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{{see also|International Code of Area Nomenclature|Phytosociology|l2=International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature}}
{{Use DMY dates|date=November 2023}}
'''Nomenclature codes''' or '''codes of nomenclature''' are the various rulebooks that govern the naming of living organisms. Standardizing the scientific names of biological
As the study of biology became increasingly To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to [[Genus|genera]], [[family (biology)|families]], and other taxa of higher ranks, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work. == Binomial Nomenclature ==
{{Main|Binomial Nomenclature}}
In [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], '''binomial nomenclature''' ("two-term naming system"), also called '''binary nomenclature''', is a formal system of naming [[species]] of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use [[Latin grammar|Latin grammatical forms]], although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a '''binomial name''' (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a '''binomen''', '''{{not a typo|binominal|reason="Binomi'n'al", with an "n" before the "al", is the alternative name in the ICZN. Do not "correct" it.}} name,''' or a '''scientific name'''; more informally it is also historically called a '''Latin name'''. In the ICZN, the system is also called '''{{not a typo|binominal|reason="Binomi'n'al", with an "n" before the "al", is the alternative name in the ICZN. Do not "correct" it.}} nomenclature''',<ref name="ICZN1999_Chap2Article5">{{Harvnb|International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|1999|loc=[https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/?frame=1 Chapter 2, Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature]}} ({{Cite web |url= https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/ |title=Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230329164629/https://code.iczn.org/chapter-2-the-number-of-words-in-the-scientific-names-of-animals/article-5-principle-of-binominal-nomenclature/ |url-status=live}})</ref> "binomi'N'al" with an "N" before the "al", which is {{em|not}} a typographic error,<!--Keep the text explaining that "binomiNal" is NOT a typo or redundant, and do not hide it inside a footnote. Even with the big {{not a typo}} template, people just keep removing "binomiNal", such as in [[Special:Diff/1011109157]], [[Special:Diff/1147038384]], and [[Special:Diff/1183771307]]. Note that italicizing and underscoring the "N" both failed to prevent the removals. They got removed as "typos", instead.--> meaning "two-name naming system".<ref name="ICZN1999_Glossary">{{Harvnb|International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|1999|loc=[https://code.iczn.org/glossary/ Glossary – "binomen", "nomenclature, binominal"]}} ({{Cite web |url=https://code.iczn.org/glossary/ |title=Glossary | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206072152/https://code.iczn.org/glossary/ |url-status=live}})</ref>
The first part of the name – the ''[[generic name (biology)|generic name]]'' – identifies the [[genus]] to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the '''specific name''' or '''specific epithet''' – distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus ''[[Homo]]'' and within this genus to the species ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' is likely the most widely known binomial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Busby |first1=Arthur III |display-authors=etal |title=A Guide to Rocks and Fossils | page=103 | date=1997}}</ref>
The ''formal'' introduction of this system of naming species is credited to [[Carl Linnaeus]], effectively beginning with his work ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref name=
The introduction of two-part names (binominal nomenclature) for species by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] was a welcome simplification because as our knowledge of biodiversity expanded, so did the length of the names, many of which had become unwieldy.<ref name="L23CRC">{{cite book |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |title=The Advent of PhyloCode: The Continuing Evolution of Biological Nomenclature |date=3 August 2023 |publisher=CRC Press |doi=10.1201/9781003092827 |isbn=978-1-003-09282-7 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003092827/advent-phylocode-michel-laurin}}</ref>
==Codification of Scientific Names==
With all naturalists worldwide adopting binominal nomenclature, there arose several schools of thought about the details. It became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern [[scientific names]]. From the mid-19th century onwards, there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. Presently nomenclature codes govern the naming of:
* [[Algae]], [[Fungus|Fungi]] and [[Plant]]s – ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]'' (''ICN''), which in July 2011 replaced the ''[[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]]'' (''ICBN'') and the earlier ''International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature''.
* [[Animal]]s – ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]]'' (''ICZN'').
* [[Bacterium|Bacteria]] and [[Archaea]] – ''[[International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes]]'' (''ICNP''), which in 2008 replaced the ''International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria'' (''ICNB'').
* [[Bacterium|Bacteria]] and [[Archaea]] described from sequence data – ''[[Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data]]'' (''SeqCode'').
* [[Cultivar|Cultivated plants]] – ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]'' (''ICNCP'').
* [[Plant association]]s – ''[[International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature]] (ICPN).''
* [[Virus]]es – [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|''The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature'']] (ICVCN); ''see also [[virus classification]].''
==Differences between codes==
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A more radical approach was made in 1997 when the [[International Union of Biological Sciences|IUBS]]/[[International Union of Microbiological Societies|IUMS]] International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) presented the long debated ''Draft BioCode'', proposed to replace all existing ''Codes'' with an harmonization of them.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bgbm.org/IAPT/biocode/default.htm |title=Draft ''BioCode'' |date=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=Chapter 2. The BioCode: Integrated biological Nomenclature for the 21st Century? |book-title=Proceedings of a Mini-Symposium on Biological Nomenclature in the 21st Century |first=John |last=McNeill |date=4 November 1996 |url= http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/nomcl/mcne.html}}</ref> The originally planned implementation date for the BioCode draft was January 1, 2000, but agreement to replace the existing ''Codes'' was not reached.
In 2011, a revised ''BioCode'' was proposed that, instead of replacing the existing ''Codes'', would provide a unified context for them, referring to them when necessary.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bgbm.org/biodivinf/docs/biocode2011/biocode2.html |title=The Draft BioCode (2011) |publisher=International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB)}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greuter |first1=W. |last2=Garrity |first2=G. |last3=Hawksworth |first3=D. L. |last4=Jahn |first4=R. |last5=Kirk |first5=P. M. |last6=Knapp |first6=S. |last7=McNeill |first7=J. |last8=Michel |first8=E. |last9=Patterson |first9=D. J. |last10=Pyle |first10=R. |last11=Tindall |first11=B. J. |date=2011 |title=Draft BioCode (2011): Principles and rules regulating the naming of organisms |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |pages=201–212 |doi=10.1002/tax.601019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawksworth |first=D. L. |date=2011 |title=Introducing the Draft BioCode (2011) |url= http://iczn.org/content/introducing-draft-biocode-2011 |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=199–200 |doi=10.1002/tax.601018}}</ref> Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions.<ref name="BioCode intro">DL Hawksworth (2011) BioCode 2011. Introduction. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html</ref><ref name="BioCode prolo">Werner Greuter (2011) BioCode 2011. Explanatory prologue. http://www.bionomenclature.net/biocode2011.html</ref> However, participants of the last serious discussion of the draft
===PhyloCode===
{{main|PhyloCode}}
Many authors encountered problems in using the Linnean system in phylogenetic classification.<ref name="de Queiroz y Gauthier 1990">{{Cite journal |
==Ambiregnal protists==
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==Unregulated taxa==
The [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|zoological code]] does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily. There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa,<ref>Dubois, A. (2006). Proposed Rules for the incorporation of nomina of higher-ranked zoological taxa in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 2. The proposed Rules and their rationale. ''Zoosystema'', 28 (1): 165‒258, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265399833_Proposed_Rules_for_the_incorporation_of_nomina_of_higher-ranked_zoological_taxa_in_the_International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature._2._The_proposed_Rules_and_their_rationale].</ref><ref>Frost, D. R. et al. (2006). The Amphibian Tree of Life. ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 297: 1–291, [http://www.uta.edu/biology/mexicoherps/Frost%20et%20al%202006.pdf],</ref> including the [[PhyloCode]], the Duplostensional Nomenclatural System,<ref name="D15">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |title=The Duplostensional Nomenclatural System for higher zoological nomenclature |journal=Dumerilia |date=2015 |volume=5 |page=1–108}}</ref><ref name="Duetal21">{{cite journal |last1=Dubois |first1=Alain |last2=Ohler |first2=Annemarie |last3=Pyron |first3=R. Alexander |title=New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia) |journal=Megataxa |date=26 February 2021 |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=
The [[botanical code]] is applied primarily to the ranks of superfamily and below. There are some rules for names above the rank of superfamily, but the [[principle of priority]] does not apply to them, and the [[Principle of Typification|principle of typification]] is optional. These names may be either automatically [[Type (biology)|typified name]]s or be [[Descriptive botanical name|descriptive name]]s.<ref>{{harv|McNeill et al. 2012|loc=Article 16|ref=McNeill}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Turland et al. 2018|loc=Article 16|ref=Turland}}</ref> In some circumstances, a taxon has two possible names (e.g., [[Chrysophyceae]] Pascher, 1914, ''nom. descrip.''; Hibberd, 1976, ''nom. typificatum''). Descriptive names are problematic, once that, if a taxon is split, it is not obvious which new group takes the existing name. Meanwhile, with typified names, the existing name is taken by the new group that still bears the type of this name. However, typified names present special problems for microorganisms.<ref name="auto"/>
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