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Line 1: {{short description\|Order cephalopod molluscs closely related to cuttlefish}} {{Automatic taxobox \| taxon = Sepiolida Line 10 ⟶ 11: [[Sepiolidae]] }} ~~[[File:Justin Bieber at Easter Egg roll crop.jpg\|thumb]]~~ '''Bobtail squid''' (order ~~'''~~Sepiolida~~'''~~)<ref name="Sanchez_al.2019">{{cite journal \|author1=Gustavo Sanchez \|author2=Jeffrey Jolly \|author3=Amanda Reid \|author4=Chikatoshi Sugimoto \|author5=Chika Azama \|author6=Ferdinand Marlétaz \|author7=Oleg Simakov \|author8=Daniel S. Rokhsar \|title=New bobtail squid (Sepiolidae: Sepiolinae) from the Ryukyu islands revealed by molecular and morphological analysis \|journal=[[Communications Biology]] \|volume=2 \|issue=465 \|pages=465 \|doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0661-6 \|pmid=31840110 \|pmc=6906322 \|date=2019-12-11 }}</ref> are a group of [[cephalopods]] closely related to [[cuttlefish]]. Bobtail squid tend to have a rounder [[mantle (mollusc)\|mantle]] than cuttlefish and have no [[cuttlebone]].. They have eight suckered arms and two tentacles and are generally quite small (typical male mantle length being between {{convert\|1 \|and \|8~~ ~~\|cm\|in\|abbr=on}}).<ref name=McFall-Ngai /> Sepiolids live in shallow coastal waters of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and some parts of the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Atlantic Ocean]] as well as in shallow waters on the west coast of the [[Cape Peninsula]] off South Africa. Like cuttlefish, they can swim by either using the [[Cephalopod fin\|fins]] on their mantle or by jet propulsion. They are also known as '''dumpling squid''' (owing to their rounded mantle) or '''stubby squid'''. Sepiolids live in shallow [[coastal]] waters of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and some parts of the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Atlantic Ocean]] as well as in shallow waters on the west coast of the [[Cape Peninsula]] off South Africa. Like cuttlefish, they can swim by either using the [[Cephalopod fin\|fins]] on their mantle or by jet propulsion. They are also known as "dumpling squid" (owing to their rounded mantle) or "stubby squid". == Light organ == [[File:Bobtail squid light organ silhouette.svg\|thumb\|alt=Diagram showing how the light organ in a bobtail squid emits light downwards to obscure its silhouette\|Light from the light organ of a bobtail squid obscures its silhouette]] Bobtail squid have a [[symbiotic]] relationship with [[bioluminescent]] [[bacteria]] (''[[Aliivibrio fischeri]]''), which inhabit a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid and in return hide the squid's [[silhouette]] when viewed from below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle. The organ contains filters which may alter the [[wavelength]] of luminescence closer to that of downwelling [[moonlight]] and [[star#Radiation\|starlight]]; a [[lens (anatomy)\|lens]] with [[biochemical]] similarities to the squid's eye to diffuse the bacterial luminescence; and a [[mirror\|reflector]] which directs the light <ref name="McFall-Ngai" />[[ventral]]ly.▼ Bobtail squid have a [[symbiotic]] relationship with [[bioluminescent]] [[bacteria]] (''[[Aliivibrio fischeri]]''), which inhabit a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The luminescent properties of the bacteria regulate gene expression in the light organ.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Peyer\|first=Suzanne M.\|last2=Pankey\|first2=M. Sabrina\|last3=Oakley\|first3=Todd H.\|last4=McFall-Ngai\|first4=Margaret J.\|date=February 2014\|title=Eye-specification genes in the bacterial light organ of the bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes, and their expression in response to symbiont cues\|journal=Mechanisms of Development\|volume=131\|pages=111–126\|doi=10.1016/j.mod.2013.09.004\|issn=0925-4773\|pmc=4000693\|pmid=24157521}}</ref> The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid and in return hide the squid's [[silhouette]] when viewed from below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle. This method of [[counter-illumination]] is an example of animal [[camouflage]]. ==Reproduction==▼ Sepiolida are [[iteroparous]] and a female might lay several clutches, each of 1-400 eggs (dependent on [[species]]), over her estimated one-year-long lifetime.<ref name=McFall-Ngai /> The eggs are covered with sand and left without parental care.<ref name=McFall-Ngai/> Symbiosis with ''A. fischeri'' from the surrounding seawater is initiated immediately upon hatching, and the bacteria's [[colonisation]] of the [[Juvenile (organism)\|juvenile]] light-organ induces [[morphology (biology)\|morphological]] changes in the squid that lead to [[Sexual maturity\|maturity]].<ref name=McFall-Ngai />▼ ▲Bobtail squid have a [[symbiotic]] relationship with [[bioluminescent]] [[bacteria]] (''[[Aliivibrio fischeri]]''), which inhabit a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid and in return hide the squid's [[silhouette]] when viewed from below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle. The organ contains filters which may alter the [[wavelength]] of luminescence closer to that of downwelling [[moonlight]] and [[star#Radiation\|starlight]]; a [[lens (anatomy)\|lens]] with [[biochemical]] similarities to the squid's eye to diffuse the bacterial luminescence; and a [[mirror\|reflector]] which directs the light [[ventral]]ly.<ref name="McFall-Ngai" />~~[[ventral]]ly.~~ ▲== Reproduction == ▲Sepiolida are [[iteroparous]] and a female might lay several clutches, each of ~~1-400~~1–400 eggs (dependent on [[species]]), over her estimated one-year-long lifetime.<ref name=McFall-Ngai /> The eggs are covered with sand and left without parental care.<ref name=McFall-Ngai/> Symbiosis with ''A. fischeri'' from the surrounding seawater is initiated immediately upon hatching, and the bacteria's [[Colonisation (biology)\|colonisation]] of the [[Juvenile (organism)\|juvenile]] light-organ induces [[morphology (biology)\|morphological]] changes in the squid that lead to [[Sexual maturity\|maturity]].<ref name=McFall-Ngai /> == Classification == [[File:Bobtail squid.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|''[[Euprymna berryi]]'' from [[East Timor]]]] About 70seventy species are known. Sepiolid taxonomy within the [[Coleoidea\|coleoid]] cephalopods is currently controversial, thus their position is subject to future change.<ref name=McFall-Ngai>{{cite journal \|author=McFall-Ngai, M.J. \|title=Consequences of evolving with bacterial symbionts: Insights from the Squid-Vibrio Associations \|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics \|volume=30 ~~\|issue=~~\|pages=235–256 \|year=1999\|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.235}}</ref> ~~CLASS~~Class [[Cephalopod~~\|CEPHALOPODA~~]]a Subclass [[Nautiloidea]]: nautilus Subclass [[Coleoidea]]: [[squid]], [[octopus]], [[cuttlefish]] Superorder [[Decapodiformes]] ?Order †[[Boletzkyida]]▼ Order [[Spirulida]]: ram's horn squid Order [[Sepiida]]: cuttlefish Line 33 ⟶ 40: *Family [[Idiosepiidae]] *Family [[Sepiolidae]] Order [[Teuthida]]: squid Order [[Teuthida]]: squidAtlantic bobtail squid (''Sepiola atlantica'') in northwest Spain show seasonal variation in population structure, with juvenile abundance peaking during summer and autumn. However, whether similar patterns exist for reproduction is unknown. Therefore, we describe the reproductive biology of 505 specimens of ''S. atlantica'' collected monthly during two consecutive years at two different sites off of Areamilla beach in the Ría de Vigo. Mature males displayed a type of sexual dimorphism previously unknown in members of this species, developing a muscular nodule in the base of each of the ventral arms over ontogeny. Reproductive output of both sexes was similar to that of other bobtail squids. Relative oocyte size (~10% mantle length) appeared to be similar to those of other bobtail squids. Females did not show evidence of having mated before complete maturity. Females of ''S. atlantica'' have group-synchronous ovary maturation, with a positive correlation between female mantle length and ripe oocyte mass, suggesting a terminal investment strategy. Atlantic bobtail squids displayed the same seasonal patterns of reproductive traits at both sampling sites, with significant differences in reproductive activity between males and females. We consider reproductive traits in these small animals as adaptations to the coastal shelf lifestyle. Superorder †[[Palaeoteuthomorpha]] ▲*?Order †[[Boletzkyida]] Superorder [[Octopodiformes]] Line 39 ⟶ 48: {{Reflist}} == External links == [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218205946/http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu~~:80~~/spdb/bobtail.cfm CephBase: Sepiolida] *[http://web.uconn.edu/mcbstaff/graf/Fischeri.html Squid-bacteria symbiosis] {{Taxonbar\|from=Q244417}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bobtail Squid}} [[Category:Bobtail squid\| 01]] [[Category:Squid]] [[Category:Cenozoic cephalopods]] [[Category:Miocene ~~animals~~molluscs]] [[Category:Pliocene ~~animals~~molluscs]] [[Category:Cephalopods described in 1981]]