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{{short description|Irish agricultural reformer and
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
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| image = Sir Horace Plunkett, 1-15-23 LOC npcc.07656 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
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| term_start = 11 December 1922
| term_start1 = 1891▼
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| office2 = [[Irish Convention]]
| predecessor2 = [[Sir Thomas Esmonde, 11th Baronet|Sir Thomas Esmonde]]▼
| successor2 = [[John Joseph Mooney]]▼
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| office3 = [[South Dublin (UK Parliament constituency)|MP for South Dublin]]
▲| term_start4 = 1917
| office4 = [[Congested Districts Board for Ireland]]
| term_end4 = 1918
▲| term_start3 = 1922
▲| term_end3 = 1923
▲| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1854|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Sherborne, Gloucestershire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age
| death_place = [[Weybridge]], [[Surrey]],
| party = {{ubl|[[Irish Conservative Party]]|[[Irish Unionist Alliance]]|[[Irish Dominion League]]|[[Independent politician (Ireland)|Independent]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University College, Oxford]]
| education = [[Eton College]]
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Plunkett was born in [[Sherborne, Gloucestershire]], England, the third son of [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] Edward Plunkett, the 16th [[Baron of Dunsany]], of [[Dunsany Castle]], [[:Category:Dunsany|Dunsany]], near [[Dunshaughlin]], [[County Meath]], and the Honourable Anne Constance Dutton (d. 1858; daughter of [[John Dutton, 2nd Baron Sherborne]]). Raised in County Meath, Plunkett was [[Anglo-Irish]], being of Anglican [[Unionist (Ireland)|Irish unionist]] background, educated at [[Eton College]] and [[University College, Oxford]], of which he became an honorary fellow in 1909.<ref name=dib>{{cite web|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/plunkett-sir-horace-curzon-a7385|title=Plunkett, Sir Horace Curzon|work=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|last=West|first=Trevor|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
His older brother was [[John Plunkett, 17th Baron of Dunsany]] and a distant cousin was the Roman Catholic [[George Noble Plunkett]], a [[Papal Count]] and father of [[Joseph Plunkett]], one of the signatories of the [[Proclamation of the Irish Republic]] and a leader of the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916.<ref name="Biog, West">{{
Threatened by lung trouble in 1879, Horace Plunkett sought health in ranching for ten years (
Never marrying, he poured his tremendous energy into agricultural and rural development, politics and diplomacy, public administration and economics. As visible testimony to his endeavours, he left as his main legacies the Irish [[cooperative]] movement, which grew to encompass vast creamery and food ingredient businesses such as Avonmore and Kerry Group,
==Career==
===Early political career===
Although a Unionist, Plunkett resolved to bring together people of all political views for the promotion of the material prosperity of the Irish people.<ref name="EB1911"/> In 1891 he was appointed to the newly established [[Congested Districts Board for Ireland|Congested Districts Board]] and learned at first-hand about the wretched conditions of the rural population, especially west of the [[River Shannon]]. The experience hardened his conviction that the one remedy for social and economic ills was cooperative self-help. The Congested Districts Board were a major plank of the ultimately failed [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] policy of [[Constructive Unionism]] or ''"killing [[Home Rule Movement|Home Rule]] with kindness"''.<ref name="Irish History 1980. page 87">A Dictionary of Irish History, D.J.Hickey & J.E.Doherty, Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 1980, pg 87; {{ISBN|0-7171-1567-4}}</ref>
Around him, he saw a troubled economy, racked with dissension, denuded by emigration, impoverished in its countryside and economically stagnant in its towns.<ref>Byrne, J.J.: ''AE and Sir Horace Plunkett'', pp. 152–54: (''The Shaping of Modern Ireland'' Conor-Cruise O'Brien, 1960).</ref>
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Before going to America he had become an enthusiast for the [[Rochdale principles]] of Consumer cooperatives and in 1878 had set a store up on the family estate.<ref name=dib/>
===Agricultural reform===
In the setting up of creameries, the cooperative movement experienced its greatest success. Plunkett got farmers to join to establish units to process and market their own butter, milk and cheese to standards suitable for the profitable British market, rather than producing unhygienic, poor-quality output in their homes for local traders. This enabled farmers to deal directly with companies established by themselves, which guaranteed fair prices without middlemen absorbing the profits.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
===Work with Roosevelt===
Plunkett believed that the [[Industrial Revolution]] needed to be redressed by an agricultural revolution through cooperation, and proclaimed his ideals under the slogan "Better farming, better business, better living". (US president [[Theodore Roosevelt]] adopted the slogan for his conservation and country life policy.){{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
[[Gifford Pinchot]], Theodore Roosevelt's head of the [[Bureau of Forestry]] introduced Plunkett to Roosevelt in 1906. Roosevelt had recently set up the [[National Conservation Commission]] and was also interested in Irish cooperatives. Arguing that it was not enough to conserve natural resources without tackling the problems of rural life, Plunkett and Pinchot helped draft Roosevelt's letter recommending the Commission on Country Life's report to congress. The [[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] credits Plunket with persuading Roosevelt to establish the commission as a complement to the conservation work.<ref name=dib/>
===Success and opposition===
Public opinion, initially lukewarm, grew hostile in some sectors as the cooperative movement developed, and shopkeepers, butter-buyers and sections of the press led a campaign of virulent opposition. Cooperatives and Plunkett were denounced for supposedly ruining the dairy industry but the movement caught hold, with the mass of farmers benefitting. Plunkett and his colleagues including the poet and painter [[George William Russell]] ("Æ") made a good working team, writing widely on economic and cultural development, and on the role of labour.
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Plunkett's task was frustrating. He was a pioneer of the concept of systematic rural development, who, in spite of his role in Irish affairs being often overlooked, influenced many international reformers, and can be credited as one of the few who had a long-term vision for the development of rural Ireland. He was apt to remind audiences that, even if full peasant proprietorship was achieved and Home Rule was implemented, rural underdevelopment would still have to be faced. But class conflict between farmers and shopkeepers intervened to frustrate much of what he aimed to do.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Transformation of Ireland, 1900-2000|last=Ferriter|first=Diarmaid|publisher=Profile Books|year=2004|isbn=9781861974433|pages=68|language=en|author-link=Diarmaid Ferriter}}</ref>
===Unionism===
Before entering Parliament Plunkett had been involved in the Unionist reaction to the [[British Liberal party|Liberal leader]] [[William Ewart Gladstone|William Gladstone]]'s conversion to [[Home Rule]], predicting in a speech to an 1886 Unionist demonstration that Home rule would lead to "'squalid poverty and violent social disorder, which before long is almost certain to end in civil war".<ref>The Times, 15 October 1886, quoted in Footnote 18, page 6, ''The Conservatives and the Redefinition of Unionism, 1912-21'', Stephen Evans, Twentieth Century British History, Vol. 9, No 1, 1998, Oxford University Press</ref>
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Early in his career, Plunkett opposed home rule because of the danger of partition. In 1893 he asserted that one of the leading objections to any measure of home rule was that if it were possible to enforce it on Ulster . . . "it would intensify and perpetuate a state of things in which the Boyne seemed to be broader, deeper and stormier than the Irish Sea".<ref>King, Carla: Sir Horace Plunkett, chapter 7, pp. 138-54 in: Boyce, D. George (Ed.), O'Day, Alan (Ed.): ''Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism Since 1801''.<br /> Routledge (2000); {{ISBN|0-415-17421-X}}/{{ISBN|0-415-17422-8}}</ref>
He lost his seat in [[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900]] to [[John Mooney (Irish politician)|John Mooney]] of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]], after his conciliatory approach to nationalists led to hardline unionists standing [[Francis Elrington Ball]] as an independent unionist candidate, splitting the unionist vote.<ref name="walker-1801-1922b">{{cite book|title=Parliamentary election results in Ireland 1801–1922|editor=Brian M. Walker|publisher=Royal Irish Academy|location=Dublin|year=1978|isbn=0-901714-12-7|page=349}}</ref>
===Expanding cooperation===
[[File:Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett in 1915 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Plunkett in 1915]]
Continuing his policy of conciliation, Plunkett suggested in a letter to the Irish press in August 1895 that a few prominent persons of various political opinions, both nationalist and unionist, should meet to discuss and frame a scheme of practical legislation for pursuing national development,<ref name="EB1911"/> and to make recommendations on the Agriculture and Industries (Ireland) Bill of 1897.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}▼
The outcome of this proposal was the formation of the Recess Committee, with Plunkett as chairman and members of divergent views, such as the [[Earl of Mayo]], [[John Redmond]], [[Denis O'Conor|The O'Conor Don]], [[Thomas Sinclair (politician, 1838–1914)|Thomas Sinclair]],<ref name="EB1911"/> [[Thomas Spring Rice, 2nd Baron Monteagle of Brandon|Thomas Spring Rice]], Rev Dr Kane (Grand Master of the Belfast Orangemen), Father [[Thomas A. Finlay]], Mr John Ross, MP, [[Timothy Harrington]] MP, Sir [[John Arnott]], Sir William Ewart, Sir [[Sir Daniel Dixon, 1st Baronet|Daniel Dixon]] (after Lord Mayor of Belfast), Sir James Musgrave (Chairman of the Belfast Harbour Board), Thomas Andrews (Chairman of the Belfast and County Down Railway). [[T. P. Gill]] acted as Honorary Secretary to the committee.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14342 ''Ireland in the New Century''], Chapt.8</ref>▼
▲Continuing his policy of conciliation, Plunkett suggested in a letter to the Irish press in August 1895 that a few prominent persons of various political opinions, both nationalist and unionist, should meet to discuss and frame a scheme of practical legislation for pursuing national development, and to make recommendations on the Agriculture and Industries (Ireland) Bill of 1897.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
In July 1896 the Recess Committee issued a report, of which Plunkett was the author, containing accounts of the systems of state aid to agriculture and technical instruction in foreign countries. This report, and the growing influence of Plunkett, who became a member of the [[Irish Privy Council]] in 1897, led to the passing in 1899 of an Act establishing the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction (DATI) for Ireland, of which the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] was to be President {{lang|la|ex officio}}.<ref name="EB1911"/> Plunkett was appointed vice-president, a position of de facto leadership.<ref>Maume, Patrick: ''The Long Gestation, Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918'' p.18, Gill & Macmillan (1999) {{ISBN|0-7171-2744-3}}</ref> He guided the policy and administration of the DATI in its first seven critical years.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}▼
▲The outcome of this proposal was the formation of the Recess Committee, with Plunkett as chairman and members of divergent views, such as the [[Earl of Mayo]], [[John Redmond]], [[Denis O'Conor|The O'Conor Don]], [[Thomas Sinclair (politician, 1838–1914)|Thomas Sinclair]], [[Thomas Spring Rice, 2nd Baron Monteagle of Brandon|Thomas Spring Rice]], Rev Dr Kane (Grand Master of the Belfast Orangemen), Father [[Thomas A. Finlay]], Mr John Ross, MP, [[Timothy Harrington]] MP, Sir [[John Arnott]], Sir William Ewart, Sir [[Sir Daniel Dixon, 1st Baronet|Daniel Dixon]] (after Lord Mayor of Belfast), Sir James Musgrave (Chairman of the Belfast Harbour Board), Thomas Andrews (Chairman of the Belfast and County Down Railway). [[T. P. Gill]] acted as Honorary Secretary to the committee.<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14342 ''Ireland in the New Century''], Chapt.8</ref>
▲In July 1896 the Recess Committee issued a report, of which Plunkett was the author, containing accounts of the systems of state aid to agriculture and technical instruction in foreign countries. This report, and the growing influence of Plunkett, who became a member of the [[Irish Privy Council]] in 1897, led to the passing in 1899 of an Act establishing the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction (DATI) for Ireland, of which the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]] was to be President {{lang|la|ex officio}}. Plunkett was appointed vice-president, a position of de facto leadership.<ref>Maume, Patrick: ''The Long Gestation, Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918'' p.18, Gill & Macmillan (1999) {{ISBN|0-7171-2744-3}}</ref> He guided the policy and administration of the DATI in its first seven critical years.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
The DATI worked:
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By 1914 the DATI had 138 instructors travelling the country, informing farmers about new methods in agriculture, horticulture and poultry-keeping. The start of the 20th century saw the high water mark in Plunket's achievements. The IAOS was flourishing and vigorous. In 1903 there were 370 dairy societies, 201 cooperative banks and 146 agricultural societies under the auspices of the IAOS, and by 1914 there were over 1,000 societies and nearly 90,000 members.<ref>Ferriter, Diarmaid: p. 68</ref> However, most unionists considered Plunkett too conciliatory and their hostility cost him his seat at the [[1900 United Kingdom general election|general election in October 1900]], when they put up a candidate to split the unionist vote.<ref>Maume, Partick: p. 241</ref>
It had been intended that the vice-president should be responsible for the DATI in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], but an extensively signed
On the accession of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] to power in 1906 [[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|James Bryce]], the new Chief Secretary, asked Plunkett to remain at the head of the department he had created.
===Efforts obstructed===
Having sat in the House of Commons as a Unionist, attitudes among the nationalist party were exacerbated by the opinions in his book, ''Ireland in the New Century'' (1904). Here he described the economic condition and needs of the country, and the nature of the agricultural improvement schemes he had promoted.<ref name="EB1911"/> Plunkett put forth the view that economics was more important than politics for the future of Ireland, classed the huge sums invested in the building of Catholic churches as "uneconomic" and remarked negatively on the power of the Catholic hierarchy.▼
▲Having sat in the House of Commons as a Unionist, attitudes among the nationalist party were exacerbated by the opinions in his book, ''Ireland in the New Century'' (1904). Here he described the economic condition and needs of the country, and the nature of the agricultural improvement schemes he had promoted. Plunkett put forth the view that economics was more important than politics for the future of Ireland, classed the huge sums invested in the building of Catholic churches as "uneconomic" and remarked negatively on the power of the Catholic hierarchy.
[[John Redmond]], leader of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]], turned against Plunkett for suggesting that anything but Home Rule might be the answer to Ireland's problems,<ref>[[Robert Kee|Kee, Robert]]: ''The Green Flag'', pp. 435–37 (1972, 2000)</ref> and other mainstream nationalists, led by [[John Dillon]], rejected economic development, whether through Plunkett's agricultural cooperatives, [[William O'Brien]]'s tenant land purchase or [[D. D. Sheehan]]'s housing of rural labourers, in advance of "national development".
Ultimately the DATI ceased to work harmoniously with the IAOS, wrecking Plunkett's hopes, and the Irish Parliamentary Party made a determined effort to drive him from office, moving a resolution to that effect in the House of Commons in 1907. The government gave way, and although Plunkett was re-elected president of the IAOS in the summer of 1907, he retired from office in the DATI. From the year 1900 the DATI had made an annual grant of about £4,000 to the IAOS, but in 1907 the new vice-president of the DATI, [[Sir Thomas Russell, 1st Baronet|TW Russell]], who had previously been a member of the Unionist administration, withdrew it.<ref name="EB1911"/> Nonetheless, many continued to be inspired by Plunkett's vision and to establish creamery cooperatives around the country.
==Political reorientation==▼
[[File:Plunkett House nameplate, Dublin, Ireland.jpg|thumb|right|The Plunkett House nameplate]]
In 1908 public appreciation of Plunkett's service was marked by the purchase and gift to him of 84 Merrion Square, Dublin, which became the headquarters of the IAOS,<ref>[http://www.icos.ie Irish Agricultural Organization Society (IAOS)]</ref> under the name The Plunkett House.<ref>''Directory of Irish Biographies'' p. 367<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed; publishing info needed --></ref>
''The Irish Homestead'' had frequently drawn attention to the status of women in rural Ireland (its assistant editor was [[Susan L. Mitchell]]), and in 1910 Plunkett helped to found the United Irishwomen to improve their domestic economy, welfare and education, with [[Ellice Pilkington]] and [[Anita Lett]]. This would develop in the 1930s into the powerful [[Irish Countrywomen's Association]]. It also inspired the foundation of the Women's Institutes in the UK.
▲===Political reorientation===
Having previously focused his attention pragmatically on economic factors, Plunkett now began to reorient to political and social issues. The failure of the [[Irish Council Bill]] in 1907 made him realise the critical importance of self-government and by 1912 he was a convinced Home Ruler. He spent the first half of 1914 in negotiations intended to prevent partition and the exclusion of [[Ulster]], to no avail.
Hitherto he had been regarded as a moderate Unionist, but this suggestion rendered him suspect in Ulster eyes, and the suspicion was confirmed when he published in the third week of July a pamphlet entitled The Better Way: an Appeal to Ulster not to Desert Ireland, in which he announced his conversion to Home Rule and appealed to Ulster to give Home Rule a chance, re-stating the arguments of his previous letter, and suggesting a conference of Irishmen on the bill. This was his attempt to avert civil war; but the situation was revolutionized by the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref name="EB1922">{{EB1922|inline=y|title=Plunkett, Sir Horace Curzon|volume=32|page=109|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopdiabri32newyrich/page/109/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>
During the
Much of Plunkett's time was spent as an unofficial envoy between Britain and the United States. After the [[Easter Rising|Easter Rising of 1916]], when he heard of executions, he sought clemency for its remaining leaders, including Constance Markievicz, except for anyone involved in regular crime.
Until 1922 Plunkett worked to keep Ireland united within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], founding the [[Irish Dominion League]] and a weekly journal, the ''Irish Statesman'', to advance that aim, for which he was rejected by those working for an Irish Republic.
===Marginalisation and departure from Ireland===
In 1922, after the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] was implemented, Plunkett was nominated to the first [[Seanad Éireann (Irish Free State)|Seanad Éireann]], the upper chamber of the parliament of the new Irish state. In recognition of his contributions and ideas, he was one of those appointed for a term of 12 years. As a senator he met [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]], whom he described as "simple yet cunning".<ref>James Mackay, ''Michael Collins: A Life'' (Edinburgh 1996), p. 256, cited in Townshend, "The Republic", p. 424.</ref>
His work on cooperation took him abroad frequently, and when he was in the United States during the [[Irish Civil War]] in 1923, his home, Kilteragh, in [[Foxrock]], County Dublin, was one of some 300 country houses [[Destruction of country houses in the Irish revolutionary period|targeted by the IRA]] and burned down,<ref>Ferriter, Diarmaid: p. 210</ref> the fire taking with it many of the records of the Plunkett family, which he had gathered to prepare a work on the subject. Plunkett wrote of his sorrow that ''"the healthiest house in the world, and the meeting place of a splendid body of Irishmen and friends of Ireland"'' had been destroyed. He resigned from the Seanad in November 1923.<ref name=oireachtas_db>{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Horace-Plunkett.S.1922-06-12/|title=Horace Plunkett|work=Oireachtas Members Database|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>
===Later years and the Plunkett Foundation===
Plunkett moved to [[Weybridge]], England. On 21 December 1918 he set up the Sir Horace Plunkett Foundation, which moved fully to England in 1924, and is now the charitable [[Plunkett Foundation]].<ref name=dib/> The foundation launched in 1919 with £5,000 to support its work, including education, with the co-operative movement and other community organisations. As of 2022, the foundation continues its work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plunkett Foundation - About Us - History |url=https://plunkett.co.uk/our-story/ |website=Plunkett Foundation |access-date=14 November 2022}}</ref>
Plunkett continued to promote and spread his ideas for agricultural cooperatives. In 1924 he presided over a conference on agricultural cooperation in the British Commonwealth in London, and in 1925 he visited South Africa to help the movement there. As late in 1930, he was consulting with the Prime Minister of Great Britain on agricultural policy.<ref>Weybridge, London: Diaries of Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett, 18 September 1930: Came to town to see the Foundation ... At Mount St. found a cordial invitation from the Prime Minister to meet him at lunch at the Athenaeum or anywhere else to discuss the agricultural policy of the Government!</ref>
==Personal life==▼
===Last years===
During Plunkett's last years, [[Gerald Heard]] was his personal secretary. [[Naomi Mitchison]], who admired Plunkett and was a friend of Heard, wrote: "H.P., as we all called him, was getting past his prime and often ill but struggling to go on with the work to which he was devoted. Gerald [Heard] who was shepherding him about fairly continually, apologized once for leaving a dinner party abruptly when H.P. was suddenly overwhelmed by exhaustion".<ref>[[Naomi Mitchison]], ''You may well ask'', London, 1979, Part II, Chap. 12.<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed --></ref>
Plunkett died at Weybridge on 26 March 1932 and was buried in St Mary's Churchyard in nearby [[Byfleet]], where his gravestone survives.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
▲==Personal life==
▲Horace was close to his nephews, Edward and Reginald Dunsany, helping manage their, and their father's, affairs. He also worked to reconcile the 17th Lord Dunsany and his wife over several years.<ref>Dublin, London, etc.: Diaries of Horace Curzon Plunkett, 1880-1932</ref> He was very involved in the affairs of the 18th Lord Dunsany until some failures of investments in the 1920s, after which their contact was more occasional but continued to near the end.<ref>Weybridge, London: Diaries of Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett, 10 May 1931: Eddie & Beatrice came to tea. He was more gracious than usual. They are very happy about Randal, as I am.</ref> His dealings with Reginald were more limited in earlier years but he continued to visit him at Charborough and elsewhere, right up to the month of his death.<ref>Weybridge, London: Diaries of Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett, 6-7 Jun. 1930: Motored with E.V.L. to Charborough where we were most hospitably welcomed by Reggie & Kathleen... In the morning motored to Poole Harbour where the 5 children are having a glorious time of it in a bungalow among the sand dunes along the shore. Son & heir (Henry Walter Plunkett Ernle Erle Drax) aet 2¼ a fine little fellow.</ref><ref>Weybridge, London: Diaries of Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett, 24 Dec. 1931: Reggie & wife were most kind & considerate. They had their own 5 children, her mother & a godson to look after. But they had every consideration for my weak state & were keen most careful to see that I was warm in their rather cold house</ref>
▲Horace became interested in aviation late in life and was still flying – presumably from [[Brooklands]] – at least as late as 1930.
== Writings ==
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==Studies==
Multiple studies of the life and work of Horace Plunkett have been published, including books:
* [[Edward MacLysaght|MacLysaght, Edward]] -- Sir Horace Plunkett and his place in the Irish nation (Dublin: Maunsel & Co., 1916, 160pp)
* [[Margaret Digby|Digby, Margaret]] -- Horace Plunkett: an Anglo-American Irishman (Oxford: Blackwell, 1949, 280pp)
* [[Trevor West|West, Trevor]] -- Horace Plunkett: co-operation and politics, an Irish biography (Washington DC: Catholic University of America, 1986, 288pp)
* Woods, Lawrence M. — Horace Plunkett in America : An Irish Aristocrat on the Wyoming Range (The Arthur H. Clark Company, 2010, {{ISBN
and academic works:
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==Related bibliography==
* ''Seventy Years Young, Memoires of Elizabeth, Countess of [[Fingal]]l'', by Elizabeth Burke Plunkett, Lady Fingall. First published by Collins of London in 1937; 1991 edition published by The Lilliput Press, Dublin 7, Ireland {{ISBN|0 946640 74 2}}. This Elizabeth, was a Burke from Moycullen in County Galway, who married the 11th Earl of Fingall, and should not be confused with [[Elizabeth Plunkett, Countess of Fingall|Elizabeth O'Donnell, 1st Countess of Fingall]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090328025614/http://www.plunkett.co.uk/aboutus/history.cfm The Plunkett Foundation]▼
==External links==
{{Commons category|Horace Plunkett}}
{{wikisource-author}}
▲* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090328025614/http://www.plunkett.co.uk/aboutus/history.cfm The Plunkett Foundation]
* [http://catalogue.nli.ie/Collection/vtls000583319?recordID=vtls000628593 Diaries of Sir Horace Plunkett, 1881–1932] at the [[National Library of Ireland]]; includes digitized manuscripts, annotated transcriptions, and index
* {{Gutenberg author |id=
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Horace Curzon Plunkett}}
* Irish Co-operative Organisation Society [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009231732/http://www.icos.ie/content/content.asp?section_id=307&action=details&term_id=585]
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