Japanese cyberpunk: Difference between revisions

'''Japanese cyberpunk''' refers to [[cyberpunk]] fiction produced in Japan. There are two distinct subgenres of Japanese cyberpunk: live-action Japanese cyberpunk films, and cyberpunk [[manga]] and [[anime]] works.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where to begin with Japanese cyberpunk |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/features/where-begin-japanese-cyberpunk |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=15 June 2019 |date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830120539/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/where-begin-japanese-cyberpunk |url-status=live }}</ref>

Japanese cyberpunk [[Film industry|cinema]], also referred to as Extreme Japanese Cyberpunk, refers to a sub-genre of [[underground film]] produced in [[Japan]], starting in the 1980s. It bears some resemblance to the 'low-life high-tech' [[cyberpunk]], as understood in the West,; however, it differs in its representation of industrial and metallic imagery and an incomprehensible narrative. The main directors associated with the Japanese cyberpunk movement are [[Shinya Tsukamoto]], [[Shozin Fukui]], and [[Gakuryū Ishii|Sogo Ishii]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dazed|date=2020-05-08|title=A guide to Japanese cyberpunk cinema with three of its visionary directors|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/49153/1/japanese-cyberpunk-cinema-guide-sogo-ishii-shinya-tsukamoto-shozin-fukui-akira|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Dazed|language=en|archive-date=2020-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126044053/https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/49153/1/japanese-cyberpunk-cinema-guide-sogo-ishii-shinya-tsukamoto-shozin-fukui-akira|url-status=live}}</ref> The origins of the genre can be traced back to the 1982 film ''[[Burst City]]'', before the genre was primarily defined by the 1989 film ''[[Tetsuo: The Iron Man]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cyberpunkreview.com/japanese-cyberpunk/ |title=ArchivedExtreme Japanese copyCyberpunk |access-date=2008-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080901122559/http://www.cyberpunkreview.com/japanese-cyberpunk/ |archive-date=2008-09-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It has roots in the Japanese [[punk subculture]], thatwhich arose from the [[Japanese punk]] music scene in the 1970s, with [[Sogo Ishii]]'s [[punk film]]s of the late 1970s to early 1980s introducing this subculture to [[Japanese cinema]] and paving the way for Japanese cyberpunk.

Japanese Cyberpunkcyberpunk generally involves the characters, especially the protagonist, going through monstrous, incomprehensible [[Metamorphosis|metamorphoses]] in an industrial setting. Many of these films have scenes that fall into the [[experimental film]] genre; they often involve purely abstract or visual sequences that may or may not relate to the characters and plot. Recurring themes include: mutation, technology, dehumanization, repression and sexual deviance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Player|first=Mark|title=Post-Human Nightmares: The World of Japanese Cyberpunk Cinema|url=http://www.midnighteye.com/features/post-human-nightmares-the-world-of-japanese-cyberpunk-cinema.shtml|publisher=Midnight Eye|access-date=2011-10-31|archive-date=2011-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106142448/http://www.midnighteye.com/features/post-human-nightmares-the-world-of-japanese-cyberpunk-cinema.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In contrast to Western cyberpunk which has roots in [[New Wave science fiction]] literature, Japanese cyberpunk has roots in [[underground music]] culture, specifically the Japanese [[punk subculture]] that arose from the [[Japanese punk]] music scene in the 1970s. The filmmaker [[Sogo Ishii]] introduced this subculture to [[Japanese cinema]] with his [[punk film]]s ''[[Panic High School]]'' (1978) and ''[[Crazy Thunder Road]]'' (1980), which portrayed the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and went on to become highly influential in [[underground film]] circles. ''Crazy Thunder Road'' in particular was an influential [[biker film]], with a punk [[biker gang]] aesthetic that paved the way for [[Katsuhiro Otomo]]'s ''[[Akira (franchise)|Akira]]''. Ishii's next film was the frenetic ''Shuffle'' (1981), an unofficial [[short film]] adaptation of a [[manga]] [[comic strip]] by Otomo.<ref name="Midnight">{{cite web |last1=Player |first1=Mark |title=Post-Human Nightmares – The World of Japanese Cyberpunk Cinema |url=http://www.midnighteye.com/features/post-human-nightmares-the-world-of-japanese-cyberpunk-cinema/ |website=[[Midnight Eye]] |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=23 April 2020 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512191024/http://www.midnighteye.com/features/post-human-nightmares-the-world-of-japanese-cyberpunk-cinema/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Paul Gravett]], when Akira began to be published, cyberpunk literature had not yet been translated into Japanese, Otomo has distinct inspirations such as [[Mitsuteru Yokoyama]]'s manga series ''[[Tetsujin 28-go]]'' (1956–1966) and [[Jean Giraud|Moebius]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katsuhiro Otomo {{!}} PAUL GRAVETT |url=http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/article/katsuhiro_otomo |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.paulgravett.com}}</ref>

Ishii's most influential film was ''[[Burst City]]'' (1982).<ref name="Midnight"/> Since its release, it has had a strong effect on the underground Japanese film scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twitchfilm.net/archives/007344.html|title=Burst City / Electric Dragon 80000V Review|first=Todd|last=Brown|work=TwitchFilm|access-date=2008-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710194202/http://twitchfilm.net/archives/007344.html|archive-date=2009-07-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> It starred [[Shigeru Izumiya]], who would, four years later, go on to direct his own cyberpunk film, ''[[Death Powder]]'', in 1986. The early short films of [[Shinya Tsukamoto]], such as ''The Adventures Of Electric Rod Boy'' (1987)<ref>{{Citation|last=Tsukamoto|first=Shin'ya|title=Denchû kozô no bôken|date=2008-08-30|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0166069/|type=Comedy, Horror, Sci-Fi|others=Kei Fujiwara, Nobu Kanaoka, N. Senba, Tomorô Taguchi|publisher=Kaijyu Theater|access-date=2021-01-03|archive-date=2021-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124162333/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0166069/|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''The Phantom of Regular Size'' (1986)<ref>{{Citation|last=Tsukamoto|first=Shin'ya|title=Futsû saizu no kaijin|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0166304/|type=Short, Horror, Sci-Fi|others=Kei Fujiwara, Nobu Kanaoka, Tomorô Taguchi, Shin'ya Tsukamoto|publisher=Kaijyu Theater|access-date=2021-01-03|archive-date=2019-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602201124/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0166304/|url-status=live}}</ref> (which ''Tetsuo'' was a remake of), are often credited as precursors of the movement.

Some defining films in the genre include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fright.com/edge/japanhorror.html|title=JAPANESE CYBER-HORROR|work=fright.com|access-date=2009-05-04|archive-date=2011-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720063445/http://www.fright.com/edge/japanhorror.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*''[[imdbtitle:0166560|Dandy Dust]]'' (1998)

*''[[imdbtitle:0477909|Ultra-Toxic]]'' (2005)

*''[[imdbtitle:0343217|Zoetrope]]'' (1999)

*''[[imdbtitle:3271064|Flesh Computer]]'' (2014)

*''[[Computer Hearts]]'' (2015) (with direct quote from Tetsuo: The Iron Man)

Japanese cyberpunk also refers to a subgenre of [[manga]] and [[anime]] works with cyberpunk themes. This subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of the [[manga]] series ''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'', with its [[Akira (1988 film)|1988 anime film adaptation]] later popularizing the subgenre. ''[[Akira (franchise)|Akira]]'' inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and [[anime]] series such as ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'', ''[[Battle Angel Alita]]'', ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'', and ''[[Serial Experiments Lain]]''.<ref name="polygon">{{cite news |title=What is cyberpunk? |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/8/30/17796680/cyberpunk-2077-history-blade-runner-neuromancer |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |date=August 30, 2018 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091351/https://www.polygon.com/features/2018/8/30/17796680/cyberpunk-2077-history-blade-runner-neuromancer |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cyberpunk anime and manga draw upon a futuristic vision which has elements in common with western science fiction and therefore have received wide international acceptance outside Japan. "The conceptualization involved in cyberpunk is more of forging ahead, looking at the new global culture. It is a culture that does not exist right now, so the Japanese concept of a cyberpunk future, seems just as valid as a Western one, especially as Western cyberpunk often incorporates many Japanese elements."<ref>Ruh, Brian (2000), "[http://www.animeresearch.com/Articles/LiberatingCels Liberating Cels: Forms of the Female in Japanese Cyberpunk Animation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927232446/http://www.animeresearch.com/Articles/LiberatingCels/ |date=2007-09-27 }}." AnimeResearch.com December 2000.</ref> William Gibson is nowbecame a frequent visitor to Japan, andwhere he came to see that many of his visions of Japan have becomewere a reality:

<blockquote>Modern Japan simply was cyberpunk. The [[Japanese people|Japanese]] themselves knew it and delighted in it. I remember my first glimpse of [[Shibuya, Tokyo|Shibuya]], when one of the young [[Tokyo]] journalists who had taken me there, his face drenched with the light of a thousand media-suns—all that towering, animated crawl of commercial information—said, "You see? You see? It is ''Blade Runner'' town." And it was. It so evidently was.<ref name="cyberpunk1">{{cite webmagazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1956774,00.html|title=The Future Perfect|first=William|last=Gibson|date=30 April 2001|workmagazine=Time|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224100115/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1956774,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

*''[[AD Police Files#manga|A.D. Police: Dead End City]]'' (1989)

*''[[BattleCybernetics Angel AlitaGuardian]]'' (19901989)

*''[[CyberAD CityPolice Oedo 808Files]]'' (1990)

*''[[AiBattle noAngel kusabiAlita|Gunnm]] (Battle Angel Alita)'' (19921990)

*''[[Blame!Virus Buster Serge]]'' (19981997)

''[[Akira (manga)|Akira]]'' (1982 manga) and its [[Akira (1988 film)|1988 anime film adaptation]] have influenced numerous works in animation, comics, film, music, television and video games.<ref name="vice">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/kwk55w/how-akira-has-influenced-modern-culture|title=How 'Akira' Has Influenced All Your Favourite TV, Film and Music|work=[[Vice (magazine)|VICE]]|date=September 21, 2016|access-date=October 16, 2018|archive-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730204751/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/kwk55w/how-akira-has-influenced-modern-culture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="filmschoolrejects">{{cite web |title='Akira' Is Frequently Cited as Influential. Why Is That? |url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/akira-influence-12cb6d84c0bc/ |website=[[Film School Rejects]] |date=April 3, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=November 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107205951/https://filmschoolrejects.com/akira-influence-12cb6d84c0bc/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Akira'' has been cited as a major influence on [[Hollywood films]] such as ''[[The Matrix]]'',<ref name="gaeta-empire">{{cite journal|date=February 2006|title=200 Things That Rocked Our World: Bullet Time|journal=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|issue=200|page=136|publisher=[[EMAP]]}}</ref> ''[[Dark City (1998 film)|Dark City]]'',<ref>[[Alex Proyas|Proyas, Alex]]. {{cite web |url=http://mysteryclock.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1647 |title=Dark City DC: Original Ending !? |access-date=2008-08-29 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014191637/http://mysteryclock.com/forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1647 |archive-date=October 14, 2007 }}. Mystery Clock Forum. Retrieved 2006-07-29.</ref> ''[[Chronicle (film)|Chronicle]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Woerner|first=Meredith|title=Chronicle captures every teen's fantasy of fighting back, say film's creators|url=http://io9.com/5881852/chronicle-is-a-movie-about-every-teens-fantasy-of-fighting-back|publisher=[[io9]]|access-date=25 May 2012|date=2 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226195315/http://io9.com/5881852/chronicle-is-a-movie-about-every-teens-fantasy-of-fighting-back|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> ''[[Looper (film)|Looper]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Rian Johnson Talks Working with Joseph Gordon-Levitt on LOOPER, Hollywood's Lack of Originality, Future Projects and More|work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]|date=25 September 2012|url=http://collider.com/rian-johnson-reddit-ama/|access-date=16 October 2018|archive-date=19 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619134519/http://collider.com/rian-johnson-reddit-ama/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Midnight Special (film)|Midnight Special]]'', and ''[[Inception]]'',<ref name="vice"/> television shows such as ''[[Stranger Things]]'',<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/07/inside-stranger-things-the-duffer-bros-on-how-they-made-the-tv-hit-of-the-summer.html Inside ‘Stranger Things’: The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506153310/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/08/07/inside-stranger-things-the-duffer-bros-on-how-they-made-the-tv-hit-of-the-summer.html |date=2017-05-06 }}, ''[[The Daily Beast]]'', August 7, 2016</ref> and video games such as [[Hideo Kojima]]'s ''[[Snatcher (video game)|Snatcher]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamecritics.com/great-games-snatcher|title=Great Games Snatcher|work=GameCritics.com|first=Ben|last=Hopper|date=February 20, 2001|access-date=2011-08-24|archive-date=2011-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021214258/http://www.gamecritics.com/great-games-snatcher|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Metal Gear (series)|Metal Gear Solid]]'',<ref name="polygon"/> [[Valve Corporation|Valve]]'s ''[[Half-Life (series)|Half-Life]]'' series<ref>{{cite news |title=Half-Life tiene varias referencias a Akira |url=https://as.com/meristation/2018/08/29/noticias/1535543681_545901.html |work=[[:es:MeriStation|MeriStation]] |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |date=August 29, 2018 |language=es |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014010144/https://as.com/meristation/2018/08/29/noticias/1535543681_545901.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The most impressive PC mods ever made |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/the-most-impressive-pc-mods-ever-made |work=[[TechRadar]] |date=June 14, 2018 |language=en |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616224054/https://www.techradar.com/news/the-most-impressive-pc-mods-ever-made |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Dontnod Entertainment]]'s ''[[Remember Me (video game)|Remember Me]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=FEATURE: "Life is Strange" Interview and Hands-on Impressions |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2015/01/28/feature-life-is-strange-interview-and-hands-on-impressions |work=[[Crunchyroll]] |date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014053106/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2015/01/28/feature-life-is-strange-interview-and-hands-on-impressions |url-status=live }}</ref> [[John Gaeta]] cited ''Akira'' as artistic inspiration for the [[bullet time]] effect in [[The Matrix (franchise)|''The Matrix'' films]].<ref name="gaeta-empire"/> ''Akira'' has also been credited with influencing the ''[[Star Wars]]'' franchise, including the [[Star Wars prequels|prequel film trilogy]] and the ''[[Clone Wars (Star Wars)|Clone Wars]]'' film and television series.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE CINEMA BEHIND STAR WARS: AKIRA|work=[[Star Wars|StarWars.com]]|url=https://www.starwars.com/news/cinema-behind-star-wars-akira|access-date=2021-02-26|archive-date=2017-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730203627/http://www.starwars.com/news/cinema-behind-star-wars-akira|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Akira'' has also influenced the work of musicians such as [[Kanye West]], who paid homage to ''Akira'' in the "[[Stronger (Kanye West song)|Stronger]]" music video,<ref name="vice"/> and [[Lupe Fiasco]], whose album ''[[Tetsuo & Youth]]'' is named after Tetsuo Shima.<ref>{{cite webmagazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lupe-fiasco-is-avoiding-politics-on-tetsuo-youth-20131025|title=Lupe Fiasco's 'Tetsuo & Youth' Avoiding Politics – Rolling Stone|workmagazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117113659/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/lupe-fiasco-is-avoiding-politics-on-tetsuo-youth-20131025|archive-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> The popular bike from the film, Kaneda's Motorbike, appears in ''[[Steven Spielberg]]'''s film ''[[Ready Player One (film)|Ready Player One]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/42981-ready-player-one-anime-easter-eggs-gundam|title= 'Ready Player One' Anime Easter Eggs Include Gundam, Voltron and Much More|work= inverse.com|first=Eric|last=Francisco|access-date=2018-10-16|archive-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050245/https://www.inverse.com/article/42981-ready-player-one-anime-easter-eggs-gundam|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[CD Projekt]]'s video game ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyberpunk 2077 devs "will be significantly more open" |url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/cyberpunk-2077/cyberpunk-2077-announcement-future |work=[[PCGamesN]] |date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014093101/https://www.pcgamesn.com/cyberpunk-2077/cyberpunk-2077-announcement-future |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Deus Ex: Mankind Divided]]'' video game developer [[Eidos Montréal]] also paid homage to the film's poster.<ref>{{cite news |title=Here's Some Spiffy Unused Deus Ex: Mankind Divided Art, Inspired by Akira |url=http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2017/07/17/heres-some-spiffy-unused-deus-ex-mankind-art-inspired-by-akira |work=[[Kotaku]] |date=July 17, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091607/http://www.kotaku.co.uk/2017/07/17/heres-some-spiffy-unused-deus-ex-mankind-art-inspired-by-akira |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1989) influenced a number of prominent filmmakers. [[The Wachowskis]], creators of ''[[The Matrix]]'' (1999) and its sequels, showed the [[Ghost in the Shell (1995 film)|1995 anime film adaptation of ''Ghost in the Shell'']] to producer [[Joel Silver]], saying, "We wanna do that for real."<ref name="silver-anime-2">[[Joel Silver]], interviewed in "Making ''The Matrix''" featurette on ''The Matrix'' DVD.</ref> ''The Matrix'' series took several concepts from the film, including the [[Matrix digital rain]], which was inspired by the opening credits of ''Ghost in the Shell'', and the way characters access the Matrix through holes in the back of their necks.<ref name="uk">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell | title=Hollywood is haunted by Ghost in the Shell | work=[[The Guardian]] | access-date=26 July 2013 | date=19 October 2009 | last=Rose | first=Steve | archive-date=8 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308101232/http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/oct/19/hollywood-ghost-in-the-shell | url-status=live }}</ref> Other parallels have been drawn to [[James Cameron]]'s ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', [[Steven Spielberg]]'s ''[[A.I. Artificial Intelligence]]'', and [[Jonathan Mostow]]'s ''[[Surrogates]]'';<ref name=uk /> Cameron cited ''Ghost in the Shell'' as an influence on ''Avatar''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schrodt |first1=Paul |title=How the original 'Ghost in the Shell' changed sci-fi and the way we think about the future |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/original-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-influence-2017-3 |access-date=14 June 2019 |work=[[Business Insider]] |date=1 April 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826142138/https://www.businessinsider.com/original-ghost-in-the-shell-movie-influence-2017-3 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Ghost in the Shell'' also influenced video games such as the ''Metal Gear Solid'' series,<ref>{{cite news |title=Hideo Kojima on the Philosophy Behind 'Ghost in the Shell' |url=http://www.glixel.com/news/hideo-kojima-on-the-philosophy-behind-ghost-in-the-shell-w475805 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410032850/http://www.glixel.com/news/hideo-kojima-on-the-philosophy-behind-ghost-in-the-shell-w475805 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-04-10 |access-date=April 10, 2017 |work=[[Glixel]] |date=April 2017}}</ref> ''[[Deus Ex]]'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghost in the Shell (2017) – Blu-ray review |url=https://www.whathifi.com/features/ghost-in-shell-2017-blu-ray-review |work=[[What Hi-Fi? Sound and Vision]] |date=August 7, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215725/https://www.whathifi.com/features/ghost-in-shell-2017-blu-ray-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Oni (video game)|Oni]]'',<ref name="SPIN">{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6N0JSkTI3j4C&q=david+kushner&pg=PA86 | title=Ghost in the Machine | author=Kushner, David | journal=SPIN | date=June 2000 | volume=16 | issue=6 | pages=86 | issn=0886-3032}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Harry |last=Al-Shakarchi |url=http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html |title=Interview with lead engineer Brent Pease |publisher=Bungie.org |access-date=2013-12-22 |archive-date=2017-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095440/http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Harry |last=Al-Shakarchi |url=http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/alex.html |title=Interview with concept artist Alex Okita |publisher=Bungie.org |access-date=2019-04-03 |archive-date=2016-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314055709/http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/alex.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Cyberpunk 2077]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyberpunk 2077 Devs Looked at Blade Runner and Ghost in the Shell for Inspiration |url=https://gamingbolt.com/cyberpunk-2077-devs-looked-at-blade-runner-and-ghost-in-the-shell-for-inspiration |work=GamingBolt |date=13 January 2019 |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227141102/https://gamingbolt.com/cyberpunk-2077-devs-looked-at-blade-runner-and-ghost-in-the-shell-for-inspiration |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Conditt-Aug2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/01/cd-projekt-reds-cyberpunk-inspired-by-shellshock-blade-runne/|title=CD Projekt Red's 'Cyberpunk' inspired by System Shock, Blade Runner [Update]|first=Jessica|last=Conditt|date=1 August 2012|website=[[Engadget]]|archive-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181014045635/https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/01/cd-projekt-reds-cyberpunk-inspired-by-shellshock-blade-runne/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[original video animation]] ''[[Megazone 23]]'' (1985), with its concept of a simulated reality, has a number of similarities to ''The Matrix'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Megazone 23 - Retroactive Influence|publisher=[[A.D. Vision]]|url=http://www.advfilms.com/titles/megazone/|access-date=2010-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204175820/http://www.advfilms.com/titles/megazone/|archive-date=2005-02-04}}</ref> ''Dark City'', and ''[[Existenz]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pellitteri |first1=Marco |last2=Bouissou |first2=Jean-Marie |last3=Fratta |first3=Gianluca Di |last4=Martorella |first4=Cristiano |last5=Suvilay |first5=Bounthavy |title=The Dragon and the Dazzle: Models, Strategies, and Identities of Japanese Imagination : a European Perspective |date=2010 |publisher=Tunué |isbn=9788889613894 |page=607 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FxUZHy9MXgoC&pg=PT607}}</ref> ''[[Battle Angel Alita]]'' (1990) has had a notable influence on filmmaker James Cameron, who was planning to adapt it into a film since 2000. It was an influence on his TV series ''[[Dark Angel (2000 TV series)|Dark Angel]]'', and he is the producer of the 2018 film adaptation ''[[Alita: Battle Angel]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Live-Action "Alita: Battle Angel" Finally Shows Its Hand |url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/08-1/live-action-alita-battle-angel-finally-shows-its-hand |work=[[Crunchyroll]] |date=December 8, 2017 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116063802/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2017/12/08-1/live-action-alita-battle-angel-finally-shows-its-hand |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Comic book]] artist André Lima Araújo cited cyberpunk manga and anime such as ''Akira'', ''Ghost in the Shell'', ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion (franchise)|Evangelion]]'' and ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'' as a major influence on his work, which includes [[Marvel comicsComics]] such as ''[[Age of Ultron]]'', ''[[Avengers A.I.]]'', ''[[Spider-Verse]]'' and ''[[The Inhumans]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Interview - André Lima Araújo Talks Man: Plus |url=https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/01/andre-lima-araujo-talks-man-plus/ |work=Flickering Myth |date=January 24, 2016 |access-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903173518/https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/01/andre-lima-araujo-talks-man-plus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>