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{{Art of Italy}}
'''Duecento''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|dj|uː|ə|ˈ|tʃ|ɛ|n|t|oʊ}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/duecento|title=duecento|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> {{IPA
The period built on the so-called [[Renaissance of the 12th century]], and movements originating elsewhere, such as the [[Gothic architecture]] of France. Most of the
==Characteristics==
In the 13th century, much of [[Europe]] experienced strong economic growth. The trade routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports and eventually the [[Hanseatic League]] of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe to create a network economy in Europe for the first time since the 4th century. The [[Italian city-states|city-states of Italy]] expanded greatly during this period and grew in power
[[File:1252-1303 fiorino d'oro III serie.JPG|thumb|left|upright|The gold [[Italian coin florin|florin]] of [[Florence]] started to be the main currency of European trade during the Duecento]]
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[[Christianity]] remained a major influence for artists and authors, with the [[classics]] coming into their own as a second primary influence.
Literature in Latin continued to be written, with Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]]'s ''[[Summa Theologica]]'' a massive and unfinished summary and exploration of the [[theology]] of the medieval church, which has continued to be influential.
==Painting==
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==Sculpture==
[[File:
[[File:Pulpit - Baptistry - Pisa 2014 B.jpg|thumb|[[Nicola Pisano]], Nativity and [[Annunciation]] scene from the [[pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery]], 1260]]
[[Relief]]s, as opposed to [[Statue|sculpture in the round]], were a much larger proportion of fine sculpture than has been the case subsequently. Modern viewers are therefore relatively unused to the form, and inclined to overlook them. Until the ''[[Laocoön Group]]'' was dug up in the centre of Rome in 1506, the most dramatic and athletic poses in known [[Roman sculpture]]s were crowded reliefs on Late [[Roman sarcophagi]], while the known statues were nearly all dignified but rather static standing portraits.<ref>Clark, 219–221, 236–237; Avery, 181; Seymour, 8</ref>
[[Nicola Pisano]] (active c, 1240s to 1278) was the leading sculptor of what [[Erwin Panofsky]] called "the classicizing Proto-Renaissance". His major works were sets of reliefs, especially those on the large raised [[pulpit]]s of the [[
The Pisa pulpit was probably originally polychrome, which had been usual for Italian Romanesque sculpture. It also seems to have largely carved by Nicola himself.<ref>White, 81-83</ref> The [[Arca di San Domenico]], a large free-standing tomb monument for [[Saint Dominic]] in [[Bologna]], was begun in 1264, though work by many other hands continued for centuries. Nicola and his team completed the reliefs around the [[sarcophagus]].
[[File:Giovanni pisano, pulpito di sant'andrea, 1298-1301, 05.jpg|thumb|[[Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia (Giovanni Pisano)|Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia]], by [[Giovanni Pisano]], 1297-1301]]
Nicola's son [[Giovanni Pisano]] took over his father's workshop in the 1280s, and was much more receptive to Gothic style than his father. His [[Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia (Giovanni Pisano)|Pulpit of Sant' Andrea, Pistoia]] is similar in form to his father's ones in Pisa and Siena, but shows a different style.<ref>White, 113–142; Hartt, 55–58</ref> Over the next century Gothic and classical influences were found together in many large works, sometimes in contention.<ref>White, 591–614</ref>▼
The other leading sculptor of the period was [[Arnolfo di Cambio]] (c. 1240 – 1300/1310), who was also an architect. Born in [[Tuscany]], he also trained with Nicola Pisano, and was his chief assistant on the [[Siena Cathedral Pulpit]]. After he began working as an independent master he spent two periods in Rome, bringing the new Tuscan style there. He worked on a number of papal tombs.
▲Nicola's son [[Giovanni Pisano]] took over his father's workshop in the 1280s, and was much more receptive to Gothic style than his father.<ref>White, 113–142; Hartt, 55–58</ref> Over the next century Gothic and classical influences were found together in many large works, sometimes in contention.<ref>White, 591–614</ref>
==Architecture==
[[Italian Gothic architecture]] began to appear in the early Duecento in northern Italy, under influence from France. The first Italian Gothic edifices were [[Cistercian]] abbeys, soon followed by [[Franciscan]] and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] churches. They spread in the whole Italian territory, often adapting the construction techniques to the local traditions. [[Brickwork]] was most common in the [[Po Valley]], while stone prevailed in central Italy and [[Tuscany]], where polychrome wall decoration sometimes continued from the local [[Romanesque style|Romanesque]] tradition.
The Dominican and Franciscan orders of [[friar]]s, founded by [[Saint Dominic]] and Saint [[Francis of Assisi]] respectively, became popular and well-funded in the period, and embarked on large building programmes, mostly using a cheaper and less highly decorated version of Gothic. Large schemes of [[fresco]] murals were cheap, and could be used to instruct congregations. The [[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi]], in effect two large churches, one above the other on a hilly site, is one of the best examples, begun in 1228 and painted with frescos by [[Cimabue]], [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]], and others in the next century.
The most important buildings include [[Chiaravalle Abbey]] in northern Italy and [[Casamari Abbey]] in central Italy. Among the non-Cistercian buildings of this century which were influenced by the Gothic style, though still presenting important Romanesque features, are the [[Parma Baptistery]] by [[Benedetto Antelami]] and the church of [[Sant'Andrea, Vercelli|Sant'Andrea]] in [[Vercelli]], also featuring Antelami's influences.
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File:Bonaventura Berlinghieri Francesco.jpg|''Vita di San Francesco'', of [[Bonaventura Berlinghieri]], 1235
File:Cimabue 025.jpg|Cross of ''Santa Croce'', of [[Cimabue]]
File:Schema facciata.JPG|
File:Giotto - Legend of St Francis - -15- - Sermon to the Birds.jpg|[[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]]: St. Francis' Sermon to the Birds
File:Assisis Basilica superiore.jpg|[[Basilica of San Francesco of Assisi]]: Nave of the upper basilica (built 1228–1253)
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