Nomenclature codes: Difference between revisions

The successful introduction of two-part names for species by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] was the start for an ever-expanding system of nomenclature. With all naturalists worldwide adopting thisbinominal approach to thinking up namesnomenclature, there arose several schools of thought about the details. It became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern [[scientific names]]. From the mid-19th century onwards, there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. Presently nomenclature codes govern the naming of:

* [[Animal]]s – ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]]'' (''ICZN'').

* [[Bacterium|Bacteria]] and [[Archaea]] – ''[[International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes]]'' (''ICNP''), which in 2008 replaced the ''International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria'' (''ICNB'').

* [[CultivarBacterium|CultivatedBacteria]] plantsand [[Archaea]] described from sequence data – ''[[International Code of Nomenclature forof Prokaryotes Described from CultivatedSequence PlantsData]]'' (''ICNCPSeqCode'').

* [[PlantCultivar|Cultivated associationplants]]s – ''[[International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]'' (ICPN)''ICNCP'').

* [[Plant association]]s – ''[[International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature]] (ICPN).''
* [[Virus]]es – [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|''The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature'']] (ICVCN); ''see also [[virus classification]].''

== Differences between codes ==

=== Starting point ===

The starting point, that is the time from which these codes are in effect (usually retroactively), varies from group to group, and sometimes from rank to rank.<ref>{{cite journal | author last= Nicolson |first=Dan | year date= 1991 | title = A history of botanical nomenclature | url = https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_53278_ahistoryofbotanicalnomenclatur1991 | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 78 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–56 | doi = 10.2307/2399589 | jstor = 2399589 }}</ref> In [[botany]] and [[mycology]], the starting point is often 1 May 1753 ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], ''[[Species plantarum]]''),. inIn [[zoology]], 1758{{clarify|date=Decemberit 2016}}is 1 January 1758 (Linnaeus, [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|''Systema Naturae'', 10th Edition]]). On the other hand, [[bacteriology]] started anew, making a clean sweep in 1980 (Skerman et al., "Approved Lists of Bacterial Names"), although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skerman |first1=V. B. D. |last2=McGowan |first2=V. |last3=Sneath |first3=P. H. A. |date=1980 |title=Approved lists of bacterial names |journal=Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. |volume=30 |pages=225–420 |doi=10.1099/00207713-30-1-225 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Exceptions in botany:<ref>{{cite journal | author last= Chitwood |first=B. G. | year date= 1958 | title = The designation of official names for higher taxa of invertebrates | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12219511#page/292/mode/1up | journal = Bull. Zool. Nomencl. | volume = 15 | pages = 860–895 | doi = 10.5962/bhl.part.19410 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author last= Silva |first=P. C. | year date= 1958 | title = Later starting points in algae | url = http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_1959/Prop058.pdf | journal = Taxon | volume = 7 | issue =7 7| pages = 181–184 | doi = 10.2307/1216399 | jstor = 1216399 }}</ref><ref>{{harv|Turland et al. 2018|loc=Article 13|ref=Turland}}</ref>

** [[Nostocaceae]] homocysteae: 1 January 1892 (Gomont, “"''Monographie des Oscillariées''”");

** Nostocaceae heterocysteae: 1 January 1886 ([[Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet|Bornet]] & [[Charles Flahault|Flahault]], “"''Révision des Nostocacées hétérocystées''”");

** [[Oedogoniales|Oedogoniaceae]]: 1 January 1900 ([[Karl Engelbrecht Hirn|Hirn]], “"''Monographie und Iconographie der Oedogoniaceen''”");

=== Workings ===

=== Terminology ===

These codes differ in terminology, and there is a long-term project to "harmonize" this. For instance, the ''ICN'' uses "valid" in "valid publication of a name" (= the act of publishing a formal name), with "establishing a name" as the ''ICZN'' equivalent. The ''ICZN'' uses "valid" in "valid name" (= "correct name"), with "correct name" as the ''ICN'' equivalent. Harmonization is making very limited progress.

=== Types ===

A more radical approach was made in 1997 when the [[International Union of Biological Sciences|IUBS]]/[[International Union of Microbiological Societies|IUMS]] International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) presented the long debated ''Draft BioCode'', proposed to replace all existing ''Codes'' with an harmonization of them.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/biocode/default.htm | title=Draft ''BioCode'' | yeardate=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference | title=Chapter 2. The BioCode: Integrated biological Nomenclature for the 21st Century? | book-title=Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century | authorfirst=John |last=McNeill | date=4 November 1996-11-04 |url= http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html}}</ref> The originally planned implementation date for the BioCode draft was January 1, 2000, but agreement to replace the existing ''Codes'' was not reached.

In 2011, a revised ''BioCode'' was proposed that, instead of replacing the existing ''Codes'', would provide a unified context for them, referring to them when necessary.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bgbm.org/biodivinf/docs/biocode2011/biocode2.html |title=The Draft BioCode (2011) |publisher=International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author last1= Greuter |first1=W., |last2=Garrity |first2=G., |last3=Hawksworth |first3=D. L., |last4=Jahn |first4=R., |last5=Kirk |first5=P. M., |last6=Knapp |first6=S., |last7=McNeill |first7=J., |last8=Michel |first8=E., |last9=Patterson |first9=D. J., |last10=Pyle |first10=R., |last11=Tindall |first11=B. J. | year date= 2011 | title = Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms. | journal = Taxon | volume = 60 | pages = 201–212 | doi = 10.1002/tax.601019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author last= Hawksworth |first=D. L. | year date= 2011 | title = Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011) | url = http://iczn.org/content/introducing-draft-biocode-2011 | journal = Taxon | volume = 60 | issue =1 1| pages = 199–200 | doi = 10.1002/tax.601018 }}</ref> Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions.<ref name="BioCode intro">DL Hawksworth (2011) BioCode 2011. Introduction. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html</ref><ref name="BioCode prolo">Werner Greuter (2011) BioCode 2011. Explanatory prologue. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html</ref> However, participants of the last serious discussion of the draft BioCode concluded that it would probably not be implemented in their lifetimes.<ref name="Oren19">{{cite book |last1=Oren |first1=Aharon |title=in Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |date=2019 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-96060-8 |page=1-12 |edition=1 |doi=10.1002/9781118960608.bm00004.pub2 |s2cid=240836383 |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118960608.bm00004.pub2}}</ref>

Some [[protist]]s, sometimes called '''ambiregnal protists''', have been considered to be both [[protozoa]] and [[algae]], or [[protozoa]] and [[fungi]], and names for these have been published under either or both of the ''ICZN'' and the ''ICN''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Corliss |first=J. O. |date=1995 |title=The ambiregnal protists and the codes of nomenclature: A brief review of the problem and of proposed solutions |journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature |volume=52 |pages=11–17 |url= http://biostor.org/reference/2636 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.6717 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{harv|McNeill et al. 2012|loc=Preamble: 8|ref=McNeill}}</ref> The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion.<ref>Adl, S. M. et al. Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists. ''Systematic Biology'', p. 684-689, 2007, [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110331223739/http://myweb.dal.ca/jmarchib/2007.Adl.Syst.biol.pdf].</ref><ref>Elbrächter, M. et al. Establishing an Agenda for Calcareous Dinoflagellates Research (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) including a nomenclatural synopsis of generic names. ''Taxon'' 57, p. 1289–1303, 2008, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756780?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents]</ref><ref name="auto">{{harv|Lahr et al. 2012|ref=Lahr}}</ref>

The [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|zoological code]] does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily. There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa,<ref>Dubois, A. (2006). Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. ''Zoosystema'', 28 (1): 165‒258, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265399833_Proposed_Rules_for_the_incorporation_of_nomina_of_higher-ranked_zoological_taxa_in_the_International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature._2._The_proposed_Rules_and_their_rationale].</ref><ref>Frost, D. R. et al. (2006). The Amphibian Tree of Life. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 297: 1–291, [http://www.uta.edu/biology/mexicoherps/Frost%20et%20al%202006.pdf],</ref> including the [[PhyloCode]], orthe alsoDuplostensional Nomenclatural System,<ref name="D15">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |title=The Duplostensional Nomenclatural System for higher zoological nomenclature |journal=Dumerilia |date=2015 |volume=5 |page=1–108}}</ref><ref name="Duetal21">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |last2=Ohler |first2=Annemarie |last3=Pyron |first3=R. Alexander |title=New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia) |journal=Megataxa |date=26 February 2021 |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.11646/megataxa.5.1.1 |issn=2703-3090|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[Circumscriptional name|circumscriptional nomenclature]].<ref>Klüge, N. J. (2010). Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda. Bionomina, 1, 15-55, [http://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/dual-nom.htm].</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author last= Kluge, |first=N. J. | year date= 1999 | title = A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra-species taxa. Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics | journal = Entomological Review | volume = 79 | issue =2 2| pages = 133–147 }}</ref>

The [[botanical code]] is applied primarily to the ranks of familysuperfamily and below. There are some rules for names above the rank of familysuperfamily, but the [[principle of priority]] does not apply to them, and the [[Principle of Typification|principle of typification]] is optional. These names may be either automatically [[Type (biology)|typified name]]s or be [[Descriptive botanical name|descriptive name]]s.<ref>{{harv|McNeill et al. 2012|loc=Article 16|ref=McNeill}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Turland et al. 2018|loc=Article 16|ref=Turland}}</ref> In some circumstances, a taxon has two possible names (e.g., [[Chrysophyceae]] Pascher, 1914, ''nom. descrip.''; Hibberd, 1976, ''nom. typificatum''). Descriptive names are problematic, once that, if a taxon is split, it is not obvious which new group takes the existing name. Meanwhile, with typified names, the existing name is taken by the new group that still bears the type of this name. However, typified names present special problems for microorganisms.<ref name="auto"/>

*{{citationcite journal |authorslast1=Lahr, |first1=Daniel JG,J. EnriqueG. |last2=Lara, and|first2=Enrique |last3=Mitchell |first3=Edward ADA. MitchellD. |title=Time to regulate microbial eukaryote nomenclature |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=107 |issue=3 |yeardate=2012 |pages=469–476 |ref=Lahr |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01962.x|doi-access=free |ref=Lahr}}

*{{cite book |author1last1=McNeill, |first1=J. |author2last2=Barrie, |first2=F. R. |author3last3=Buck, |first3=W. R. |author4last4=Demoulin, |first4=V. |author5last5=Greuter, |first5=W. |author6last6=Hawksworth, |first6=D. L. |author7last7=Herendeen, |first7=P. S. |author8last8=Knapp, |first8=S. |author9last9=Marhold, |first9=K. |author10last10=Prado, |first10=J. |author11last11=Prud'homme Van Reine, |first11=W. F. |author12last12=Smith, |first12=G. F. |author13last13=Wiersema, |first13=J. H. |author14last14=Turland, |first14=N. J. |yeardate=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/melbourne/main.php?page=title |ref=McNeill}}

*{{cite book |author1last1=Turland, |first1=N. J. |author2last2=Wiersema, |first2=J. H. |author3last3=Barry, |first3=F. R. |author4last4=Greuter, |first4=W. |author5last5=Hawksworth, |first5=D. L. |author6last6=Herendeen, |first6=P. S. |author7last7=Knapp, |first7=S. |author8last8=Kusber, |first8=W. H. |author9last9=Li, |first9=D.-Z. |author10last10=Marhold, |first10=K. |author11last11=May, |first11=T. W. |author12last12=McNeill, |first12=J. |author13last13=Monro, |first13=A. M. |author14last14=Prado, |first14=J. |author15last15=Price, |first15=M. J. |author16last16=Smith, |first16=G. F. |yeardate=2018 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 159 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 |publisher=Koeltz Botanical Books |isbn=978-3-946583-16-5 |url= https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |ref=Turland }}

* [http://ocean.si.edu/emvideo/modal/3083/750/484/field_video/brightcove/91420525001 Biocode in Action] at the Smithsonian Ocean Portal

* [httpshttp://webwww.archiveiapt-taxon.org/webnomen/20150801154338/http://icznmain.org/php ''ICZNICN'' ]: the "greenShenzhen book"Code (19992018)

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801154338/http://iczn.org/ ''ICZN'' ]: the "green book" (1999)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110613191625/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/introduction.html List of Prokaryotic names] with Standing in Nomenclature (1997), by J.P. Euzéby

* [http://iczn.org/content/introducing-draft-biocode-2011 ''BioCode''] introduction (2011)

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071114093618/http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/index.html ''PhyloCode'']

[[Category:Biological nomenclature| *]]