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The '''Pisa Baptistery of St. John''' ({{lang-it|Battistero di San Giovanni}}) is a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical building in [[Pisa]], [[Italy]]. Construction started in 1152 to replace an older [[baptistery]], and when it was completed in 1363, it became the second building, in chronological order, in the [[Piazza dei Miracoli]], near the [[Duomo di Pisa]] and the cathedral's free-standing [[campanile]], the famous [[Leaning Tower of Pisa]]. The baptistery was designed by [[Diotisalvi]], whose signature can be read on two pillars inside the building, with the date 1153.<ref>In the medieval [[Pisan calendar]], 1153 corresponded to 1152.</ref>
==Description==
[[File:PisaBaptistry20020323 rectilinear.jpg|thumb|Pisa Baptistry 2002]]
The largest baptistery in Italy, it is 54.86 m high, with a diameter of 34.13 m. The Pisa Baptistery is an example of the transition from the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style to the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style: the lower section is in the Romanesque style, with rounded arches, while the upper sections are in the Gothic style, with pointed [[Wimperg|wimpergs]] and a rich figurative program. Like the cathedral and the campanile the Baptistery is built of bichromatic [[Carrara marble]], white with recurring horizontal lines in blueish-grey stone, also used for abstract floral and graphic decoration, a unique trait of some of the most important religious buildings in [[Tuscany]] (In the neighboring [[Florence]] and [[Pistoia]] the dark ''[[Serpentine subgroup|marmo verde]]'' from [[Prato]] was used).
The east [[Portal (architecture)|portal]] from probably around 1200 is facing the facade of the cathedral. The door is flanked by two columns with foliage decoration, a direct copy of a classical model.<ref name=Poeschke>Joachim Poeschke, ''Die Skulptur des Mittelalters in Italien, I: Romanik'', Hirmer, Munich 1998
[[File:Pisa Baptistery, architraves over east portal, c1200.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|The architrave over the main portal, c. 1200]]▼
▲The east [[Portal (architecture)|portal]] from probably around 1200 is facing the facade of the cathedral. The door is flanked by two columns with foliage decoration, a direct copy of a classical model.<ref name=Poeschke>Joachim Poeschke, ''Die Skulptur des Mittelalters in Italien, I: Romanik'', Hirmer, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-7704-7940-3, S. 149–151.</ref> Engaged with the portal frame are two smaller three-quarter columns with a simpler, less deep floral ornamentation. The inner jambs between each pair of columns are decorated each with eleven figurative [[relief]]s executed in Byzantine style. On the left there are depictions of the months (with September and October combined in one panel), beginning with January at the bottom. On the right it begins at the top with the [[Ascension of Jesus|Ascension of Christ]], then angels, Mary with [[Orans|lifted hands]], then the Apostels depicted in pairs looking up, and second to the bottom the [[Harrowing of Hell]]; the lowermost relief shows [[David|King David]]. The tripartite form is conveyed in the arch with three retreating archivolts with the [[Twenty-Four Elders]] in medaillons and the [[Lamb of God|Lamb]] as the keystone.<ref name=Poeschke></ref>
The [[architrave]] is divided in two tiers. The upper one is slightly tilted and shows Christ between the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Mary]] and [[John the Baptist|St. John the Baptist]], flanked by angels and the evangelists. The lower tier depicts several episodes in the life of St. John the Baptist, the natural patron of the baptistery: his sermon, the baptism of Christ, his imprisonment on behalf of [[Herod the Great|Herod]], [[Salome]] dances before Herod, his subsequent beheading and his burial. The architraves are probably by the same artists who also did the foiled columns and the reliefs on the jambs.<ref name=Poeschke></ref>
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===The interior===
[[
The interior is overwhelming and lacks decoration. The octagonal font at the centre dates from 1246 and was made by [[Guido Bigarelli da Como]]. The bronze sculpture of St. John the Baptist at the centre of the font is a work by [[Italo Griselli]].
The [[Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery|famous pulpit]] was sculpted between 1255-1260 by [[Nicola Pisano]], father of [[Giovanni Pisano|Giovanni]], the artist who produced the pulpit in the Duomo. The scenes on the pulpit, and especially the classical form of the nude [[Hercules]], show Nicola Pisano's qualities as the most important precursor of [[Italian Renaissance sculpture]] by reinstating antique representations: surveys of the [[Italian Renaissance]] often begin with the year 1260, the year that Nicola Pisano dated this pulpit.▼
[[File:Italië-Pisa Baptisterium-Doopstoel.jpg|thumb|left|Marble pulpit by Nicola Pisano, 1259]]▼
Constructed on the same unstable sand as the tower and cathedral, the Baptistery leans 0.6 degrees toward the cathedral. Originally the shape of the Baptistery, according to the project by Diotisalvi, was different. It was perhaps similar to the church of [[Santo Sepolcro (Pisa)|Holy Sepulchre]] in Pisa, with its pyramidal roof. After the death of the architect, Nicola Pisano continued the work, changing the style to the more modern Gothic one. Also, an external roof was added giving the shape of a [[cupola]]. As a side effect of the two roofs, the pyramidal inner one and the domed external one, the interior is acoustically perfect,<ref>[http://www.stilepisano.it/Pisa_eco_del_battistero.htm Article about acoustics in the baptistery (in Italian)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331184828/http://www.stilepisano.it/Pisa_eco_del_battistero.htm |date=2008-03-31 }}</ref> making of that space a [[Resonance chamber|resonating chamber]].{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=May 2024}}▼
▲The [[pulpit]] was sculpted between 1255-1260 by [[Nicola Pisano]], father of [[Giovanni Pisano|Giovanni]], the artist who produced the pulpit in the Duomo. The scenes on the pulpit, and especially the classical form of the nude [[Hercules]], show Nicola Pisano's qualities as the most important precursor of [[Italian Renaissance sculpture]] by reinstating antique representations: surveys of the [[Italian Renaissance]] often begin with the year 1260, the year that Nicola Pisano dated this pulpit.
▲Constructed on the same unstable sand as the tower and cathedral, the Baptistery leans 0.6 degrees toward the cathedral. Originally the shape of the Baptistery, according to the project by Diotisalvi, was different. It was perhaps similar to the church of [[Santo Sepolcro (Pisa)|Holy Sepulchre]] in Pisa, with its pyramidal roof. After the death of the architect, Nicola Pisano continued the work, changing the style to the more modern Gothic one. Also, an external roof was added giving the shape of a [[cupola]]. As a side effect of the two roofs, the pyramidal inner one and the domed external one, the interior is acoustically perfect,<ref>[http://www.stilepisano.it/Pisa_eco_del_battistero.htm Article about acoustics in the baptistery (in Italian)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331184828/http://www.stilepisano.it/Pisa_eco_del_battistero.htm |date=2008-03-31 }}</ref> making of that space a [[Resonance chamber|resonating chamber]].
The exterior of the dome is clad with lead sheets on its east side (facing the cathedral) and red tiles on its west side (facing the sea), giving a half grey and half red appearance from the south.<ref>[http://opapisa.it/en/square-of-miracles/baptistery Opera della Primaziale Pisana]</ref>
An inscription, currently undeciphered, is located to the left of the door jamb of the Baptistery.<ref>Perono Cacciafoco, Francesco. The Undeciphered Inscription of the Baptistery of Pisa. ''Academia Letters'', 3359: 1-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3359</ref> <ref>Pasini, Daria. Ancora sull’epigrafe con triplice invocazione all’arcangelo Michele [Again on the Epigraph with the Triple Invocation to the Archangel Michael]. ''GRADUS: Rivista di Archeologia e di Restauro'', 10, 1: 18-24, URL: [https://www.navidipisa.it/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/GRADUS-2015_10.1_compressed.pdf Inscription]</ref>
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<gallery mode="packed">
File:Pisa Baptistry.jpg|The Pisa Baptistery
File:義大利比薩多摩教堂等13 crop.jpg|
File:
▲
File:Pisa Baptistery interior fisheye view 01.jpg|A fisheye view of the interior ▼
▲
File:Pisa.Baptistery.font01.jpg|Baptistery font
File:Interior of the Baptistry of St. John dome, Piazza dei Miracoli (-Square of Miracles-), Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy-3.jpg|
▲File:Toscana Pisa7 tango7174.jpg|Baptistery interior
▲File:Interior of the Baptistry of St. John dome, Piazza dei Miracoli (-Square of Miracles-), Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy-3.jpg|Baptistery dome
File:Interior of the Baptistry of St. John dome, Piazza dei Miracoli (-Square of Miracles-), Pisa, Tuscany, Central Italy-2.jpg|Baptistery columns
▲File:Pisa Baptistery interior fisheye view 01.jpg|A fisheye view of the interior
File:Pisa Baptistry Resonance Demonstration.ogv|Acoustic resonance and reverberation demonstration
</gallery>
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[[Category:Churches completed in 1363]]
[[Category:Baptisteries in Italy|Pisa]]
[[Category:Catholic baptisteries|Pisa]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Pisa]]
[[Category:Church buildings with domes]]
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