Content deleted Content added
a viral vector that causes an infection isn't really a viral vector; rather, it's a pathogen. |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
||
| (37 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Fact of an action or object originating externally}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2017}}
{{dicdef|date=October 2020}}
In a variety of contexts, '''exogeny''' or '''exogeneity''' ({{ety|gre|
== Economics ==
In an [[economics|economic]] [[model (economics)|model]], an [[Exogenous change|'''exogenous''' change]] is one that comes [[exogenous and endogenous variables|from outside the model]] and is unexplained by the model. Such changes of an economic model from outside factors can include the influence of technology, in which this had previously been noted as an exogenous factor, but has rather been noted as a factor that can depict economic forces as a whole.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lamberton|first=D. McL.|date=June 1984|title=Exogenous Factors in Economic Theory|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08109028408628957|journal=Critical Studies in Innovation|volume=2|issue=1 |pages=128–133|doi=10.1080/08109028408628957|via=Prometheus}}</ref> In [[economic sociology]], Project IDEA (Interdisciplinary Dimensions of Economic Analysis) gave notion to understanding the exogenous factors that play a role within [[economic theory]]. Developed from the [[International Social Science Council|International Social Science Council (ISSC)]] in the year of 1982, Project IDEA was founded to gather ideas from economists and sociologists in order to conceptualize what economic sociology incorporates, as they have sought to understand why these two fields have been estranged from each other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swedberg |first=Richard |date=1985 |title=Economic sociology and exogenous factors |url=https://doi.org/10.1177%2F053901885024004012 |journal=[[Social Science Information]] |volume=24, 4 |issue=4 |pages=905–920 |doi=10.1177/053901885024004012 |via=SAGE journals |s2cid=144578414}}</ref> Such exogenous factors in economic theory include laws placed in economic systems by governments, ranks of [[Social class|social classes]] in populations, and preferences based on social factors of an individual.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hartley|first=Keith|date=1985|title=Exogenous factors in economic theory: neo-classical economics|url=https://doi.org/10.1177%2F053901885024003003|journal=Social Science Information|volume=24, 3|issue=3|pages=457–483|doi=10.1177/053901885024003003|s2cid=144892894|via=SAGE journals}}</ref>
* In [[biology]], an exogenous contrast agent in medical imaging for example, is a liquid injected into the patient [[intravenously]] that enhances visibility of a pathology, such as a [[tumor]]. An exogenous factor is any material that is present and active in an individual [[organism]] or living [[cell (biology)|cell]] but that originated outside that organism, as opposed to an endogenous factor.▼
*In attentional [[psychology]], exogenous stimuli are external stimuli without [[conscious]] intention.<ref>Posner, M.I. (1980), Orienting of attention. ''Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology'', '''32''': 3–25.</ref> An example of this is attention drawn to a flashing light in the [[wikt:periphery|periphery]] of [[Visual perception|vision]].▼
*In [[materials science]], an exogenous property of a substance is derived from outside or external influences, such as a nano-doped material.▼
*In [[philosophy]], the origins of existence of self, or the identity of self, emanating from, or sustaining, outside the natural or influenced realm, is exogenous.▼
=== Exogenous factors in econometrics ===
In [[econometrics]], an [[endogeneity (econometrics)|endogenous]] [[random variable]] is [[correlation|correlated]] with the [[Errors and residuals|error term]] in the econometric model, while an exogenous variable is not.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jeffrey M. |last=Wooldridge |author-link=Jeffrey Wooldridge |title=Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach |location=Mason |publisher=South-Western |edition=Fourth |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-324-66054-8 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64vt5TDBNLwC&pg=PA49 }}</ref> However, exogenous variables aid in the explanation of endogenous variable variances. In the preset group, it is typical to include historical values of endogenous variables. Exogenous variables are independent of the model's [[disturbance term]], since they are preset. They meet the same conditions as [[explanatory variables]] do in a traditional [[regression model]].
== Biology and medicine ==
=== Biology ===
▲
In the origins of [[Disease|diseases]], exogenous factors, namely those that are factors of [[inflammation]] or [[Stress (biology)|stress]], such as [[overexertion]], [[overeating]], and extreme feelings of emotions of grief or anger, all contribute to exhaustion or modifications in [[Gene|genes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sornette |first1=Didier |last2=Yukalov |first2=V.I. |last3=Yukalova |first3=E.P. |last4=Henry |first4=J.-Y |last5=Schwab |first5=David J. |last6=Cobb |first6=J.P. |year=2009 |title=Endogenous versus Exogenous Origins of Diseases |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218339009002880 |journal=[[Journal of Biological Systems]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=225–267 |arxiv=0710.3859 |doi=10.1142/S0218339009002880 |via=[[World Scientific]] |s2cid=10818515}}</ref> An accumulation of such stressors affect the [[immune system]] by disrupting the amount of communication that occurs between the immune system and other areas of the body.
[[DNA]] introduced to cells via [[transfection]] or [[viral transduction]] is an exogenous factor. Exogenous factors in DNA, particularly [[DNA damage]], are more known as environmental factors that cause progression in the impairment of DNA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Friedberg |first1=Errol C. |last2=McDaniel |first2=Lisa D. |last3=Schultz |first3=Roger A. |date=February 2004 |title=The role of endogenous and exogenous DNA damage and mutagenesis |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2003.11.001 |journal=[[Current Opinion (Elsevier)|Current Opinion in Genetics & Development]] |volume=14, 1 |issue=1 |pages=5–10 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2003.11.001 |pmid=15108798 |via=[[Elsevier]] [[Science Direct]]}}</ref> Such exogenous factors would be different chemical agents, [[ionizing radiation]] (IR), and [[ultraviolet radiation]] (UV). These factors penetrate the deeper layers of the cell, causing great damage, with either [[apoptosis]] or senescence occurring, further leading to [[Arrested development|arrested]] or altered development and aging of the organism causing [[Neurological disorder|neurological disorders]] and [[cancer]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hakem |first=Razqallah |date=January 16, 2008 |title=DNA-damage repair; the good, the bad, and the ugly |journal=[[The EMBO Journal]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=589–605 |doi=10.1038/emboj.2008.15 |pmc=2262034 |pmid=18285820}}</ref>
=== Medicine and medical treatments ===
In [[medicine]], exogenous factors are seen in both [[pathogens]] and [[therapeutics]]. Exogenous factors can be included in the type of [[obesity]] where there is an imbalance of food and [[metabolism]], in which one consumes a much greater amount than the human body can handle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Julius |date=1941 |title=Obesity: Its Pathogenesis, Etiology and Treatment |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/547135 |journal=[[Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=67 |issue=5 |pages=968–994 |doi=10.1001/archinte.1941.00200050076006 |via=JAMA Internal Medicine}}</ref> On the opposite end, endogenous obesity refers to obesity caused by disorders or issues outside an imbalance of food intake itself, which include [[Genetic disorder|genetic disorders]], interruption of [[thyroid]] functions, and other syndromic disorders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=Kelly |last2=Page |first2=Laura |last3=Gumus Balikcioglu |first3=Pinar |date=September 10, 2014 |title=Screening for Hormonal, Monogenic, and Syndromic Disorders in Obese Infants and Children |journal=[[Pediatric Annals]] |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=e218–e224 |doi=10.3928/00904481-20140825-08 |pmc=4369917 |pmid=25198446}}</ref>
In relation to cancer, [[carcinogens]] are exogenous factors, in which these are made up of various factors (chemical, biological, physical), causing cancer after having entering through several routes of the body.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Irigaray |first1=Philippe |last2=Belpomme |first2=Dominique |date=February 2010 |title=Basic properties and molecular mechanisms of exogenous chemical carcinogens |url=https://academic.oup.com/carcin/article/31/2/135/2477012 |journal=[[Carcinogenesis (journal)|Carcinogenesis]] |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=135–148 |doi=10.1093/carcin/bgp252 |pmid=19858070 |via=[[Oxford Academic]]|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Social sciences ==
=== Philosophy ===
▲
=== Psychology ===
Exogenous [[Constructivism (psychological school)|constructivism]] prioritizes the reconstruction of structures that have already been created in the environment, which is based from a mechanical metaphor, and greatly reflects off of [[Bobo doll experiment|Bandura]]'s [[social learning theory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amineh|first1=Roya Jafari|last2=Asl|first2=Hannah Davatgari|date=April 2015|title=Review of Constructivism and Social Constructivism|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51548785/construtivisim_and_social_C-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1638729868&Signature=XSDAHrKWYZYm0vmqQjOhViJ4Csq7XyYbRVzpM6HzLmODJ2AnCC7Xz7l0FJEcf3vTSo2Az6PpTrQRzoQFp6UZZZI-ovpyh7hSlQZ0w37al30qGDQ1vI5t4NPZsCsM2ss1unBhXVrfbTy9ealZkSmaTm4OPkGVa7~ZxWHEfCSulqyqBlTSWXQs4XFjstfUriU00MAKIP2MhcoShqbAHcqIHN~11tRI106RxrxBP4c1q5DtjJhnQbsTpAlEoE1MbBoTLzE2eD90eAjVUo0U2hNdYEdtTtXsXhwPVJ2W0z2kIGzF7lDPkWMapl-Fl0mI1QzJkyUTbtlLURWrGbP25dK3EA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|journal=Journal of Social Sciences, Literature and Languages|volume=1|issue=1|pages=9–16|access-date=2021-12-05|archive-date=2021-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205175909/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51548785/construtivisim_and_social_C-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1638729868&Signature=XSDAHrKWYZYm0vmqQjOhViJ4Csq7XyYbRVzpM6HzLmODJ2AnCC7Xz7l0FJEcf3vTSo2Az6PpTrQRzoQFp6UZZZI-ovpyh7hSlQZ0w37al30qGDQ1vI5t4NPZsCsM2ss1unBhXVrfbTy9ealZkSmaTm4OPkGVa7~ZxWHEfCSulqyqBlTSWXQs4XFjstfUriU00MAKIP2MhcoShqbAHcqIHN~11tRI106RxrxBP4c1q5DtjJhnQbsTpAlEoE1MbBoTLzE2eD90eAjVUo0U2hNdYEdtTtXsXhwPVJ2W0z2kIGzF7lDPkWMapl-Fl0mI1QzJkyUTbtlLURWrGbP25dK3EA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|url-status=dead}}</ref> Overall, exogenous constructivism is noted to assume that knowledge comes from an individual's environment, which is assumed to be learned. Because an active individual is expected to be participating in the abstraction of knowledge from its environment, practical guidance of this result of participation remains the most crucial feature of directing the learning process. The structure of the individual's operating environment has a substantial impact on the structure of the knowledge generated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moshman |first=David |date=December 1982 |title=Exogenous, endogenous, and dialectical constructivism |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297(82)90019-3 |journal=[[Developmental Review]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=371–384 |doi=10.1016/0273-2297(82)90019-3 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> Through the perspective of [[Piaget's theory of cognitive development|Piaget]], learning was known as the individual's former structures accommodated to those imposed by its current environment. The individual's accommodation is directed by the environment, which provides the structures to which the individual must adapt.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ginsburg|first=Herbert P.|title=Piaget's Theory of Intellectual Development|year=1988|isbn=978-0136751588|pages=14–16|language=English}}</ref>
▲
== Exogeny in other areas ==
=== Geography ===
In [[geography]], exogenous processes all take place outside the [[Earth]] and all the other [[planets]]. [[Weathering]], [[erosion]], transportation and [[sedimentation]] are the main exogenous processes. Asides from climate, exogenous geographic factors are able to contribute to the overall process of distribution, including densities of populations and [[Urbanization|urbanizations]] of certain areas in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ballinger|first=Clint|date=May 2008|title=Initial Conditions as Exogenous Factors in Spatial Explanation|url=https://philarchive.org/archive/BALICA-2v1}}</ref> Exogeneity is proposed to ultimately cause geographic considerations to be rejected.
=== Ludology ===
In [[ludology]], the study of games, an exogenous item is anything outside the game itself. Therefore, an item in a [[massively multiplayer online game]] would have exogenous value if people were buying it with real world money rather than [[in-game currency]] (though its in-game cost would be [[endogenous]]). Noted as exogenous fantasy, one may also refer to this term as extrinsic stimuli or "fantasy"; these describe a [[Fantasy game|"fantasy" (game)]] that solely relies on the skill being mastered, rather than the other way around.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Beomkyu |last2=Baek |first2=Youngkyun |date=January 1, 2013 |title=Rethinking Fantasy as a Contributor to Intrinsic Motivation in Digital Gameplay |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/61743572.pdf |journal=Psychology of Gaming |pages=83–92 |via=[[American Psychological Association|APA]] [[PsycINFO]]}}</ref> These fantasies also tend to possess a few characteristics, such as (1) understanding that the fantasy and the skill that is being learned are inextricably linked, (2) the fantasy context and the instructional content being provided have an intrinsic and continuous link, and (3) endogenous fantasies tend to include more intellectually challenging and captivating content compared to exogenous fantasies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Habgood |first1=MP Jacob |last2=Ainsworth |first2=Shaaron |last3=Benford |first3=Steve |date=December 1, 2005 |title=Endogenous fantasy and learning in digital games |url=https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1046878105282276 |journal=[[Simulation & Gaming]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=483–498 |doi=10.1177/1046878105282276 |via=SAGE Journals |s2cid=14279764}}</ref>
=== Materials science ===
▲
==References==
| |||