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{{Short description|Type of laser}}
[[File:Titanium sapphire oscillator.jpg|thumb|400px|Part of a Ti:sapphire oscillator. The Ti:sapphire crystal is the bright red light source on the left. The green light is from the pump diode]]
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▲'''Ti:sapphire lasers''' (also known as '''Ti:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> lasers''', '''titanium-sapphire lasers''', or '''Ti:sapphs''') are [[tunable laser]]s which emit [[red]] and [[infrared|near-infrared]] light in the range from 650 to 1100 nanometers. These [[lasers]] are mainly used in scientific research because of their tunability and their ability to generate [[ultrashort pulse]]s. Lasers based on Ti:sapphire were first constructed and invented in June 1982 by Peter Moulton at the [[MIT Lincoln Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1364/JOSAB.3.000125|title=Spectroscopic and laser characteristics of Ti:Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America B|volume=3|pages=125–133|year=1986|last1=Moulton|first1=P. F.|bibcode=1986JOSAB...3..125M|issue=1}}</ref>
Titanium-sapphire refers to the [[lasing medium]], a crystal of [[sapphire]] (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) that is [[Doping_(semiconductor)|doped]] with [[titanium|Ti<sup>3+</sup>]] [[ion]]s. A Ti:sapphire laser is usually [[Laser pumping|pumped]] with another laser with a wavelength of 514 to 532 nm, for which [[argon]]-[[ion laser]]s (514.5 nm) and [[Second harmonic generation|frequency-doubled]] [[Nd:YAG]], [[Nd:YLF]], and [[Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate|Nd:YVO]] lasers (527–532 nm) are used. They are capable of laser operation from 670 nm to {{formatnum:1100}} nm wavelength.<ref name="steele91">{{cite journal|last1=Steele|first1=T.R.|last2=Gerstenberger|first2=D. C.|last3=Drobshoff|first3=A.|last4=Wallace|first4=R. W.|date=15 March 1991|title=Broadly tunable high-power operation of an all-solid-state titanium-doped sapphire laser system|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-16-6-399|journal= Optics Letters|volume=16|issue=6|pages=399–401|doi=10.1364/OL.16.000399|pmid=19773946|bibcode=1991OptL...16..399S}}</ref> Ti:sapphire lasers operate most efficiently at wavelengths near 800 nm.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Withnall|first=R.|title=SPECTROSCOPY {{!}} Raman Spectroscopy|date=2005-01-01|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B012369395000960X|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Modern Optics|pages=119–134|editor-last=Guenther|editor-first=Robert D.|place=Oxford|publisher=Elsevier|language=en|doi=10.1016/b0-12-369395-0/00960-x|isbn=978-0-12-369395-2|access-date=2021-10-02}}</ref>
==Types==
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===Mode-locked oscillators===
[[Modelocking|Mode-locked]] oscillators generate [[ultrashort pulse]]s with a typical duration between a few [[picosecond]]s and 10 [[femtosecond]]s, in special cases even around 5 femtoseconds (few carrier wave cycles in each laser pulses). The pulse repetition [[frequency]] is in most cases around 70 to 90 MHz, as given by the oscillator's round-trip optical path, typically a few meters. Ti:sapphire oscillators are normally pumped with a continuous-wave laser beam from an argon or frequency-doubled [[Nd:YVO4]] laser. Typically, such an oscillator has an average output power of 0.4 to 2.5 [[watt]]s (5.7 to 35 nJ in each laser pulse for the 70 MHz repetition rate).
===Chirped-pulse amplifiers===
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