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[[File:Design for a Fish-Pond in Plan and Section MET DP820524.jpg|thumb|Design for a Fish-Pond in Plan and Section (Italy, 18th century)]]
[[File:Daye-pond-system-fishermen-0077.jpg|thumb|Fishing in a fish pond system at Daye Lake near [[Daye]], [[China]]]]
[[File:
[[File:Ornamental Fish Pond, Chinese Garden of Friendship.jpg|thumb|Ornamental Fish Pond at the [[Chinese Garden of Friendship]] in [[Sydney]]]]
A '''fish pond''' or '''fishpond''' is a controlled [[pond]], small [[artificial lake]] or [[retention basin]] that is [[fish stocking|stocked]] with [[fish]] and is used in [[aquaculture]] for [[fish farming]], for [[recreational fishing]], or for [[ornament (art)|ornamental]] purposes.
Fish ponds are a classical [[garden]] feature in [[East Asia]]n residence, such as the [[Classical Gardens of Suzhou]] of [[China]], the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]] of [[Japan]] and the [[Gyeongbokgung Palace]] of [[South Korea]]. In [[Medieval Europe]], it was also typical for [[monastery|monasteries]] and [[castle]]s (small, partly self-sufficient communities) to have a fish pond.
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[[File:Manor House, West End, Long Clawson - geograph.org.uk - 635587.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|right|Medieval fish pond still in use today<br> at [[Long Clawson]], [[Leicestershire]]]]
Records of the use of fish ponds can be found from the early Middle Ages. "The idealized [[8th century|eighth-century]] estate of Charlemagne's [[capitulary]] ''de villis'' was to have artificial fishponds but two hundred years later, facilities for raising fish remained very rare, even on monastic estates.".<ref name=Hoffmann1966>{{cite journal |last1=Hoffmann
Those with access to fish ponds had a controlled source of food, not unlike pastures for cattle and sheep, for use on days when it was not permitted to eat meat. However fish ponds were difficult to maintain. They were a mark of power and authority, since only rich nobles and institutions such as monasteries could afford to maintain them.<ref name="Hoffmann1966" /> In winter, supplying fresh food for a castle garrison was a constant struggle. Nobles had access to meat from [[Deer park (England)|deer parks]], but this did not supply the needs of whole households. Though fish ponds required maintenance to keep them healthy,<ref name="Hoffmann1966" /> they were an elegant way of giving monasteries and noble houses access to fresh fish.
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==Aquaculture==
Fish ponds have been used in [[aquaculture]].
They are
* [[Canada]]▼
* [[Europe]], especially in the [[Czech Republic]] ([[Rožmberk Pond]], [[Velké Dářko]], [[Lake Mácha]]), where [[common carp]] may be kept.▼
* [[Ireland]], where medieval monks kept fish that could be eaten on [[Friday]]s, in accordance with [[Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church|Catholic rules of fasting]]▼
* The [[Philippines]] where [[milkfish]], [[tilapia]], crabs, lobsters, [[tiger shrimp]], snails and others may be kept.
* [[East Asia]], especially in [[Japan]] with [[koi]], [[trout]], and [[Carassius cuvieri|white crucian carp]].▼
Fish ponds are also being promoted in [[developing countries]]. They provide a [[Fish as food|source of food]] and income from the sale of fish for small farmers and can also supply irrigation needs and water for livestock.<ref>
▲*[[Canada]]
▲*[[Europe]], especially in the [[Czech Republic]] ([[Rožmberk Pond]], [[Velké Dářko]], [[Lake Mácha]]), where [[common carp]] may be kept.
▲*[[Ireland]], where medieval monks kept fish that could be eaten on [[Friday]]s, in accordance with [[Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church|Catholic rules of fasting]]
▲*[[Hawaii]], [[U.S.A.]], where the [[Native Hawaiians]] used them extensively.
▲*The [[Philippines]] where [[milkfish]], [[tilapia]], crabs, lobsters, [[tiger shrimp]], snails and others may be kept.
▲*[[East Asia]], especially in [[Japan]] with [[koi]], [[trout]], and [[Carassius cuvieri|white crucian carp]].
▲Fish ponds are also being promoted in [[developing countries]]. They provide a [[source of food]] and income from the sale of fish for small farmers and can also supply irrigation needs and water for livestock.<ref>FAO, [ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0528e/i0528e.pdf Farm ponds for water, fish and livelihoods]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} FAO, Rome, 2009</ref> The ecosystem and production services offered by carp farming in fishponds have immense societal and economic advantages. For example - per production cycle, [[common carp]] aquaculture in the whole [[Central and Eastern Europe]] fishponds offer at least 579 million € worth of services, some of which are realized while a larger part is intangible. European carp aquaculture in fishponds is probably cleaner than most food production sectors in the [[EU]], offering lesser nutrient burden to the environment than standard crop and livestock sectors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Koushik |last2=Vrba |first2=Jaroslav |last3=Kaushik |first3=Sadasivam J. |last4=Mraz |first4=Jan |title=Nutrient footprint and ecosystem services of carp production in European fishponds in contrast to EU crop and livestock sectors |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |date=October 2020 |volume=270 |pages=122268 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122268 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Gallery==
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*[[Stew pond]]
*[[Water garden]]
*[[Jetted pond]]
{{div col end}}
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==References==
* {{cite journal |last1=Hoffmann
* Aston M (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBEXAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Fish+pond%22|Fishpond&dq=%22Fish+pond%22|Fishpond&hl=en&ei=cqIWTsnzNaODmQXZufUp&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBjge ''Medieval fish, fisheries and fishponds in England''] Volumes 1–2. B.A.R. {{ISBN|978-0-86054-509-5}}.
* Chattopadhyay GN (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=gjzruLVkG-EC&dq=%22Fish+pond%22|Fishpond&hl=en&ei=cqIWTsnzNaODmQXZufUp&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBTge ''Chemical Analysis of Fish Pond Soil and Water''] Daya Publishing House. {{ISBN|978-81-7035-177-1}}.
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* Farber JM (1997) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fvFJAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Fish+pond%22|Fishpond&dq=%22Fish+pond%22|Fishpond&hl=en&ei=sKIWTob0HMuJmQWAxowp&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBjgo ''Ancient Hawaiian fishponds: can restoration succeed on Molokaʻi?''] Neptune House Publications. {{ISBN|978-0-9659782-0-0}}.
* Gopalakrishnan V and Coche AG (1994) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0581e/t0581e00.htm ''Handbook on small-scale freshwater fish farming''] Training Series No. 24, [[FAO]], Rome. {{ISBN|92-5-103163-0}}.
* Hoare J (1870) [https://books.google.com/books?id=v5g9AAAAYAAJ&
* [[IUCN]] (1997) [https://books.google.com/books?id=AO2yxvy2Gy0C&
* FAO (1996) Simple methods for aquaculture: [ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6708e/Index.htm ''Management for freshwater fish culture: Ponds and water practices'']{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Training Series No. 21/1, Rome.
* FAO (1995) Simple methods for aquaculture: [ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6709e/Index.htm ''Pond Construction for Freshwater Fish Culture: Building Earthen Ponds'']{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} FAO Training Series No. 20/1, Rome.
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