven parks in [[Duffield Frith]] namely, [[Ravensdale Park|Ravensdale]], Schethull ([[Shottle]]), [[Postern, Derbyshire|Postern]], Bureper ([[Belper]]), [[Morley, Derbyshire|Morley]], and Schymynde-cliffe, ([[Shining Cliff Woods, Derbyshire|Shining Cliff]])<ref>{{cite book |first=Daniel and Samuel |last=Lysons (|date=1817) |title=Magna Britannia: |volume =5 Pages |pages=129–142 '|chapter=Parishes: Doveridge – Duffield', |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50727. Date|accessdate=5 accessed:December 24 October 2007.2021}}</ref> In the Parliamentary Commissioners' report of 1650 respecting Duffield and its chapelries, Belper is described as "a hamlet appertaining to Duffield." One other near Duffield was Champain Park to the South West, in the area of what is now Champion Farm on Cumberhills.<ref>{{cite book |last=Turbutt, |first=G., (|date=1999) ''|title=A History of Derbyshire. Volume |volume=2: Medieval Derbyshire,'' |location=Cardiff: |publisher=Merton Priory Press |isbn=1898937346}}</ref>

Some idea of Duffield's prosperity can be gained from the size of the Church and its later additions. In the forest, there had been plentiful game, and a supply of timber, particularly oak, while the farmland was exceedingly fertile, though prone to flooding. Even with the controls on the rivers with the various weirs and dams in the eighteenth century, the centre of the village was subject to regular floods until the middle of the twentieth century.

===Medieval history===

A notable resident in the sixteenth century was Anthony Bradshaw who erected a monument in the Church to himself and his large family. He was distantly related to [[John Bradshaw (judge)|John Bradshaw]], who condemned [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] to death.<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard Lee |last=Bradshaw (|date=2010) ''|title=God's Battleaxe'' ISBN |isbn=978-1-4535-8394-4 |publisher=Xlibris}}</ref>

The first school in Duffield was Duffield Boys' Endowed School, now known as the William Gilbert School, originally in the centre of the village next to the Ecclesbourne. On 21 June 1565, we read that "at a court of the Manor of Duffield Frith, [[William Gilbert (astronomer)|William Gilbert]] surrendered a cottage and lands and closes for providing and sustaining an honest and learned man within Duffield Frith, to teach and instruct boys in honest and pious discipline and literature."<ref>Watson, W.R. (1991) p.71</ref> The schoolmaster's wages were settled at 12d. a quarter for every scholar being a grammarian, and 8d. for everyone inferior to a grammarian; but he might take other private pupils.

===Nineteenth Centurycentury===

The major activity up to the nineteenth century was agriculture. There were two cattle-fairs; the Thursday after New Year's Day, and 1 March. Ironstone is associated with coal deposits in Derbyshire, which outcropped in the [[Belper]] and Duffield areas. It is thought that these were what attracted the de Ferrars family to the area, and there are frequent references to iron-working in historical records, with a forge near to the present Baptist Chapel. There were also a number ofseveral corn mills and quarries. Flax, for linen, had been grown in Flaxholme, from the fifteenth century, on the instructions from [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bland, |first=W., (|date=1885) ''|title=Enclosure of Commons and Waste Lands, Formerly in the Townships of Belper, Duffield, Hazelwood, Heage, Holbrooke, Turnditch, and Elsewhere in the Old Parish of Duffield |location=118,'' DerbyFriar :Gate, Derby |publisher=Chadfield and Son, 118, Friar Gate. [|url=http://www.jjb.uk.com/enclosure/enclosure.htm]}}</ref> Silk thread began to be produced in quantity by [[John Lombe]] in [[Derby]], likewise cotton thread in Belper. By the nineteenth century, the major occupation in the village itself, was [[Stocking frame|framework knitting]], encouraged by [[Jedediah Strutt]]'s famous 'Derby Rib', while a paper mill opened at Peckwash.

The biggest change came with the coming of the [[North Midland Railway]] which passed through from 1840, with the opening of [[Duffield railway station]]. Initially, this was a short way further north the present one, and probably little more than a halt. The line also cut the lane to the church with a footbridge provided at a later date. North of the village, the main road had been previously realigned on the west side of the cottages known as Castle Orchard, with a slice out of the castle mound, leading to a new road north called New Mills Road.<ref>[{{cite web |url=http://www.jjb.uk.com/duffield/14bmap.htm Map|title=DUFFIELD fromas it was in the Year 1787] |website=Old Duffield Village, Church, and Castle, With some Personal Reminiscences |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> The railway northwards followed the alignment of the old road, passing under the new one with a magnificent stone -built [[skew arch]] bridge.

===Twentieth century===

The coming of [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] in the 1910s brought further expansion, with even bigger houses up Hazlewood Road, and council-provided housing along Holloway Road.

Throughout the 'thirties and 'forties, middle -class housing was appearing in the old Wirksworth Road, and in Flaxholme. The semi-detached houses to the west of Cumberhills Road are something of a mystery. Clearly, they were a speculative middle-class project, but in 1910 they were isolated among fields half a mile from the village – hardly attractive, one would have thought, to prospective purchasers.

In 1957 The Ecclesbourne School was founded, when [[George Wimpey]], the building developer, built new estates, raising the population to around 5000. One was between Wirksworth Road and the River Ecclesbourne. The other was to the south of Wirksworth Road, extending New Zealand Lane and the previously privately maintained Broadway. The intention was for the latter to meet the Wirksworth Road at Cumberhills Road, but where it crossed New Zealand Lane, the landowner refused to sell and it was several years before there was a through right of way.<br />The attraction of the village for housebuyers centres on the successful secondary school, Ecclesbourne. Now Mrs Underhill is planning to build houses in the field behind Meadows school, to pay for a renovation of Ecclesbourne Secondary School, includingand newgood sportstransport facilitieslinks.

* William Gilbert Endowed School

* Duffield Meadows Primary School

* Duffield Squash Team won the English Premier Squash League (PSL) in 2015. Former world champions [[Nick Matthew]] and [[Laura Massaro]] are members of the Duffield squad.

!Output area||Homes owned outright||Owned with a loan||Socially rented||Privately rented||Other||km²² green spaces||km²² roads||km²² water||km²² domestic gardens||km²² domestic buildings||km²² non-domestic buildings||Usual residents ||km²²

* Watson, W.R., (1986), ''An Illustrated History of Duffield,''

* Watson, W.R., (1991), ''The Derbyshire Village of Duffield Past and Present'' {{ISBN|0-9511563-1-4}}.

* Bland, J., (1922), ''Duffield: Village, Church and Castle'', Derby: Harpur and Son

* Cox,{{cite journal |last=Charlton |first=J.C., ''The|title=Some registersRoman andPottery churchwardens' accounts of the parish offrom Duffield,'' |journal=Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, vol.|volume=53 39, 1917.|date=1932}}

* Williamson,{{cite F.,journal ''Roman|last=Cox |first=John Charles |title=The Registers and otherChurchwardens' remainsAccounts foundof atthe Parish of Duffield,'' |journal=Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, vol. 52,|volume=39 1931.|date=1917}}

* Mynors,{{cite journal |last=Hughes H|first=R.C G.B., ''Sir|title=A RogerMedieval MynoursPottery ofKiln DuffieldSite at Burley Hill,'' Duffield |journal=Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, vol.|volume=77 73, 1953.|date=1957}}

* Hughes,{{cite R.G.,journal ''A|last1=Lawrance Medieval|first1=H. Pottery|last2=Routh Kiln|first2=T. SiteE. at|title=Derbyshire BurleyMilitary Hill,Effigies Duffield,''III |journal=Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, vol.|volume=48–49 77, 1957.|date=1926–27}}

* {{cite journal |last=Manby, |first=T. G., ''|title=Duffield Castle Excavations 1957,'' |journal=Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, vol. |volume=79, |date=1959.}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090827224743/http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk:80/duffield Duffield news from the Derby Telegraph]

*[https://archive.istoday/20130131185804/http://duffield.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp Duffield CC ]