Content deleted Content added
→Roman Antium: new informations Tags: Reverted Visual edit |
→History: Antiates Volsci, who controlled Antium and its territory. |
||
| (12 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown) | |||
Line 47:
== Location ==
The Latin-volscian<ref name=":0" /> town stood in the Capo d'Anzio (modern Anzio), on a higher ground and somewhat away from the shore, though it extended down to it. This was defended by a deep ditch, which can still be traced, and by walls, a portion of which, on the eastern side, constructed of rectangular blocks of tufa, was brought to light in 1897.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Antium|volume=2|page=147}}</ref> The fortification of the town would included the acropolis, to which it would be adjacent to the east, isolated but connected.<ref name=":2" /> The Latin colony of 467 BC, of which it will be said later, would be installed alongside the fortified Latin-volscian oppidum, also to the est.<ref name=":1" />
A coeval port town, Caenon, was the port under the control of Antium (which did not have a natural harbour of its own):<ref>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith "Antium"; The Topography of Rome and Its Vicinity By Sir William Gell, 1846, "Antium"; Handbook for Travellers in Central Italy by John Murray, 1843, "Nettuno", p. 534.</ref> according to alternative theories, the port of Caenon would be located in the Capo d'Anzio,<ref name=":2">G. Lugli, ''Saggio sulla topografia dell'antica Antium'', Roma (1940). </ref> or the port town very north of it,<ref>G. Cifani, A. Guidi, A. M. Jaia, ''Nuove ricerche nel territorio di Colle Rotondo ad Anzio'', on G. Ghini (edited by), ''Lazio e Sabina 7'' (atti del Convegno, Roma, 2010), Roma, Edizioni Quasar, 2011.</ref> or the town on a hill near Nettuno to the east, and the port over the mouth of the nearby river Loricina.<ref name=":1" />
Line 55:
== History ==
=== Volscian Antium ===
As said in the beginning, for a long time Antium was the capital of the Antiates Volsci, on the Thyrrenian coast.<ref>Livy, vi. 6, 9, viii. 1.</ref>
In 493 BC - the same year that, according to a theory, the Volsci likely settled in the town<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=A. Pensword|date=2014|title=''Anzio. Vallo Volsco: Vallo Italico Tirrenico'', on ''CambiaVersoAnzio''|url=https://cambiaversoanzio.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/anzio-vallo-volsco-vallo-italico-tirrenico/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=cambiaversoanzio.wordpress.com|language=it}}</ref> - the Roman consul [[Postumus Cominius Auruncus]] fought and [[Roman-Volscian wars#Roman reprisals 493 BC|defeated]] two armies from Antium and as a result captured the Volscian towns of [[Longula (ancient Volscian Town)|Longula]], [[Pollusca]] and [[Corioli]] (to the north of Antium).<ref name=":6">[[Appian]], ''Historia romana'', ''De bellis civilibus'', i. viii. 69; [[Valerius Maximus]], ''Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri IX'', ▼
▲In 493 BC - the same year that, according to a theory, the Volsci likely settled in the town<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=A. Pensword|date=2014|title=''Anzio. Vallo Volsco: Vallo Italico Tirrenico'', on ''CambiaVersoAnzio''|url=https://cambiaversoanzio.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/anzio-vallo-volsco-vallo-italico-tirrenico/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=cambiaversoanzio.wordpress.com|language=it}}</ref> - the Roman consul [[Postumus Cominius Auruncus]] fought and [[Roman-Volscian wars#Roman reprisals 493 BC|defeated]] two armies from Antium and as a result captured the Volscian towns of [[Longula (ancient Volscian Town)|Longula]], [[Pollusca]] and [[Corioli]] (to the north of Antium).<ref
According to [[Plutarch]]<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', xx. 1-3; xxii. 1.</ref> the Roman leader [[Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus|Coriolanus]], who fought at Corioli, took refuge at Antium to the noble [[Attius Tullus Aufidius|Attius Tullius Aufidius]], when the Roman had been accused of [[disloyalty]] to Rome and the Volsci. Aufidius obtained consent that, by Volscian hand, Coriolanus was first tried, then [[assassinate]]d before the end of the trial.
Line 74:
[[File:Domus rovine 7.JPG|thumb|Ruins of the Domus Neroniana]]
In 338 BC Antium became a ''[[Roman colony|colonia]]'' with Roman citizenship of the Antiates, <ref name=":5">Livy, viii. 14.</ref> and in 317 BC it became a ''[[municipium]]''.<ref>Livy, ix. 20.</ref> The Roman colony had ''[[duumvirs]]'',<ref>Cicero ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'', ii. 6.</ref> and ''[[quaestor]]s'' were also present as magistrates.<ref name=":2" />
During the civil war against [[Gaius Marius]], Antium
With the expansion of [[Roman Republic]] Antium was just far enough away to be insulated from the riots and tumults of Rome. The Romans built magnificent seaside villas there and their remains are conspicuous all along the shore, both to the east and to the northwest of the town.<ref name="EB1911" /> [[Gaius Maecenas]] also had a villa. Many ancient masterpieces of sculpture have been found there: the ''[[Fanciulla d'Anzio]]'', the ''[[Borghese Gladiator]]'' (in the [[Louvre]]) and the ''[[Apollo Belvedere]]'' (in the [[Vatican Museums|Vatican]]) were all discovered in the ruins of villas at Antium. When Cicero returned from exile, it was at Antium that he reassembled the battered remains of his libraries, where the scrolls would be secure.
Line 90:
Attacked by the [[Vandals]] of [[Gaiseric]] (5th century), the [[Goths]] of [[Vitiges]] (6th century), and then by the [[Saracen|Saracens]],<ref>{{cite web |title=''PORTO D'ANZIO'', on ''Enciclopedia dell' Arte Antica (1965)''|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/porto-d-anzio_(Enciclopedia-dell'-Arte-Antica)/|author= A. La Regina|website=treccani.it|language=it|access-date=2022-02-04}}</ref> in the [[Middle Ages]] Antium was deserted in favour of Nettuno, which maintained the legacy of the ancient town.<ref name="EB1911" />
Nettuno is usually attributed only a medieval origin,<ref name=":3" /> but in the [[modern era]] it was considered a natural heir, a continuation of Antium;<ref>J. Hondius, Nova et accurata Italiae hodiernae descriptio, Apud B. et A. Elsevir, 1627, pp. 164-165: a map illustrating ''Neptunium olim Antium'', "Nettuno, once Antium".</ref> <ref name=":1" /> a view taken up by a contemporary orientation.<ref name=":1" />
==Notes==
Line 106 ⟶ 108:
* G. Cifani, A. Guidi, A. M. Jaia, ''Nuove ricerche nel territorio di Colle Rotondo ad Anzio'', on G. Ghini (edited by), ''Lazio e Sabina 7'' (atti del Convegno, Roma, 2010), Roma, Edizioni Quasar, 2011.
* T. De Haas, G. Tol, P. Attema, ''Investing in the colonia and ager of Antium'', on Daniele Malfitana, Jeroen Problome, John Lund (edited by), «Facta: a journal of roman material culture studies», Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra, vol. V, 2011.
* {{cite web|title=''Anzio. Vallo Volsco: Vallo Italico Tirrenico'', on ''CambiaVersoAnzio''|url=https://cambiaversoanzio.wordpress.com/2014/10/10/anzio-vallo-volsco-vallo-italico-tirrenico/|author=A. Pensword|website=cambiaversoanzio.wordpress.com|date=10 October 2014 |language=|access-date=2022-02-02}}
== External links ==
Line 128 ⟶ 130:
[[Category:Roman harbors]]
[[Category:Roman harbors in Italy]]
[[Category:Volsci]]
[[Category:Anzio]]
| |||