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{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map PAK present.svg|thumb|300px|Pakistan map of Köppen climate classification (note that the humid subtropical climate - in green, has expanded southward, and that a semi arid climate has emerged in the southeast (Sindh)).]]
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''
Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold, snow-covered northern mountains; temperatures on the [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] plateau are somewhat higher. Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified by sea breeze. In the rest of the country, temperatures reach great heights in the summer; the mean temperature during June is {{convert|38|°C|F}} in the plains, the highest temperatures can exceed {{convert|53|°C}}. During summer, hot winds called [[Loo (wind)|Loo]] blow across the plains during the day. Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture. Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world, 53.7 °C (128.66 °F) on 28 May 2017, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan and also the second hottest measured temperature ever recorded in [[Asia]].<ref name="public.wmo.int">{{Cite web|title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218172054/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2023|date=2019-06-18|website=World Meteorological Organization|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>
The dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Evenings are cool; the daily variation in temperature may be as much as 11 °C to 17 °C. Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] of about {{convert|4|°C}} in January, and sub-zero temperatures in the far north and [[Balochistan]].
Winters are extremely cold in the north and the milder they get the more you go to the south. Spring causes heavy rainfall in the northern parts while it is mild in most parts of Pakistan. Summers are sweltering, boiling and extremely hot in central Balochistan, southern Punjab and Upper Sindh while it gets milder the more you go to the north and the coast. The Monsoon season (late June-late September) also occurs in the summer season.
Autumn is pleasant but gets cooler day by day with almost no rainfall. Winter in some parts even starts in late October-early November.
== Climate geography ==
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*'''Tropical Storms''' usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November. They affect the coastal localities of the country.
*'''Dust storms''' occur during summer months with peak in May and June, They are locally known as ''[[Kali Andhi|Andhi]]''. These dust storms are quite violent. Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pakistanweatherportal.com/2021/06/06/history-of-dust-storms-in-karachi-in-detail/|title=History of Dust Storm in Karachi|website=pakistanweatherportal.com|date=6 June 2021 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
*'''Heat waves''' occur during May and June, especially in southern [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], central [[Balochistan]] and upper [[Sindh]].
*'''Thunderstorms''' most commonly occur in northern Punjab, [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]
*'''Continental air''' prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country.
Pakistan has four seasons: a cool and cold winter from December through February; a pleasant spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and dry autumn period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary greatly according to location.
The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2 °C in January to an average daily high of 38 °C in June. Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about 255 millimeters in each of those two months. The remainder of the year has significantly less rain, amounting to about fifty millimeters per month. Hailstorms are common in the spring.
Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, which is also the country's industrial center, is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain, but still possesses a tropical climate. Only
A high of 53.7 °C (128.66 °F) was recorded in [[Turbat]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] on 28 May 2017. It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the second verified hottest temperature ever recorded in [[Asia]]<ref name="public.wmo.int"/> and the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth. The highest rainfall of {{convert|620|mm|in}} was recorded in [[Islamabad]] during 24 hours on 24 July 2001. The record-breaking rain fell in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the previous 100 years.
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{{Main article|Drought in Pakistan}}
[[File:Dried Up Dam Water, Mirani Dam Turbat region, Balochistan.jpg|thumb|Drought in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]]]]
[[File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg|thumb|Pakistan is the fifteenth most water stressed country in the world.]]
The drought has become a frequent phenomenon in the country. Already, the massive droughts of 1998-2002 has stretched the coping abilities of the existing systems to the limit and it has barely been able to check the situation from becoming a catastrophe. The drought of 1998-2002 is considered the worst drought in 50 years. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, the drought was one of the most significant factors responsible for the less than anticipated growth performance. The survey terms it as the worst drought in the history of the country. According to the government, 40 percent of the country's water needs went unmet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications/livingwithdisasters.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709085830/http://www.ndma.gov.pk/Publications/livingwithdisasters.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recoveryplatform.org/assets/publication/9+sept/Drought/drought+coping+in+afghanistan.pdf|title=Sorry, there has been a problem - 'assets/publication/9+sept/Drought/drought+coping+in+afghanistan.pdf' cannot be found - International Recovery Platform|first=International Recovery|last=Platform|website=www.recoveryplatform.org|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>
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{{Main article|Monsoon of South Asia|List of floods in Pakistan}}
Pakistan has seen many floods, the worst and most destructive is the recent [[2010 Pakistan floods]], other floods which caused destruction in the history of Pakistan, include the flood of 1950, which killed 2910 people; on 1 July 1977 heavy rains and flooding in [[Karachi]], killed 248 people, according to Pakistan meteorological department {{convert|207|mm|in}} of rain fell in 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2002/07/27/local1.htm |publisher=Dawn.com |title=Dawn.com: Heavy Rain in Karachi |date=27 July 2002 |access-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> In [[1992 India-Pakistan floods|1992 flooding]] during [[Monsoon|Monsoon season]] killed 1,834 people across the country
====2010 Floods====
{{Main article|2010 Pakistan floods}}
2010 July floods swept 20% of Pakistan's land, the flood is the result of unprecedented Monsoon rains which lasted from 28 July to 31 July 2010. [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|North eastern Punjab]] were badly affected during the monsoon rains when dams, rivers and lakes overflowed. By mid-August, according to the governmental Federal Flood Commission (FFC), the floods had caused the deaths of at least 1,540 people, while 2,088 people had received injuries, 557,226 houses had been destroyed, and over 6 million people had been displaced.<ref name=ahmadani>{{cite web |url=
====2011 Sindh floods====
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{{Main|2022 Pakistan floods}}
==== 2023 floods ====
{{Main|2023 Pakistan floods}}
From March to July 2023, floods caused by [[monsoon]] rains returned to [[Pakistan]] after [[2022 Pakistan floods|nine months]]. They worsened at the end of June due to upcoming [[monsoon]] rains.<ref name="AP"/> At least 159 people were killed, including many children.<ref name="AP">{{Cite web|title=2 weeks of monsoon rains in Pakistan have killed at least 55, including 8 children|url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-rains-deaths-flood-warning-3261921e01974c0aaf1cc28baafcb5bb|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=6 July 2023|access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
===Extreme temperatures===
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* [[Climate of Quetta]]
* [[Climate of Multan]]
* [[Climate of Hyderabad, Sindh]]
* [[Climate of Sindh]]
* [[Climate of Nawabshah]]
* [[Climate of Gwadar]]
* [[Third Pole]]
==References==
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