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{{Short description|Most precious of Tangible Cultural Properties}}
{{About||the highest, fundamentally traditionally rather than statutorily defined, subset of Japanese national treasures|Imperial Regalia of Japan|the informal term of Preservers of Important Intangible Cultural Properties|Living National Treasure (Japan)}}
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A {{Nihongo|'''National Treasure'''|[[wikt:国|国]][[wikt:宝|宝]]|kokuhō}} is the most precious of Japan's [[Tangible Cultural Properties of Japan|Tangible Cultural Properties]], as determined and designated by the [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] (a special body of the [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]]). A Tangible Cultural Property is considered to be of historic or artistic value, classified either as "buildings and structures" or as "fine arts and crafts.". Each National Treasure must show outstanding workmanship, a high value for world cultural history, or exceptional value for scholarship.
 
Approximately 20% of the National Treasures are structures such as [[Japanese castle|castles]], [[Buddhist temples in Japan|Buddhist temples]], [[Shinto shrine]]s, or residences. The other 80% are paintings; scrolls; [[sutra]]s; works of [[calligraphy]]; sculptures of wood, bronze, lacquer or stone; crafts such as [[pottery]] and [[lacquerware]] carvings; metalworks; [[Japanese sword|swords]] and textiles; and archaeological and historical artifacts. The items span the period of ancient to early modern Japan before the [[Meiji period]], including pieces of the world's oldest pottery from the [[Jōmon period]] and 19th-century documents and writings. The designation of the [[Akasaka Palace]] in 2009, the [[Tomioka Silk Mill]] in 2014 and of the [[Kaichi School]] added three modern, post-[[Meiji Restoration]], National Treasures.
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|archive-date = 2011-07-22
}}</ref> The five-storied [[pagoda]] of [[Daigo-ji]], the ''[[kon-dō]]'' of [[Tōshōdai-ji]], and the ''[[hon-dō]]'' of [[Kiyomizu-dera]] are examples of buildings that underwent repairs during this period.<ref name="coaldrake-p248"/> A survey conducted in association with [[Okakura Kakuzō]] and [[Ernest Fenollosa]] between 1888 and 1897 was designed to evaluate and catalogue 210,000 objects of artistic or historic merit.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="edwards-p39"/> The end of the 19th century was a period of political change in Japan as cultural values moved from the enthusiastic adoption of western ideas to a newly discovered interest in Japanese heritage. Japanese architectural history began to appear on [[Curriculum|curricula]], and the first books on architectural history were published, stimulated by the newly compiled inventories of buildings and art.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/>
{{Clear}}
 
===Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law===
[[File:Chouju sumo2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Four frogs and a rabbit in human form frolicking.|First of the [[Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga|scrolls of Frolicking Animals and Humans]] owned by [[Kōzan-ji]]]]
On June 5, 1897, the {{nihongo|Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law|古社寺保存法|koshaji hozonhō}} (law number&nbsp;49) was enacted; it was the first systematic law for the preservation of Japanese historic art and architecture.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="coaldrake-p248"/> Formulated under the guidance of architectural historian and architect [[Itō Chūta]], the law established (in 20 articles) government funding for the preservation of buildings and the restoration of artworks.<ref name="coaldrake-p248"/> The law applied to architecture and pieces of art relating to an architectural structure, with the proviso that historic uniqueness and exceptional quality were to be established (article&nbsp;2).<ref name="coaldrake-p248"/> Applications for financial support were to be made to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (article&nbsp;1), and the responsibility for restoration or preservation lay in the hands of local officials (article&nbsp;3). Restoration works were financed directly from the national coffers (article&nbsp;3).▼
 
▲On June 5, 1897, the {{nihongo|Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law|古社寺保存法|koshaji hozonhō}} (law number&nbsp;49) was enacted; it was the first systematic law for the preservation of Japanese historic art and architecture.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="coaldrake-p248"/> Formulated under the guidance of architectural historian and architect [[Itō Chūta]], the law established (in 20 articles) government funding for the preservation of buildings and the restoration of artworks.<ref name="coaldrake-p248"/> The law applied to architecture and pieces of art relating to an architectural structure, with the proviso that historic uniqueness and exceptional quality were to be established (article&nbsp;2).<ref name="coaldrake-p248"/> Applications for financial support were to be made to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (article&nbsp;1), and the responsibility for restoration or preservation lay in the hands of local officials (article&nbsp;3). Restoration works were financed directly from the national coffers (article&nbsp;3).
A second law was passed on December 15, 1897, that provided supplementary provisions to designate works of art in the possession of temples or shrines as {{nihongo|"National Treasures"|国宝|kokuhō}}. The new law also provided for pieces of religious architecture to be designated as a {{nihongo|"Specially Protected Building"|特別保護建造物|tokubetsu hogo kenzōbutsu}}.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="coaldrake-p249">{{Harvnb|Coaldrake|2002|p=249}}</ref> While the main criteria were "artistic superiority" and "value as historical evidence and wealth of historical associations," the age of the piece was an additional factor.<ref name="jokilehto-p280"/> Designated artworks could be from any of the following categories: painting, sculpture, calligraphy, books, and handicrafts. Swords were added later. The law limited protection to items held at religious institutions, while articles in private ownership remained unprotected.<ref name="missiontopreserve"/> Funds designated for the restoration of works of art and structures were increased from 20,000&nbsp;yen to 150,000&nbsp;yen, and fines were set for the destruction of cultural properties. Owners were required to register designated objects with newly created museums, which were granted first option of purchase in case of sale.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/> Initially, 44 temple and shrine buildings and 155 relics were designated under the new law, including the ''[[kon-dō]]'' at [[Hōryū-ji]].<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="missiontopreserve">{{cite news▼
 
▲A second law was passed on December 15, 1897, that provided supplementary provisions to designate works of art in the possession of temples or shrines as {{nihongo|"National Treasures"|国宝|kokuhō}}. The new law also provided for pieces of religious architecture to be designated as a {{nihongo|"Specially Protected Building"|特別保護建造物|tokubetsu hogo kenzōbutsu}}.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="coaldrake-p249">{{Harvnb|Coaldrake|2002|p=249}}</ref> While the main criteria were "artistic superiority" and "value as historical evidence and wealth of historical associations,", the age of the piece was an additional factor.<ref name="jokilehto-p280"/> Designated artworks could be from any of the following categories: painting, sculpture, calligraphy, books, and handicrafts. Swords were added later. The law limited protection to items held at religious institutions, while articles in private ownership remained unprotected.<ref name="missiontopreserve"/> Funds designated for the restoration of works of art and structures were increased from 20,000&nbsp;yen to 150,000&nbsp;yen, and fines were set for the destruction of cultural properties. Owners were required to register designated objects with newly created museums, which were granted first option of purchase in case of sale.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/> Initially, 44 temple and shrine buildings and 155 relics were designated under the new law, including the ''[[kon-dō]]'' at [[Hōryū-ji]].<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="missiontopreserve">{{cite news
| first = Alexander
| last = Mackay-Smith
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At the beginning of the 20th century, modernization transformed the Japanese landscape and posed a threat to historic and natural monuments. Societies of prominent men such as the "Imperial Ancient Sites Survey Society" or the "Society for the Investigation and Preservation of Historic Sites and Aged Trees" lobbied and achieved a resolution in the [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]] for conservation measures. Eventually these efforts resulted in the 1919 {{nihongo|Historical Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments Preservation Law|史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法|shiseki meishō enrenkinenbutsu hozonhō}}, protecting and cataloguing such properties in the same manner as temples, shrines, and pieces of art.<ref name="edwards-p39"/>
 
By 1929, about 1,100 properties had been designated under the 1897 "Ancient Shrines and Temples Preservation Law.".<ref name="jokilehto-p280">{{Harvnb|Jokilehto|2002|p=280}}</ref> Most were religious buildings dating from the 7th to early 17th century. Approximately 500 buildings were extensively restored, with 90% of the funding provided by the national budget. Restorations during the [[Meiji period]] often employed new materials and techniques.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/>
 
[[File:Himeji castle in may 2015.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A white castle with a large five-storied main tower and two smaller towers all built on a stone base.|In 1931, [[Himeji Castle]] became a National Treasure under the National Treasures Preservation Law of 1929.<ref>{{cite web
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| access-date = 2009-12-16
}}</ref>]]
In 1929 the {{nihongo|National Treasures Preservation Law|国宝保存法|kokuhō hozonhō}} was passed and went into effect on July 1 of that year. The law replaced the 1897 laws and extended protection for National Treasures held by public and private institutions and private individuals in an effort to prevent the export or removal of cultural properties.<ref name="machizukuri"/><ref name="missiontopreserve"/> The focus of protection was not only for old religious buildings but also for [[Japanese castle|castles]], [[Japanese teahouse|teahouses]], residences, and more recently built religious buildings. Many of these structures had been transferred from feudal to private ownership following the Meiji restoration. Some of the first residential buildings to be designated National Treasures were the Yoshimura residence in [[Osaka]] (1937) and the Ogawa residence in [[Kyoto]] (1944).<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/> The designation "National Treasure" was applied to objects of art and to historical buildings.<ref name="jokilehto-p280"/><ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/><ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> The new law required permits to be obtained for future alterations of designated properties.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/>
 
The restoration of [[Tōdai-ji]]'s ''Nandaimon'' gate in 1930 saw improved standards for preservation. An architect supervised the reconstruction works on-site. Extensive restoration reports became the norm, including plans, results of surveys, historical sources, and documentation of the work done.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/> During the 1930s, about 70–75% of restoration costs came from the national budget, which increased even during the war.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/>
 
In the early 1930s, Japan suffered from the [[Great Depression]]. In an effort to prevent art objects not yet designated National Treasures from being exported because of the economic crisis, the {{nihongo|Law Regarding the Preservation of Important Works of Fine Arts|重要美術品等ノ保存ニ関スル 法律|jūyō bijutsuhin tōno hozon ni kan suru hōritsu}} was passed on April 1, 1933. It provided a simplified designation procedure with temporary protection, including protections against exportations. About 8,000 objects were protected under the law, including temples, shrines, and residential buildings.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/> By 1939, nine categories of properties consisting of 8,282 items (paintings, sculptures, architecture, documents, books, calligraphy, swords, crafts, and archaeological resources) had been designated as National Treasures and were forbidden to be exported.<ref name="missiontopreserve"/>
 
During [[World War II]] many of the designated buildings were camouflaged, and water tanks and fire walls were installed for protection. Nonetheless, 206 designated buildings, including [[Hiroshima Castle]], were destroyed from May to August 1945.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p12"/> The ninth-century [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist text]] ''[[Tōdaiji Fujumonkō]]'', designated a National Treasure in 1938, was destroyed by a fire in 1945 as a result of the war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yoshida|2001|p=135}}</ref>
 
===Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties===
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}}</ref>]]
When the ''kon-dō'' of Hōryū-ji, one of the oldest extant wooden buildings in the world and the first to be protected under the "Ancient Temples and Shrines Preservation Law,", caught fire on January&nbsp;26, 1949, valuable seventh-century wall paintings were damaged. The incident accelerated the reorganization of cultural property protection and gave rise to the {{nihongo|Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties|文化財保護法|bunkazai hogohō}}, which was drafted on May&nbsp;30, 1950, and went into effect on August&nbsp;29 of that year.<ref name="pamphlet05"/><ref name="gibbon-p332">{{Harvnb|Gibbon|2005|p=332}}</ref><ref name="enders-gutschow-p13">{{Harvnb|Enders|Gutschow|1998|p=13}}</ref><ref name="chapter03">{{cite web
|title = Cultural Properties for Future Generations
|url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/shuppanbutsu/bunkazai_pamphlet/pdf/pamphlet_en_03_ver05.pdf
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The new law combined the laws of 1919, 1929, and 1933. The scope of the previous protection laws was expanded to cover "intangible cultural properties" such as performing and applied arts, "folk cultural properties"," and "buried cultural properties"."<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/><ref name="chapter03"/> Before the enactment of this law, only intangible cultural properties of especially high [[value at risk]] of extinction had been protected.<ref name="jokilehto-p280"/><ref name="pamphlet05"/><ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> Even by international standards, a broad spectrum of properties was covered by the 1950 law.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> The law was the basis for the establishment of the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Properties, a precursor of today's [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]].<ref name="mcveigh-p171"/> It allowed the selection of the most important cultural properties; set restrictions on the alteration, repair and export of cultural properties; and provided measures for the preservation and utilization of such properties.<ref name="chapter06">{{cite web|url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_06.pdf|title = Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Properties|year = 2009|work = Administration of Cultural Affairs in Japan ― Fiscal 2009|publisher = [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]]|access-date = 2010-05-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071110143150/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_06.pdf|archive-date = November 10, 2007|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
The regulations implementing the law specified three broad categories of properties: tangible/intangible cultural properties and "historic sites, places of scenic beauty, and natural monuments.".<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/><ref name="mcveigh-p171">{{Harvnb|McVeigh|2004|p=171}}</ref> Tangible cultural properties were defined as objects of "high artistic or historic value" or archaeological materials (or other historic material) of "high scholarly value.".<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> Designated buildings were required to be outstanding in design or building technique, have a high historic or scholarly value, or be typical of a movement or area.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/>
 
A system for tangible cultural properties was established with two gradings: Important Cultural Property and National Treasure.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/><ref name="chapter03"/> The minister of education designates important cultural properties as National Treasures if they are of "particularly high value from the standpoint of world culture or outstanding treasures for the Japanese people."<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> All previously designated National Treasures were initially demoted to [[Important Cultural Property (Japan)|Important Cultural Properties]]. Some have been designated as new National Treasures since June&nbsp;9, 1951.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> Following a decision by the National Diet, properties to be nominated as a [[World Heritage Site]] are required to be protected under the 1950 law.<ref name="policy">{{cite web
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National Treasures have been designated according to the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties starting from June 9, 1951.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> This law, which is still in force, has since been supplemented with amendments and additional laws that reorganized the system for protection and preservation and extended its scope to a larger variety of cultural properties. Some of these changes indirectly affected the protection of designated National Treasures.
 
[[File:Tebako (Cosmetic box) Design of wheels-in-stream.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Box with design of wheels in gold and white on black background all over.|Lacquer toiletry case with cart wheels in stream design.]]
In the 1960s, the spectrum of protected buildings was expanded to include early examples of western architecture.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> In 1966, the ''Law for the Preservation of Ancient Capitals'' was passed. It was restricted to the ancient [[Capital of Japan|capitals]] of [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]], [[Heijō-kyō]] ([[Nara, Nara|Nara]]), [[Heian-kyō]] ([[Kyoto]]), [[Asuka, Yamato]] (present day [[Asuka, Nara]]), [[Fujiwara-kyō]] ([[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]), [[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]], [[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]], and [[Ikaruga, Nara|Ikaruga]], areas in which a large number of National Treasures exist.<ref name="machizukuri"/><ref name="policy"/> In 1975, the law was extended to include groups of historic buildings not necessarily located in capitals.<ref name="jokilehto-p280"/><ref name="chapter03"/><ref name="policy"/><ref name="enders-gutschow-p14"/>
 
The second significant change of 1975 was that the government began to extend protection not only to tangible or intangible properties for their direct historic or artistic value but also to the ''techniques for the conservation of cultural properties.''<ref name="enders-gutschow-p14"/> This step was necessary because of the lack of skilled craftsmen resulting from industrialization.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p14">{{Harvnb|Enders|Gutschow|1998|p=14}}</ref> The techniques to be protected included the mounting of paintings and calligraphy on scrolls; the repair of [[Japanese lacquerware|lacquerware]] and wooden sculptures; and the production of [[Noh]] masks, costumes, and instruments.<ref name="chapter03"/><ref name="enders-gutschow-p14"/>
 
[[File:State Guest-House Akasaka Palace, Main Entrance-1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|alt=A large palace built of white stone in neo-baroque style. The façade is adorned with columns.|The [[Akasaka Palace]] is the only National Treasure in the category of modern residences ([[Meiji period]] and later).]]
The two-tier system of "National Treasures" and "[[Important Cultural Property (Japan)|Important Cultural Properties]]" was supplemented in 1996 with a new level of ''Registered Cultural Property'' for items in significant need of preservation and use. Initially limited to buildings, the newly established level of importance functioned as a waiting list for nominated Important Cultural Properties and as an extension for National Treasures.<ref name="chapter03"/> A large number of mainly industrial and historic residences from the late [[Edo period|Edo]] to the [[Shōwa period]] were registered under this system.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p15">{{Harvnb|Enders|Gutschow|1998|p=15}}</ref> Compared to Important Cultural Properties and National Treasures, the registration of Cultural Property entails fewer responsibilities for the owner.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p15"/> Since the end of the 20th century, the Agency for Cultural Affairs has focused on designating structures built between 1868 and 1930 and those in underrepresented regions.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> The insufficient supply of raw materials and tools necessary for restoration works was recognized by the agency.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p14"/> In 1999, protective authority was transferred to prefectures and designated cities.<ref name="chapter03"/> As a result of the 2011 [[Great East Japan earthquake]], 714<ref group="nb">704 items suffered damage. Since some of them have multiple designations, the total count is 714.</ref> [[Cultural Properties of Japan|cultural properties]] including five National Treasure buildings suffered damage.<ref name="earthquake-damage">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/2011_Tohoku_ver12.pdf
|title = Damages to Cultural Properties in "the Great East Japan Earthquake"
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==Designation procedure==
[[File:Mongaku rules.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Texts in Chinese letters on brownish aged paper. A red handprint is placed over the text.|Priest [[Mongaku]]'s 45-article rules and regulations, a National Treasure in the category ancient documents.]]
Cultural products with a tangible form that possess high historic, artistic, and academic value for Japan are listed in a three-tier system. Properties in need of preservation and use are catalogued as "Registered Cultural Properties".<ref group="nb">This applies primarily to works of the modern period such as houses, public structures, bridges, dikes, fences, and towers threatened by land development and cultural shifts. Registration is a means of preventing the demolition of such structures without requiring an evaluation of their cultural value. Protection measures are moderate and include notification, guidance, and suggestions. As of April 1, 2009, there are 7,407 registered structures.</ref><ref name="chapter06"/> Important objects are designated as "[[Important Cultural Property (Japan)|Important Cultural Properties]].".<ref name="pamphlet05"/>
 
Important cultural properties that show truly exceptional workmanship, a particularly high value for world cultural history, or an exceptional value to scholarship can be designated as "National Treasures.".<ref name="missiontopreserve"/><ref name="chapter06"/> In order to achieve the designation, the owner of an important cultural property contacts or is contacted by the [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] for information regarding the registration.<ref name="gibbon-p332"/> In the latter case, the agency always asks the owner for consent beforehand, even though not required by law.<ref group="nb">It is usually difficult to obtain consent from state properties and private firms.</ref><ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> The agency then contacts the Council for Cultural Affairs, which consists of five members appointed by the minister of education for their "wide and eminent views on and knowledge of culture." The council may seek support from an investigative commission and eventually prepares a report to the Agency for Cultural Affairs. If they support the nomination, the property is placed on the registration list of cultural properties, the owner is informed of the outcome, and an announcement is made in the official gazette.<ref name="gibbon-p332"/><ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/><ref name="chapter03"/><ref name="chapter06"/> The designation policy is deliberately restrained, keeping the number of designated properties low.<ref name="gibbon-p333">{{Harvnb|Gibbon|2005|p=333}}</ref> In this respect the [[South Korea]]n [[National Treasures of South Korea|protective system]] is similar to that of Japan.<ref name="gibbon-p335">{{Harvnb|Gibbon|2005|p=335}}</ref> In the 21st century, up to nine properties were designated every year.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
[[File:Process of Designation, Registration, and Selection of Cultural Properties in Japan.png|center|700px|Designation Procedure]]
 
==Categories==
The Agency for Cultural Affairs designates tangible cultural properties as National Treasures in thirteen categories based on type. The agency generally distinguishes between {{nihongo|"buildings and structures"|建造物|kenzōbutsu}} and {{nihongo|"fine arts and crafts"|美術工芸品|bijutsu kōgeihin}}. Each main category is divided into subcategories.<ref name="chapter06"/> The 230231 structural cultural properties are separated into eight categories, and the 906912 fine arts and crafts cultural properties are separated into seven categories.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
===Castles===
[[File:Matsumoto-Castle-M7774.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A large five-story castle tower with black wooden walls located on a platform of unhewn stones surrounded on two sides by water. The tower is connected to the lower structure.|[[Matsumoto Castle]]]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (castles)}}
▲[[File:Matsumoto-Castle-M7774.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A large five-story castle tower with black wooden walls located on a platform of unhewn stones surrounded on two sides by water. The tower is connected to the lower structure.|[[Matsumoto Castle]]]]
The category {{nihongo|"castles"|城郭|jōkaku}} includes nine designated National Treasures located at five sites ([[Himeji Castle]], [[Matsumoto Castle]], [[Inuyama Castle]], [[Hikone Castle]], and [[Matsue Castle]]) and comprises eighteen structures such as [[donjon]]s, [[Yagura (tower)|watch towers]], and connecting galleries. Himeji Castle, the most visited castle in Japan and a [[World Heritage Site]], has five National Treasures; the other castles each have one.<ref>{{Harvnb|Turnbull|Dennis|2003|p=52}}</ref> The designated structures represent the apogee of [[Japanese castle]] construction, and date from the end of the [[Sengoku period]], from the late 16th to the first half of the 17th century.<ref name="deal-p315"/> Built of wood and plaster on a stone foundation,<ref>{{Harvnb|Turnbull|Dennis|2003|p=21}}</ref> the castles were military fortifications as well as political, cultural, and economic centers. They also served as residences for the ''[[daimyō]]'', his family, and [[samurai|retainers]].<ref name="deal-p315">{{Harvnb|Deal|2007|p=315}}</ref><ref name="coaldrake-p105-106">{{Harvnb|Coaldrake|1996|pp=105–106}}</ref> The oldest structure in the category is a [[Bunroku]]-era secondary donjon called the Northwest Small Tower, which is located at Matsumoto Castle.<ref name="bunkacho"/>▼
 
▲The category {{nihongo|"castles"|城郭|jōkaku}} includes nine designated National Treasures located at five sites ([[Himeji Castle]], [[Matsumoto Castle]], [[Inuyama Castle]], [[Hikone Castle]], and [[Matsue Castle]]) and comprises eighteen structures such as [[donjon]]s, [[Yagura (tower)|watch towers]], and connecting galleries. Himeji Castle, the most visited castle in Japan and a [[World Heritage Site]], has five National Treasures; the other castles each have one.<ref>{{Harvnb|Turnbull|Dennis|2003|p=52}}</ref> The designated structures represent the apogee of [[Japanese castle]] construction, and date from the end of the [[Sengoku period]], from the late 16th to the first half of the 17th century.<ref name="deal-p315"/> Built of wood and plaster on a stone foundation,<ref>{{Harvnb|Turnbull|Dennis|2003|p=21}}</ref> the castles were military fortifications as well as political, cultural, and economic centers. They also served as residences for the ''[[daimyō]]'', his family, and [[samurai|retainers]].<ref name="deal-p315">{{Harvnb|Deal|2007|p=315}}</ref><ref name="coaldrake-p105-106">{{Harvnb|Coaldrake|1996|pp=105–106}}</ref> The oldest structure in the category is a [[Bunroku]]-era secondary donjon called the Northwest Small Tower, which is located at Matsumoto Castle.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
===Modern and historical residences===
[[File:Nijo Castle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Several interconnected wooden buildings with white walls and hip-and-gable style roofs.|Ninomaru Palace at [[Nijō Castle]]]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (residences)}}
▲[[File:Nijo Castle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Several interconnected wooden buildings with white walls and hip-and-gable style roofs.|Ninomaru Palace at [[Nijō Castle]]]]
Residential architecture includes two categories: {{nihongo|"modern residences"|住居|jūkyo}} from the [[Meiji period]] onward and {{nihongo|"historical residences"|住宅|jūtaku}}, which date to before 1867. Presently, the only modern residential National Treasure is the [[Akasaka Palace]] in [[Tokyo]], which was built in 1909.<ref name="akasakapalace">{{cite web▼
 
▲Residential architecture includes two categories: {{nihongo|"modern residences"|住居|jūkyo}} from the [[Meiji period]] onward and {{nihongo|"historical residences"|住宅|jūtaku}}, which date to before 1867. Presently, the only modern residential National Treasure is the [[Akasaka Palace]] in [[Tokyo]], which was built in 1909.<ref name="akasakapalace">{{cite web
|url = http://www8.cao.go.jp/geihinkan/e1-11.html
|title = State Guest Houses
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100221022900/http://www8.cao.go.jp/geihinkan/e1-11.html
|archive-date = 2010-02-21
}}</ref> Fourteen National Treasures, dating from between 1485 and 1657, are listed in the historical residences category. Ten are located in [[Kyoto]]. The structures include [[Japanese teahouse|teahouses]], ''[[shoin]]'', and guest or reception halls.<ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="bunkacho"/>
{{clear}}
 
===Structures related to industry, transportation and public works===
In 2014, the former [[Tomioka Silk Mill]], Japan's oldest modern model silk reeling factory was designated as the only National Treasure in the category of {{nihongo|"structures related to industry transportation and public works"|産業・交通・土木|sangyō kōtsū doboku}}. Established in 1872 by the government, this is—after the [[Akasaka Palace]]—the second modern (post-[[Meiji Restoration|Meiji]]) structural National Treasure. The designated property includes several buildings such as the silk reeling mill and the East and West cocoon warehouses.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tomioka-silk.jp/hp/en/outline/index.htm |title=All about Tomioka Silk Mill |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2005 |website=[[Tomioka Silk Mill]] |publisher= [[Tomioka, Gunma|Tomioka]] |access-date= 2015-09-08}}</ref>
 
===Schools===
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===Shrines===
[[File:Ujigami Haiden.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|alt=Frontal view of a rather low and wide building with wooden beams and white painted walls.|Worship hall (''[[haiden (Shinto)|haiden]]'') of [[Ujigami Shrine]]]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (shrines)}}
▲[[File:Ujigami Haiden.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|alt=Frontal view of a rather low and wide building with wooden beams and white painted walls.|Worship hall (''[[haiden (Shinto)|haiden]]'') of [[Ujigami Shrine]]]]
National Treasures in the category of {{nihongo|"shrines"|神社|jinja}} include main halls (''[[honden]]''), oratories (''[[Haiden (Shinto)|haiden]]''), gates, offering halls (''[[heiden (Shinto)|heiden]]''), purification halls (''haraedono''), and other structures associated with [[Shinto shrine]]s. Presently there are 42 National Treasures in this category, dating from the 12th century (late [[Heian period]]) to the 19th century (late [[Edo period]]). According to the tradition of {{nihongo|''Shikinen sengū-sai|式年遷宮祭}}'', the buildings or shrines were faithfully rebuilt at regular intervals, adhering to the original design. In this manner, ancient styles have been replicated through the centuries to the present day.<ref name="Kishida-p33">{{Harvnb|Kishida|2008|p=33}}</ref><ref name="nishi-p41">{{Harvnb|Nishi|Hozumi|1996|p=41}}</ref><ref name="kuroda2005">{{Harvnb|Kuroda|2005}}</ref> The oldest designated extant shrine structure is the main hall at [[Ujigami Shrine]], which dates from the 12th century (late [[Heian period]]). About half of the designated structures are located in three prefectures: [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]], and [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]], all of which are in the [[Kansai region]] of Japan. [[Nikkō Tōshō-gū]] has five National Treasures.<ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="bunkacho"/>▼
 
▲National Treasures in the category of {{nihongo|"shrines"|神社|jinja}} include main halls (''[[honden]]''), oratories (''[[Haiden (Shinto)|haiden]]''), gates, offering halls (''[[heiden (Shinto)|heiden]]''), purification halls (''haraedono''), and other structures associated with [[Shinto shrine]]s. Presently there are 42 National Treasures in this category, dating from the 12th century (late [[Heian period]]) to the 19th century (late [[Edo period]]). According to the tradition of {{nihongo|''Shikinen sengū-sai|式年遷宮祭}}'', the buildings or shrines were faithfully rebuilt at regular intervals, adhering to the original design. In this manner, ancient styles have been replicated through the centuries to the present day.<ref name="Kishida-p33">{{Harvnb|Kishida|2008|p=33}}</ref><ref name="nishi-p41">{{Harvnb|Nishi|Hozumi|1996|p=41}}</ref><ref name="kuroda2005">{{Harvnb|Kuroda|2005}}</ref> The oldest designated extant shrine structure is the main hall at [[Ujigami Shrine]], which dates from the 12th century (late [[Heian period]]). About half of the designated structures are located in three prefectures: [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]], [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]], and [[Shiga Prefecture|Shiga]], all of which are in the [[Kansai region]] of Japan. [[Nikkō Tōshō-gū]] has five National Treasures.<ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
===Temples===
[[File:Todaiji daibutsuden 20070923.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Huge wooden building with white walls and dark beams.|Great Buddha Hall (''Daibutsuden'') at [[Tōdai-ji]]]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)}}
▲[[File:Todaiji daibutsuden 20070923.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Huge wooden building with white walls and dark beams.|Great Buddha Hall (''Daibutsuden'') at [[Tōdai-ji]]]]
Structures associated with Buddhist temples such as main halls (''[[butsuden]]'', ''[[hon-dō]]'' and ''[[kon-dō]]''), [[pagoda]]s, belfries, corridors, and other halls or structures are designated in the category {{nihongo|"temples"|寺院|jiin}}. Presently 158 National Treasures have been designated in this category, including two of the oldest wooden structures in the world—from the 6th century, [[Hōryū-ji]] and [[Tōdai-ji]]'s ''Daibutsuden'', the largest wooden building in the world.<ref>{{cite web▼
 
▲Structures associated with Buddhist temples such as main halls (''[[butsuden]]'', ''[[hon-dō]]'' and ''[[kon-dō]]''), [[pagoda]]s, belfries, corridors, and other halls or structures are designated in the category {{nihongo|"temples"|寺院|jiin}}. Presently 158 National Treasures have been designated in this category, including two of the oldest wooden structures in the world—from the 6th century, [[Hōryū-ji]] and [[Tōdai-ji]]'s ''Daibutsuden'', the largest wooden building in the world.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.horyuji.or.jp/kondo.htm
|script-title = ja:金堂
Line 248 ⟶ 252:
| access-date = 2009-11-23
}}</ref> The structures cover more than 1,000 years of Japanese Buddhist architecture, from the 6th century ([[Asuka period]]) to the 19th century (late [[Edo period]]). About three quarters of the designated properties are located in the [[Kansai region]], with 60 National Treasure temple structures in [[Nara Prefecture]] and 31 in [[Kyoto Prefecture]]. The temple [[Hōryū-ji]] has the largest number of designated National Treasure buildings, with 18 structures.<ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="bunkacho"/>
{{clear}}
 
===Miscellaneous structures===
[[File:Shizutani School Auditorium.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|right|alt=Wooden building with a hip-and-gable style roof and an open veranda surrounding the building.|Auditorium of the former [[Shizutani School]]]]
 
There are fourfive {{nihongo|"miscellaneous structures"|その他|sono hoka}} that do not fall into any of the other categories. They are the North [[Noh]] stage in [[Kyoto]]'s [[Nishi Hongan-ji]], the auditorium of the former [[Shizutani School]] in [[Bizen, Okayama|Bizen]], the Roman Catholic [[Ōura Church]] in [[Nagasaki]], and the [[Tamaudun]] royal [[mausoleum]] of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom]] in [[Shuri, Okinawa]], and the [[Tsūjun Bridge]].
 
The North Noh stage, dating to 1581, is the oldest extant structure of its kind, consisting of a stage, a {{nihongo|side stage for the chorus|脇座|wakiza}}, a {{nihongo|place for musicians|後座|atoza}}, and a {{nihongo|passageway to enter or exit the stage|橋掛|hashigakari}}.<ref>{{cite web
Line 278 ⟶ 282:
Ōura Church was established in 1864 by the French priest Bernard Petitjean of Fier to commemorate the [[twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|26 Christian martyrs]] executed by [[crucifixion]] on February 5, 1597, at [[Nagasaki]]. The façade of the church faces Nishizaka hill, the place of their execution. It is a gothic structure and the oldest extant wooden church in Japan.<ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.at-nagasaki.jp/foreign/english/spot/010.html
| title = Oura Catholic Church
| publisher = Nagasaki Tourism Internet Committee
| access-date = 2009-11-14
| archive-date = 2013-05-10
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510071003/http://www.at-nagasaki.jp/foreign/english/spot/010.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
 
Built in 1501 by King [[Shō Shin]], the Tamaudun consists of two stone-walled enclosures and three tomb compartments that in compliance with tradition temporarily held the remains of Ryūkyūan royalty.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/koho_hodo_oshirase/hodohappyo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2018/10/18/a1410231_01.pdf
| script-title = ja:国宝・重要文化財（建造物）の指定について
Line 290 ⟶ 297:
| language=ja
| access-date = 2018-10-19
}}</ref>
 
[[Tsūjun Bridge]] is an {{convert|84|m|abbr=on}} long arch bridge and aqueduct built in 1854 used for irrigation and representing the highest level of technology at the time.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.bunka.go.jp/koho_hodo_oshirase/hodohappyo/pdf/93900401_01.pdf
| script-title = ja:国宝・重要文化財（建造物）の指定について
| trans-title = Designation of structural National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties
| publisher = [[Agency of Cultural Affairs]]
| language=ja
| access-date = 2023-07-01
}}</ref>
 
===Ancient documents===
[[File:Go-Uda will.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Text in Chinese script on paper with two red handprints.|Testament of [[Emperor Go-Uda]] with handprints.]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents)}}
▲[[File:Go-Uda will.jpg|left|thumb|alt=Text in Chinese script on paper with two red handprints.|Testament of [[Emperor Go-Uda]] with handprints.]]
Valuable [[Japanese history|Japanese historical]] documents are designated in the category {{nihongo|"ancient documents"|古文書|komonjo}}. There are 62 items or sets of items in this category, ranging from letters and diaries to records. One National Treasure is a linen map, and another is an inscription on stone.<ref>{{cite web▼
 
▲Valuable [[Japanese history|Japanese historical]] documents are designated in the category {{nihongo|"ancient documents"|古文書|komonjo}}. There are 6263 items or sets of items in this category, ranging from letters and diaries to records. One National Treasure is a linen map, and another is an inscription on stone.<ref>{{cite web
|script-title = ja:額田寺伽藍並条里図
|trans-title = Map of Nukata-dera ''garan'' and its vicinity
Line 305 ⟶ 322:
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090212151028/http://www.rekihaku.ac.jp/gallery/nukata/index.html
|archive-date = 2009-02-12
}}</ref><ref name="nasu-stone">{{Cite web | title =那須国造碑 | trans-title =Stone in Nasu County| access-date =2010-11-04| publisher =[[Ōtawara, Tochigi|Ōtawara city]] tourist association| url =http://www.ohtawara.info/spot/ksaishi.html| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110613140112/http://www.ohtawara.info/spot/ksaishi.html| archive-date =2011-06-13}}</ref> However, all other objects in the category were created with a writing brush on paper and in many cases present important examples of early [[calligraphy]]. The oldest item dates from the late 7th century and the most recent from the 19th century (late [[Edo period]]). Approximately half of the entries in the category are located in [[Kyoto]].<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref name="nasu-stone"/><ref>{{Cite web
|title = ?
|journal = The University of Tokyo Library System Bulletin Vol 42, No 4
|volume =5 42▼
|issue = 4
|publisher = [[Tokyo University]] library
|access-date = 2010-01-03
|date = September 2003
|url = http://www.lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp/koho/kanpo/vol42/vol42-4.pdf
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605102330/http://www.lib.u-tokyo.ac.jp/koho/kanpo/vol42/vol42-4.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-06-05
|issn = 0495-7873
}}</ref>
 
===Archaeological materials===
[[File:Sumida Hatiman Mirror.JPG|thumb|right|upright|alt=A round object with an inscription in Chinese characters around the outer part and figurative relief in the middle.|[[Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror]]]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (archaeological materials)}}
▲[[File:Sumida Hatiman Mirror.JPG|thumb|right|upright|alt=A round object with an inscription in Chinese characters around the outer part and figurative relief in the middle.|[[Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror]]]]
The category {{nihongo|"archaeological materials"|考古資料|kōkoshiryō}} includes some of the oldest cultural properties, with 49 designated National Treasures. Many of the National Treasures in this category consist of large sets of objects originally buried as part of graves or as offering for temple foundations, and subsequently excavated from tombs, [[kofun]], [[sutra mound]]s, or other [[archaeological site]]s. The oldest items are stone tools from the [[Japanese paleolithic|paleolithic period]] and flame-shaped pottery and ''[[dogū]]'' clay figurines from the [[Jōmon period]] that reflect early Japanese civilization.<ref name="dogu1">{{Cite web▼
 
▲The category {{nihongo|"archaeological materials"|考古資料|kōkoshiryō}} includes some of the oldest cultural properties, with 4950 designated National Treasures. Many of the National Treasures in this category consist of large sets of objects originally buried as part of graves or as offering for temple foundations, and subsequently excavated from tombs, [[kofun]], [[sutra mound]]s, or other [[archaeological site]]s. The oldest items are stone tools from the [[Japanese paleolithic|paleolithic period]] and flame-shaped pottery and ''[[dogū]]'' clay figurines from the [[Jōmon period]] that reflect early Japanese civilization.<ref name="dogu1">{{Cite web
| script-title=ja:教育ほっかいどう第374号－活動レポート－国宝「土偶」について
|trans-title=Education Hokkaidō issue 374 activity report, National Treasure dogū
Line 340 ⟶ 362:
|archive-date = 2018-03-26
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> Other items listed include bronze mirrors and bells, jewellery, ancient swords, and knives. The most recent object, a hexagonal stone column, dates to the [[Nanboku-chō period]], 1361.<ref>{{Cite web| title =普済寺| trans-title =Fusai-ji| publisher =Tachikawa Bureau of Tourism| access-date =2009-05-14| url =http://www.tbt.gr.jp/100sen/spot/fusaiji.htm| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071208095248/http://www.tbt.gr.jp/100sen/spot/fusaiji.htm| archive-date =2007-12-08}}</ref> Most of the materials (31) are located in museums, with six National Treasures in the [[Tokyo National Museum]].<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
===Crafts===
The category {{nihongo|"crafts"|工芸品|kōgeihin}} includes 254 National Treasures, of which 122 are swords and 132 are other craft items.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
'''==== Swords''' ====
[[File:Katana Masamune.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|alt=Slightly bent sword with a small gold guard and a gold inlay inscription in Chinese characters on the grip.|[[Katana]] with a gold inlay inscription by [[Masamune]].]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: swords)}}
▲[[File:Katana Masamune.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|alt=Slightly bent sword with a small gold guard and a gold inlay inscription in Chinese characters on the grip.|[[Katana]] with a gold inlay inscription by [[Masamune]].]]
 
Swords are included in the crafts category, and either the sword itself or a sword mounting is designated as a National Treasure. Currently 110 swords and 12 sword mountings are National Treasures. The oldest designated properties date to the seventh century ([[Asuka period]]).<ref>{{Cite web
|script-title = ja:日高村文化財 国宝
Line 369 ⟶ 392:
}}</ref> However, 86 of the items are from the [[Kamakura period]], with the most recent object from the [[Muromachi period]].<ref>{{Cite web | script-title = ja:広島県の文化財 – 梨子地桐文螺鈿腰刀 | trans-title = Cultural Properties of Hiroshima Prefecture — nashijikirimon raden koshigatana | publisher = [[Hiroshima Prefecture]] | access-date = 2009-09-29 | url = http://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/kyouiku/hotline/bunkazai/data/101040060.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091128124016/http://www.pref.hiroshima.lg.jp/kyouiku/hotline/bunkazai/data/101040060.html | archive-date = 2009-11-28 }}</ref> The designated items are located in Buddhist temples, [[Shinto shrine]]s, museums, and private collections.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
'''==== Non-swords''' ====
[[File:RitualGong ACE1250 Chusonji crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Flat metal sheet in an arc shape with embossed relief of two birds.|Buddhist ritual gong with peacock relief]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: others)}}
▲[[File:RitualGong ACE1250 Chusonji crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Flat metal sheet in an arc shape with embossed relief of two birds.|Buddhist ritual gong with peacock relief]]
 
The crafts category includes pottery from Japan, China and Korea; metalworks such as mirrors and temple bells; Buddhist ritual items and others; lacquerware such as boxes, furniture, harnesses, and [[mikoshi|portable shrines]]; textiles; armor; and other objects. These items date from classical to early modern Japan<ref>{{Cite web
| title = Writing box with eight bridges
Line 378 ⟶ 402:
| access-date = 2009-08-27
| url = http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100196/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en&s_lang=en&class=8&title=&c_e=&region=&era=&century=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=6
}}</ref> —and are housed in Buddhist temples, [[Shinto shrine]]s, and museums. Also included in this category are sacred treasures that worshippers presented to [[Asuka Shrine]], [[Tsurugaoka Hachimangū]], [[Itsukushima Shrine]], [[Kasuga-taisha]], and [[Kumano Hayatama Taisha]]. The treasures were dedicated to the enshrined deity of the respective shrine. They comprise garments, household items, and other items.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{Cite web
|script-title = ja:沃懸地杏葉螺鈿平やなぐい かまくら GreenNet
|trans-title = Quiver
Line 408 ⟶ 432:
|archive-date = 2011-07-19
}}</ref><ref name="kasuga">{{Cite web
| script-title = ja:本宮御料古神宝類
|trans-title = Old sacred treasures
| publisher = [[Kasuga Taisha]]
| access-date = 2009-09-10
| url = http://www.kasugataisha.or.jp/h_s_tearoom/treasure/treasure3.html
|archive-date = 2009-07-21
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090721102206/http://www.kasugataisha.or.jp/h_s_tearoom/treasure/treasure3.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>
 
===Historical materials===
[[File:HasekuraPrayer.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Painting of an Asian man in black priest robes with white collar praying in front of a crucifix.|[[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] in prayer]]
Three National Treasure sets are catalogued in the category {{nihongo|"historical materials"|歴史資料|rekishi shiryō}}. One set consists of 1,251 items related to the [[Genealogy of the Shō Dynasties|Shō family]], the kings of [[Ryūkyū Kingdom|Ryūkyū]], who ruled over most of the [[Ryukyu Islands]] between the 15th and 19th century. The designated items date to the second Shō Dynasty (between the 16th and 19th century), and are located in the [[Naha City Museum of History]]. Within this set are 1,166 documents or records, including construction plans or registers of funeral items; 85 are craft items including articles of clothing and furniture.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{cite web| title =琉球国王尚家関係資料| trans-title =Materials of the Shō family — Kings of Ryūkyū| url =http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/wk_simin/snap_snap/y2006/m07/060708rekisihakubutukan_1.htm| publisher =[[Naha, Okinawa|Naha city]]| date =2004-02-20| access-date =2009-12-12| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20111006123642/http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/wk_simin/snap_snap/y2006/m07/060708rekisihakubutukan_1.htm| archive-date =2011-10-06}}</ref>
 
The second set comprises paintings, documents, ceremonial tools, harnesses, and items of clothing [[Hasekura Tsunenaga]] brought back from his 1613 to 1620 trade mission ([[Keichō]] Embassy) to Europe. Sent by [[Date Masamune]], Lord of the [[Sendai Domain]], Hasekura traveled via Mexico City and Madrid to Rome before returning to Japan. Located in the [[Sendai City Museum]], the designated set of items consists of 47 objects: a Roman citizenship document dating from November 1615; a portrait of [[Pope Paul V]]; a portrait of Hasekura in prayer following his conversion in Madrid; 19 religious paintings; pictures of saints; ceremonial items such as [[Rosary|rosaries]]; a cross and medals; 25 items of harnesses and clothing such as priests' garments; an Indonesian and Benjamin Tenze [[kris]]; and a [[Sri Lanka|Ceylonese]] dagger.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{cite web| title =慶長遣欧使節関係資料| trans-title =Materials of the Keichō Embassy to Europe| url =http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/bunkazai/siteibunkazai/miyagi-no-bunkazai/07REKISI/01tunenaga.htm| archive-url =https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110512030231/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/bunkazai/siteibunkazai/miyagi-no-bunkazai/07REKISI/01tunenaga.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =2011-05-12| publisher =[[Miyagi Prefecture]]| date =2004-02-20| access-date =2009-12-12}}</ref>
 
A third set consists of 2,345 [[Edo period]] items related to the Japanese [[surveying|surveyor]] and [[cartographer]] [[Inō Tadataka]]. The designated objects are in custody of the Inō Tadataka Memorial Hall in [[Katori, Chiba|Katori]], [[Chiba Prefecture|Chiba]], and include 787 maps and drawings, 569 documents and records, 398 letters, 528 books, and 63 utensils such as surveying instruments.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{cite web|title=伊能忠敬記念館| trans-title=Inō Tadataka Memorial Hall| url=http://www.city.katori.lg.jp/museum/data.html| publisher=Inō Tadataka Museum| access-date=2010-07-02| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208123154/http://www.city.katori.lg.jp/museum/data.html| archive-date=2010-12-08}}</ref>
 
===Paintings===
[[File:Wind God and Thunder God Screens by Tawaraya Sotatsu hi-res.png|thumb|upright=1.25|right|alt=Two deities in the top left and right corners wear a skirt-like garment. The one on the left has a white skin color, the one on the right is green.|[[Raijin]] (Thunder god) and [[Fūjin]] (Wind god) [[folding screen]] by [[Tawaraya Sōtatsu]]]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)}}
▲[[File:Wind God and Thunder God Screens by Tawaraya Sotatsu hi-res.png|thumb|upright=1.25|right|alt=Two deities in the top left and right corners wear a skirt-like garment. The one on the left has a white skin color, the one on the right is green.|[[Raijin]] (Thunderthunder god) and [[Fūjin]] (Windwind god) [[folding screen]] by [[Tawaraya Sōtatsu]]]]
 
Japanese and Chinese paintings from the 8th-century Classical Nara period to the early modern 19th-century Edo period are listed in the category {{nihongo|"paintings"|絵画|kaiga}}. The 166 National Treasures in the category include Buddhist themes, landscapes, portraits, and court scenes. Various base materials have been used: 92 are [[hanging scroll]]s; 40 are hand scrolls or [[emakimono]]; 24 are [[byōbu]] [[folding screen]]s or paintings on sliding doors ([[fusuma]]); and three are albums. They are located in museums, Buddhist temples, [[Shinto shrine]]s, private collections, a university, and two tombs ([[Takamatsuzuka Tomb]] and [[Kitora Tomb]]). A large proportion of items are housed in the national museums of [[Tokyo National Museum|Tokyo]], [[Kyoto National Museum|Kyoto]], and [[Nara National Museum|Nara]]. The greatest number of National Treasure paintings are located in [[Kyoto]] with 51, and [[Tokyo]] with 51, and more than half of the Tokyo paintings are located in the Tokyo National Museum.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
===Sculptures===
[[File:Byodoin Amitaabha Buddha.JPG|thumb|left|upright|alt=Front view of a cross-legged seated statue, showing the meditation gesture (Dhyāna Mudrā) with both hands placed on the lap, palms facing upwards.|[[Amida Nyorai]], the principal image in the Phoenix Hall of [[Byōdō-in]] and only extant work by [[Jōchō]]]]▼
{{Mainlist|List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)}}
▲[[File:Byodoin Amitaabha Buddha.JPG|thumb|left|upright|alt=Front view of a cross-legged seated statue, showing the meditation gesture (Dhyāna Mudrā) with both hands placed on the lap, palms facing upwards.|[[Amida Nyorai]], the principal image in the Phoenix Hall of [[Byōdō-in]] and only extant work by [[Jōchō]]]]
Sculptures of Buddhist and Shintō deities, or of priests venerated as founders of temples, are listed in the category {{nihongo|"sculptures"|彫刻|chōkoku}}. There are 140 National Treasure sculptures or groups of sculptures from the 7th-century [[Asuka period]] to the 13th-century [[Kamakura period]]. Most (109) sculptures are wooden, twelve entries in the list are bronze, eleven are [[lacquer]], seven are made of clay, and one entry, the [[Usuki Stone Buddhas]], consists of a group of stone sculptures. The statues vary in size from just {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} to {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} for the Great Buddhas of [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] and [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ogawa|Seki|Yamazaki|2009|pp=471}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Ogawa|Seki|Yamazaki|2009|pp=482–485}}</ref> Seventy-seven of the 140 entries are located in [[Nara Prefecture]] while another 41 are in [[Kyoto Prefecture]]. With few exceptions, the sculptures are located in Buddhist temples. [[Hōryū-ji]] and [[Kōfuku-ji]] are the locations with the most entries, with 18 and 18 designations respectively. The [[Okura Museum of Art]] in [[Tokyo]], the [[Nara National Museum]] in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] and the [[Yoshino Mikumari Shrine]] in [[Yoshino, Nara]] each have a single National Treasure in the sculpture category; one National Treasure that consists of four sculptures of [[Shinto]] gods is located at [[Kumano Hayatama Taisha]]; and the [[Usuki Stone Buddhas]] belong to [[Usuki, Ōita|Usuki]] city.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{Cite book▼
 
▲Sculptures of Buddhist and Shintō deities, or of priests venerated as founders of temples, are listed in the category {{nihongo|"sculptures"|彫刻|chōkoku}}. There are 140141 National Treasure sculptures or groups of sculptures from the 7th-century [[Asuka period]] to the 13th-century [[Kamakura period]]. Most (109) sculptures are wooden, twelve entries in the list are bronze, eleven are [[lacquer]], seven are made of clay, and one entry, the [[Usuki Stone Buddhas]], consists of a group of stone sculptures. The statues vary in size from just {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} to {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} for the Great Buddhas of [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] and [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ogawa|Seki|Yamazaki|2009|pp=471}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Ogawa|Seki|Yamazaki|2009|pp=482–485}}</ref> Seventy-seven of the 140141 entries are located in [[Nara Prefecture]] while another 4142 are in [[Kyoto Prefecture]]. With few exceptions, the sculptures are located in Buddhist temples. [[Hōryū-ji]] and [[Kōfuku-ji]] are the locations with the most entries, with 18 and 18 designations respectively. The [[Okura Museum of Art]] in [[Tokyo]], the [[Nara National Museum]] in [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] and the [[Yoshino Mikumari Shrine]] in [[Yoshino, Nara]] each have a single National Treasure in the sculpture category; one National Treasure that consists of four sculptures of [[Shinto]] gods is located at [[Kumano Hayatama Taisha]]; and the [[Usuki Stone Buddhas]] belong to [[Usuki, Ōita|Usuki]] city.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{Cite book
| title = Ise Jingu and Treasures of Shinto
| year = 2009
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===Writings===
[[File:Akihagi-jō 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Text in Japanese script on green and brown paper.|''Akihagi-jō'' attributed to [[Ono no Michikaze]]]]▼
{{for|more comprehensive lists|List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Chinese books)|List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: Japanese books)|List of National Treasures of Japan (writings: others)}}
▲[[File:Akihagi-jō 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Text in Japanese script on green and brown paper.|''Akihagi-jō'' attributed to [[Ono no Michikaze]]]]
 
Written materials of various type such as [[sūtra]] transcriptions, poetry, historical books, and specialist books are designated in the category {{nihongo|"writings"|書跡・典籍|shoseki, tenseki}}. The 229235 items or sets of items are National Treasures that date predominantly to [[History of Japan|classical Japan]] and the Imperial era of [[China]] from the 6th century to the [[Muromachi period]]. Most were made with a writing brush on paper and in many cases present important examples of [[calligraphy]].<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
==Preservation and utilization measures==
[[File:Protection of Cultural Properties Logo.png|thumb|upright|right|alt=Logo consisting of three identical stacked elements. Each element has the shape of a sideways-turned letter "C" with an extra leg at the bottom centre.|The Protection of Cultural Properties logo in the shape of a {{nihongo||斗きょう|tokyō}}, a type of [[entablature]] found in Japanese architecture.{{#tag:ref|The three stacked elements symbolise the continuity in time of cultural property protection: the past, the present, and the future.<ref name="chapter03"/>|group="nb"}}<ref name="chapter03"/>]]
To guarantee the preservation and utilization of designated National Treasures, a set of measures was laid down in the "Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties" of 1950. These direct measures are supplemented by indirect efforts aimed at protecting the built environment (in the case of architecture), or techniques necessary for restoration works.<ref group="nb">These supplemental measures were added as amendments to the 1950 "Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties".</ref><ref name="chapter03"/>
 
The owners or managers of a National Treasure are responsible for the administration and restoration of the work.<ref name="chapter06"/> Should the property be lost, destroyed, damaged, altered, moved, or ownership be transferred, they must advise the Agency for Cultural affairs.<ref name="gibbon-p332"/><ref name="chapter06"/> Alterations to the property require a permit, and the agency is to be notified 30 days in advance when repairs are conducted.(§&nbsp;43).<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/><ref name="chapter03"/><ref name="chapter06"/> If requested, owners must supply information, and report to the commissioner of the Agency for Cultural Affairs, regarding the condition of the property (§&nbsp;54).<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> If a National Treasure is damaged, the commissioner has the authority to order the owner or custodian to repair the property; if the owner is non-compliant, the commissioner may carry out repairs.<ref group="nb">For important cultural properties, the commissioner's authority is only to ''recommend'' repairs.</ref> If a National Treasure is to be sold, the government retains the first option to buy the item (§&nbsp;46).<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/><ref name="gibbon-p334"/> Transfers of National Treasures are generally restrictive, and export is prohibited.<ref name="gibbon-p333"/>
 
[[File:Shakyamuni Triad Horyuji.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Front view of a central figure sitting cross-legged on a raised platform which is flanked by two smaller standing statues. The central figure has the palm of his right hand turned to the front. The attendants look identical, pointing upwards with their right hand and their left hand lifted halfway, touching the thumb with the middle finger. Each of the three statues has a halo.|[[Hōryū-ji]]'s [[Shaka Nyorai|Shakyamuni]] Triad is a work of [[Tori Busshi]].]]▼
 
▲[[File:Shakyamuni Triad Horyuji.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Front view of a central figure sitting cross-legged on a raised platform which is flanked by two smaller standing statues. The central figure has the palm of his right hand turned to the front. The attendants look identical, pointing upwards with their right hand and their left hand lifted halfway, touching the thumb with the middle finger. Each of the three statues has a halo.|[[Hōryū-ji]]'s [[Shaka Nyorai|Shakyamuni]] Triad is a work of [[Tori Busshi]].]]
If subsidies were granted to the property, the commissioner has the authority to recommend or order public access or a loan to a museum for a limited period.(§&nbsp;51).<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/><ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="gibbon-p334">{{Harvnb|Gibbon|2005|p=334}}</ref> The requirement that private owners must allow access or cede rights to the property has been considered a reason that the properties under supervision of the [[Imperial Household Agency]] have not been designated as a National Treasure, with the exception of the [[Shōsōin]]<ref name="gibbon-p335"/> and more recently five artworks from the [[Museum of the Imperial Collections]].<ref>
{{cite news |last=Jingu |first=Momoko |date=2021-07-30 |title=Five artworks of imperial heritage to earn national treasure status |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14398889 |work=The Asahi Shimbun |location= |access-date=}}</ref> The Imperial Household Agency considers that Imperial properties have sufficient protection, and do not require additional protection provided by the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> The government satisfies scientific and public interest in cultural properties by a system of documentation, and through the operation of museums and centres for cultural research.<ref name="chapter03"/>
 
Protection measures are not limited to the responsibilities of ownership. Apart from the prestige gained through the designation, owners are entitled to advantages such as local tax exemption, including fixed assets tax, special property tax, and city planning tax, as well as reduction of national taxes applied to the transfer of properties.<ref name="chapter03"/><ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="chapter01">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/h21_chapter_01.pdf
|title = Foundations for Cultural Administration
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}}</ref>
[[File:36poets collection SHIGEYUKI.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Handwritten almost illegible text in Japanese script on paper decorated with paintings of plants, birds, and a boat.|Collection of 36 poems by [[Emperor Go-Nara]]]]
The Agency for Cultural Affairs provides owners or custodians with advice and guidance on matters of administration, restoration, and the public display of National Treasures.<ref name="gibbon-p332"/><ref name="chapter06"/> The agency promotes local activities aimed at the protection of cultural properties, such as activities for the study, protection, or transmission of cultural properties.<ref name="chapter06"/> A custodian can be named for a National Treasure (usually a local governing body) if the following circumstances exist: the owner cannot be located, the property is damaged, adequate protection of the property has not been provided, or public access to the property has not been allowed.<ref name="gibbon-p334"/>
 
The government provides grants for repairs, maintenance, and the installation of fire prevention facilities and other disaster prevention systems.<ref name="chapter06"/> Subsidies are available to municipalities for purchasing land or cultural property structures.<ref name="chapter03"/> Designated properties generally increase in value.<ref name="gibbon-p332"/><ref name="chapter06"/><ref name="gibbon-p334"/>
The budget allocated by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in fiscal 2009 for the "Facilitation of Preservation Projects for National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties" amounted to 12,013 million&nbsp;[[yen]] or 11.8% of the total budget of the agency. ''Enhancements of Cultural Properties Protection'', including the former contingent, were allocated 62,219 million&nbsp;yen, or 61.0% of the total budget.<ref name="chapter01"/>
 
==Statistics==
The [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] of Japan publishes the list of National Treasures and other designated Japanese cultural artefacts at the Database of National Cultural Properties.<ref name="bunkacho">{{Cite web
| publisher = [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]]
| script-title = ja:国指定文化財 データベース
| work = Database of National Cultural Properties
| access-date = 2009-12-15
| date = 2008-11-01
| url = http://www.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index.asp
| language = ja
|archive-date = 2005-12-28
}}</ref> As of October 25, 2020, there are 902 National Treasures in the arts and crafts category, and 230 in the buildings and structures category. The total number of arts and crafts items, as well as the total number of structures, is actually higher because related objects are sometimes grouped under a common name.<ref name="bunkacho"/>▼
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051228033527/http://www.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index.asp
|url-status = dead
▲}}</ref> As of OctoberMarch 2522, 20202024, there are 902912 National Treasures in the arts and crafts category, and 230231 in the buildings and structures category. The total number of arts and crafts items, as well as the total number of structures, is actually higher because related objects are sometimes grouped under a common name.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
About 89% of structural National Treasures are religious in nature. Residences account for 8% of designated buildings; the remaining are castles and miscellaneous structures. More than 90% are wooden buildings, and about 13% of designated buildings are in private ownership.<ref name="enders-gutschow-p13"/> Of "fine arts and crafts" category, more than 30% of National Treasures are written materials such as documents, letters, or books. Swords, paintings, sculptures, and non-sword craft items each account for about 15% of National Treasures in this category.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
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| footer =
}}
The geographical distribution of National Treasures in Japan is highly uneven. Remote areas such as [[Hokkaido]] and [[Kyushu]] have few designated properties, and most prefectures may only have a couple of National Treasure structures. Two prefectures—[[Miyazaki Prefecture|Miyazaki]] and [[Tokushima Prefecture|Tokushima]]—do not have any National Treasures.<ref group="nb">A gilt bronze harness from the Saitobaru kofun in Miyazaki prefecture has been designated as National Treasure. It is now located at the [[Gotoh Museum]] in Tokyo.</ref><ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
Four prefectures in the [[Kansai region]] of central [[Honshū]] each have more than ten National Treasure structures: [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]] (11), [[Kyoto Prefecture|Kyoto]] (52), [[Nara Prefecture|Nara]] (64), and [[Shiga Prefecture]] (22). Together they comprise 149 or 66% of all structural National Treasures in Japan. Three sites have 92 structural National Treasures: [[Kyoto]], the [[capital of Japan]] and the seat of the imperial court for more than 1,000 years; [[Hōryū-ji]], founded by [[Prince Shōtoku]] around 600; and [[Nara, Nara|Nara]], [[capital of Japan]] from 710 to 784.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Sansom|Sansom|1958|p=82}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Young|Young|2007|p=44}}</ref>
 
Fine arts and crafts National Treasures are distributed in a similar fashion, with fewer in remote areas, and a higher concentration in the [[Kansai region]]. The seven prefectures of the region harbor 499, or 56%, of all arts and crafts National Treasures. [[Tokyo Prefecture|Tokyo]], which has only two National Treasure buildings, has an exceptionally high number of cultural properties in this category. Of the 214217 properties located in Tokyo, 88 are at the [[Tokyo National Museum]].<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.tnm.jp/modules/r_free_page/index.php?id=156&lang=en
| title = Frequently asked questions about the Tokyo National Museum
Line 534 ⟶ 567:
| access-date = 2011-05-08
}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
 
===Age===
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721154233/http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/site/museum/museum/treasure.html
| archive-date = 2011-07-21
}}</ref> Items from any one of the categories of National Treasures may not represent the entire interval of time, but rather a shorter period of time determined by [[History of Japan|historical events]], and coinciding with the time in which the specific artistry or type of architecture flourished.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
{{Timeline National Treasures of Japan structures}}
 
[[Buddhist temples in Japan|Temple]] National Treasures cover the time from the late 7th century—about 150 years after the [[Buddhism in Japan|introduction of Buddhism to Japan]] in the mid-6th century—to the 19th century ([[Edo period|early modern Japan]]).<ref>{{Harvnb|Sansom|Sansom|1958|p=49}}</ref> The history of [[Shinto shrine]]s in Japan is even older than that of temples. However, because of the tradition of rebuilding shrines at regular intervals, known as {{nihongo||式年遷宮祭|Shikinen sengū-sai}}, the oldest designated shrine structures date to the late 12th century.<ref name="young-p50">{{Harvnb|Young|Young|2007|p=50}}</ref> The archetypical [[Japanese castle]]s are a product of a period of 50 years that began with the construction of [[Azuchi Castle]] in 1576, which marked a change in style and function of castles. Castle construction ended in 1620; the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] destroyed the [[Toyotomi clan]] in 1615 and subsequently prohibited the building of new castles.<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Coaldrake|1996|p=104}}</ref><ref name="nishihozumi-p93">{{Harvnb|Nishi|Hozumi|1996|p=93}}</ref><ref name="coaldrake-p106">{{Harvnb|Coaldrake|1996|p=106}}</ref>
 
{{Timeline National Treasures of Japan arts and crafts}}
 
InStone Japantools dated to 13,000–28,000&nbsp;BC from the [[Japanese paleolithic]] reflect the beginning of human habitation in Japan and have been designated as the oldest National Treasures in the "archaeological materials" category.

The first indications of stable living patterns and [[civilization]] date to the [[Jōmon period]], from about 14,000 &nbsp;BC to 300 &nbsp;BC. Clay figurines ([[dogū]]) and some of the world's oldest pottery, discovered at sites in northern Japan, have been designated as the second oldest National Treasures in the "archaeological materials" category.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habu|2004|p=27}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Habu|2004|p=83}}</ref> Some of the earliest items in this category are objects discovered in [[sutra mound]]s from the [[Kamakura period]].<ref name="bunkacho"/><ref>{{Cite web
|title = Special Exhibition – The Legacy of Fujiwara no Michinaga: Courtly Splendor and Pure Land Faith
|publisher = [[Kyoto National Museum]]
Line 563 ⟶ 597:
}}</ref>
 
The starting date of designated "crafts", "writings", and "sculptures" is connected to the introduction of Buddhism to Japan in 552. A proportion of the oldest designated National Treasures of these categories were directly imported from mainland China and Korea. After the Kamakura period, the art of Japanese sculpture, which had been mainly religious in nature, deteriorated.<ref>{{Harvnb|Münsterberg|1957|p=117}}</ref> Consequently, there are no National Treasure sculptures from after the Kamakura period.<ref name="bunkacho"/>
 
==See also==
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*[[Tourism in Japan]]
 
== Explanatory notes ==
==Notes==
<references group="nb"/>
 
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}
 
=== General and cited references ===
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|last=Coaldrake
|first=William Howard
|title= Architecture and Authority in Japan
|series= Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xREmtqqNVpUC&q=twelve+castles+japan
|edition=illustrated
Line 591 ⟶ 626:
*{{cite book
|last= Coaldrake
|first= William Howard
|title= Architecture and Authority in Japan
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bCLNX8_a4WQC
|orig-year= 1996
|year= 2002
|publisher= [[Routledge]]
|isbn= 0-415-05754-X
|location= London; New York
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Deal
|first=William E.
|title= Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DY0XiflmVIAC
|edition=illustrated, revised
Line 617 ⟶ 652:
|editor-first=Jennifer Ellen
|editor-last=Robertson
|title=A companionCompanion to the anthropologyAnthropology of Japan
|series=Blackwell Companions to Social and Cultural Anthropology
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ig9wPZjygnMC
Line 656 ⟶ 691:
|last=Habu
|first=Junko
|title= Ancient Jomon of Japan
|series= Case Studies in Early Societies
|volume = 4
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGnAbTyTynsC
|edition=illustrated
Line 691 ⟶ 726:
}}
*{{cite book
|last= Kishida
|first= Hideto
|title= Japanese Architecture
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcJKAIm6HAEC&q=shinto+architecture
|year=2008
Line 723 ⟶ 758:
|last=Münsterberg
|first=Hugo
|title= The Arts of Japan: An Illustrated History
|url=https://archive.org/details/artsofjapanillus0000muns
|url-access=registration
Line 733 ⟶ 768:
}}
*{{cite book
|last1= Nishi
|first1= Kazuo
|last2=Hozumi
|first2=Kazuo
|title= What isIs Japanese Architecture?
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZl_yEJGtUYC&q=shinto+architecture
|year=1996
Line 764 ⟶ 799:
}}
*{{cite book
|last1= Sansom
|first1= George
|last2=Sansom
|author-link2=George Bailey Sansom
|first2=Sir George Bailey
|title= A History of Japan to 1334
|series=A History of Japan, Sir George Bailey Sansom, Stanford studiesStudies in the Civilizations of Eastern Asia
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2c4t4yw21gC
|volume=1
|year=1958
|edition=illustratedIllustrated
|publisher=Stanford University Press
|location=Stanford, CA
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}}
*{{cite book
|last2= Dennis
|first2= Peter
|last1=Turnbull
|first1=Stephen
|title= Japanese Castles 1540–1640
|series= Fortress Series5
▲|volume=5
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPEZ5LYKGZ8C
|year=2003
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|isbn=1-84176-429-9
|location=Oxford
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Yoshida
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}}
*{{cite book
|last1= Young
|first1= David
|last2=Young
|first2=Michiko
|title= The Art of Japanese Architecture
|series=Architecture and Interior Design
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag5WpEKifGEC&q=shinto+architecture
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|edition=illustrated, revised
|publisher=Tuttle Publishing
|location=Tokyo; Rutland, Vt.
|isbn=978-0-8048-3838-2
}}
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==External links==
{{Commons category|National Treasures of Japan}}
* [http://www.emuseum.jp/ Tokyo National Museum eKokuho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501210018/http://www.emuseum.jp/ |date=2019-05-01 }}
 
{{Lists of National Treasures of Japan}}
{{Cultural Properties of Japan}}
 
▲{{good article}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:National Treasures Of Japan}}
[[Category:National Treasures of Japan| 01]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Japan]]
[[Category:Cultural Properties of Japan]]
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