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{{about|the city in Kazakhstan|the villages in Iran|Taraz, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Taraz, Iran|the city in Kyrgyzstan|Talas, Kyrgyzstan}}
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{{Infobox settlement
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| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Kazakhstan|City]]
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| image1 = Dostyk Square (4983211403).jpg
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| image3 = Aulie-Ata Mosque (5667339683) (2).jpg
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan▼
| footer = From the top, Dostyk Square, Government Building, Aulie-Ata Mosque
| coordinates = {{coord|42|54|N|71|22|E|region:KZ_type:city|display=inline,title}}▼
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| leader_title = Akim <small>([[mayor]])</small>▼
| leader_name = [[Orynbekov Bakhytzhan]]▼
| subdivision_name = {{KAZ}}
| area_total_sq_mi = ▼
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Kazakhstan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jambyl Region]]
| established_title = Founded
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| population_total = 406,262▼
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| elevation_m = 610
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| population_as_of = 2023
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'''Taraz''' ({{lang-
One of the oldest cities in Kazakhstan and in [[Transoxania]], built and populated by the ancient [[Sogdians]], Taraz celebrated its official 2,000th anniversary (recognized by [[UNESCO]]) in 2001, dating from a fortress built in the area by a [[Xiongnu]] [[Chanyu]] named [[Zhizhi]], and was a site of the [[Battle of Zhizhi]] in 36 BCE.<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001177/117760E.pdf ''General Conference30th Session, Paris 1999'']. unesco.org.</ref> The city was first recorded under the name "Talas" in 568 CE by [[Menander Protector]]. The medieval city of Talas was a major trade centre along the [[Silk Road]]. Talas was later described by Buddhist monk and traveller [[Xuanzang]], who passed Talas in 629 and later wrote: "Traveling westward from the Thousand Springs 140 or 150 [[Li (unit)|li]], we come to the city of Daluosi. The city is 8 or 9 [[Li (unit)|li]] in diameter; and was settled by [[Five Barbarians|Hu]] ("foreign, barbarian, non-Chinese") merchants from various nations. The products and the climate are about the same as [[Suyab]]."<ref>Ji, Xianlin (1985). ''Journey to the West in the Great Tang Dynasty''. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press. p. 27</ref> The [[Talas alphabet]], a variant of the Turkic "runiform" [[Orkhon script]], is named for the town.
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Numerous archaeological finds and monuments in the foothills of Karatau and in Talas-Assin oasis show the antiquity of settlements in the [[Talas River]] valley, supporting Taraz's claim to being the most ancient city in Kazakhstan. The history of the city is composed of several historical periods, interrupted by destruction and depopulation. The first reference historically recorded city linked with Taraz and the basis for the claim of 2000-year-old history is the fortress of [[Battle of Zhizhi|Zhizhi]] that briefly existed at the site of modern-day Taraz in the 1st century BCE.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} A city known as "Taraz" (or "Talas"{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}) is then recorded in the 6th century CE<ref name="Pospelov">Pospelov, p. 29</ref> (568 CE{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}) and is known to have existed until its decline in the 13th century.<ref name="Pospelov" /> The third historical period begins with the establishment of a [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]] fortress at the end of the 18th century, which in 1864 was named '''Auliye-Ata''' (from the [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] words meaning ''saint'' and ''father'').<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1936, the city was renamed '''Mirzoyan''' (Russian: {{lang|ru|Мирзоя́н}}), after [[Levon Mirzoyan]].<ref name="Pospelov" /> After Mirzoyan's arrest in 1938, the city was renamed to '''Dzhambul''' (Russian: {{lang|ru|Джамбу́л}}), after the Kazakh traditional folksinger [[Jambyl Jabayev]] (''Dzhambul Dzhabayev'').<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1993, the spelling of the city's name was officially changed to '''Jambyl'''/'''Dzhambyl''' (Kazakh: {{lang|kk|Жамбыл}}, ''Jambyl''), and in 1997 the city was renamed Taraz.<ref name="e-Taraz">{{cite web|title=e-Taraz|url=http://www.e-taraz.kz/index.php?action=contents&page=8&lan=rus}}</ref>
The city started to assume its present form when Colonel Chernyev's detachment took over the Aulie Ata fortress and annexed it to the Russian Empire, starting in 1864. Taraz was greatly improved by the Semirechensky railway that passed through the town in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taraz|url=https://samarkandtours.com/kazakhstan/taraz/
===Antiquity===
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
The discovery of [[chest]] ornaments, [[bronze]] statues of kings and remnants of [[ceramic]] products in separate parts of the Talas river valley are the evidence of the existence of the life in Taraz region in the bronze epoch. According to the archaeological excavation and available written sources, tribal unions of Saka Scythians had been formed in this territory by the 7th-8th centuries B.C.
[[Hanshu]], 70 from 1st-century, talk about the fortress constructed on Talas River by [[Zhizhi Chanyu]], a prince of [[Hun]] (Ch. [[Xiongnu]], [[Hsiung-nu]], etc.). The fortress is believed to have been at the site of modern Taraz.
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====Early references====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
However scarcity of information, inaccuracy of descriptions, and weakness of geography made it impossible to know the location until 1936. Professor [[Wilhelm Barthold]]'s research established that the location of ancient Taraz was under the Green Bazaar. Further research and archaeological excavations, which were made by an expedition of The USSR Academy of Science in 1938 under the supervision of A. Bernshtam and G. Patsevich to the depth 2–6 meters, made it possible to reconstruct the appearance and cultural – economic importance of ancient Taraz. The latest archaeological data
At that time the Great [[Silk Road]] ran across Southern Kazakhstan. It played a major role in trade and cultural exchange between China, India, [[Byzantium]], and [[Persia]].
Unfortunately, it is not illustrated in the written sources of that time what Taraz looked like but it is said to have been a big city
Written sources of Paleo-Anthropological material collected from Kurgans in Southern Kazakhstan show the existence of close ties between Taraz and the [[Kypchaks]], [[Karluks|Qarluq]] populations of nearby valleys.
The development of Taraz as a city arose as the result of the development and strengthening of political and economic ties linked to trade along the Silk Road. As a major halt, it flourished amidst a comparatively gentle [[climate]], [[fertile soil]] and rich pastures, which attracted many stockbreeders and farmers. The struggle between Persia and Byzantium for control of the route forced both sides to look for allies. Byzantium sent ambassadors to the Western Turk Khanate, and Zemarkha Kililyskyi arrived in Taraz in 568. Simultaneously the Persians sent their ambassador to the Turks, but Istemi Khan was on the side of Byzantium.
====Islamic and Persian period====
[[File:Aisha bibi.png|thumb|The partially restored mausoleum of [[Ayshah Bibi]] near Taraz]]
This is the site of the "[[Battle of Talas]]"—first and the last military face-off between the Muslim Arab forces and the Chinese imperial troops in AD 750–51. After the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|Arab conquest of Central Asia]] in the 7th century and 8th century, the Persian [[Samanids]] occupied a major part of Central Asia in the 9th century. By this time Taraz, developing little by little had been a rich city-state typical of Central Asia with a large population and vast agricultural zone. In the late 9th century the Samanids extended their rule into the Steppes and captured Taraz (893), then one of the headquarters of the Karluk kaghan. A large church was transformed into a mosque, and according to one source, the "Amir of Taraz" embraced Islam.<ref name="sinor">{{citation|last = Golden|first = Peter. B.|chapter = Chapter 13 - The Karakhanids and Early Islam|year = 1990|title = The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|editor-last = Sinor|editor-first = Denis|pages = 343–370 |publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-24304-1}}</ref> The Islamization of Central Asia was due in significant part to the activities of the Samanids, and in Taraz, other pre-existing religions such as [[Mazdaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Tengrism]] were gradually replaced.{{
====The Karakhanids====
The Persian Samanids however were defeated by the Turkic Karakhanids who were a confederation of [[Karluks]], [[Chigils]], [[Yagma|Yaghmas]] and other tribes. The [[Karakhanids]] were the first Turkic groups to have converted to Islam en masse,<ref name="sinor"/> and from the 10th to 12th century Taraz was ruled by the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] as a Muslim state
====Mongols====
Karakhanid rule did not last long because in 1220 nearly all Central Asia and the territory of modern Kazakhstan were invaded by Mongols.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} There were no written documents about Taraz's growth under the Mongols after they razed it to the ground. Remnants of fire found during the excavation show that the city was burnt. Probably the town was renamed as Yany ('New'); while mentioning it, European and Arabic sources write "The city Yany, named Taraz before the conquest." Archaeological finds show that the once-lively city under the Mongolian yoke lost its previous significance and independence. The blooming of settled life in Taraz ended and decline began. Under the Chagatayids (descendants of Chagatai Khan) coins were minted in Taraz until 1334.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The Tsareviches, who, as Vasa of 14th century states, "burnt the Golden Horde, destroyed Taraz and other cities, and killed the population. They took everything they could take, and burnt the rest. There was a mention of the city again in 1345 in the road guide book as a city laid on the trade route from [[Transoxiana]]<ref>Arabic for "that which is beyond the riiver [= the [[Oxus]]]")</ref> to Almalyk." {{ref}}
Steady internecine war in Central Asia interfered with the trade with distant countries, and the opening of the sea route from the Western European countries to India stopped the trade on the ancient silk road and led to the decline of the cities on this road.
====Kazakh rule====
{{
Taraz is mentioned again in 1513 with the coming of the Kazakh tribes. The once famous medieval city and former capital had become a simple settlement, then it was forgotten, as well as its ancient name. By the 16th century the city's territory had been absorbed into the [[Kazakh Khanate]]. The archaeological excavation shows Kazakh nomads were involved in the rebirth of Taraz with cultural links connecting the ancient medieval city with the culture of Kazakh people
====Qing rule====
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====A Kokand fortress====
{{
In the beginning of the 19th century, the upper part of the Talas River Valley was again invaded by newcomers. This time it was the [[Kipchaks|Qipchaq]] soldiers of the [[Khanate of Kokand]]. They built a few small fortresses for guarding the border and the caravan route mainly on the ancient cities ruins. Due to the comparatively advantageous position of the fortress which was built on the ruins of ancient Taraz a new town began quickly to grow around it. At first it was named Namangan-i Kochek ("little Namangan"), as the first settlements were from the Persian populated city [[Namangan]], now in [[Uzbekistan]] and uzbekified. In 1856 it was renamed Aulie-Ata, in the honor of Karakhan the founder of Karakhanid dynasty. [[Mullah]]s, using a legend about the mausoleum of Karakhan in 12th built a new mausoleum with minarets, which had nothing in common with the older one. This new mausoleum preserved the ancient name, "Aulie-Ata" ("holy father"). The town took the same name. By this time the city had become a considerable trade craft center. Annually, a large spring fair was held there. The products of craftsman and agriculture were changed for the things of cattle-breeders. Large consignments of livestock bought at the fair were sent to [[Tashkent]] and [[Fergana]] through the [[Karrabul Pass]] in the Talas-Alatau. The caravan way passed through the city to the north-through [[Astana|Akmolinsk]] (Astana) and [[Petropavl]]ovsk (Petropavl), to [[Omsk]].
====Russian rule====
In 1864, Aulie-Ata surrendered after a short siege by Russian forces led by General [[Mikhail Grigorievich Cherniaev]]. Soon the line of Russian fortifications across the steppe was connected through [[Chimkent]] with the Syr-Darya line.{{
The population consisted of Russians, Uzbeks and Kazakhs.<ref name="demoscope.ru">{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=884|title=Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей.|website=demoscope.ru|access-date=10 October 2018}}</ref>
Ethnic composition of the city according to 1897 census:<ref name="demoscope.ru"/>
*The total - 11,722.
*[[Uzbeks]] - 8,460 (72.1%).
*[[Russians]] (including [[Belarusians]]) - 1,366 (11.6%).
*[[Kazakhs|Kirgiz Kaysak]] - 589 (5%).
*[[Sart]] (Tajik and Uzbek settlers from the [[Zarafshan]] oases) - 386 (3.2%).
*[[Tatars]] - 266 (2.2%).
*[[Tajik people|Tajik]] ([[Persian language|Persian]] speaking merchants from the [[Fergana]] oases - 379 (3.2%).
===Soviet period===
{{
[[File:Kazakhstan Taraz railway station.jpg|thumb|Taraz railway station was built by the Soviets]]
During the first two decades following the Russian Revolution and the Civil War, Aulie-Ata remained a small town. It was renamed Mirzoyan (Russian: "Мирзоян") in 1936, after [[Levon Mirzoyan]] ([[:ru:Мирзоян, Левон Исаевич|Левон Исаевич Мирзоян]]), an ethnic Armenian [[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|head of the Communists of Kazakhstan]]. In 1938, after Mirzoyan was executed during [[Stalin]]’s [[Great Purge]] for opposing the mass [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deportation of Koreans]] to northern Kazakhstan from the south, the city was renamed '''Dzhambul''' (Russian: "Джамбул", Kazakh: "Жамбыл") after [[Zhambyl Zhabayev]], a Kazakh ''[[akyn]]'' (folk singer). Starting in the 1930s, Dzhambul, along with other places in Kazakhstan, became the destination for large numbers of the deported peoples who were subject to internal [[exile]]. Millions of Volga Germans, Chechens, Ukrainians, Koreans and other ethnic minorities, along with other marginalized subjects (former [[kulak]]s, members of the aristocracy, families of convicted "enemies of the people," etc.) were forced to relocate to Kazakhstan, many of whom settled in Dzhambul. Some were evacuated to Kazakhstan, and to Dzhambul, during [[Great Patriotic War|WWII]] from the areas that were, or were feared to come, under German occupation. The city's population continued to grow throughout the 1960s and 1970s in spite of the end of exiles, due to an industrial spurt the city received during that time. As a result, Dzhambul had a highly diverse population composed of multiple ethnic groups, the largest being the Russians, followed by the Kazakhs. Fast-paced industrialization brought many amenities of modern urban living to the city, previously largely unknown, such as typical Soviet apartment blocks as well as condo-style houses, now all supplied with electricity and running water; roads and public transport; several higher education institution; large public parks, department stores, etc.
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{{Weather box
|location=Taraz (1991-2020, extremes 1870-present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
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|Feb record high C = 25.0
|Mar record high C = 31.1
|Apr record high C = 33.
|May record high C = 38.6
|Jun record high C = 42.3
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|year record low C = -40.0
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm =
|Feb precipitation mm = 37
|Mar precipitation mm = 38
|Apr precipitation mm = 49
|May precipitation mm = 40
|Jun precipitation mm =
|Jul precipitation mm = 18
|Aug precipitation mm =
|Sep precipitation mm = 10
|Oct precipitation mm =
|Nov precipitation mm =
|Dec precipitation mm = 32
|year precipitation mm =
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 6.4
|Feb precipitation days= 6.5
|Mar precipitation days= 7.0
|Apr precipitation days= 7.2
|May precipitation days= 6.2
|Jun precipitation days= 4.6
|Jul precipitation days= 3.1
|Aug precipitation days= 1.6
|Sep precipitation days= 1.6
|Oct precipitation days= 4.0
|Nov precipitation days= 5.6
|Dec precipitation days= 6.3
|year precipitation days=
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38341.htm | title = Климат Тараза - Погода и климат| access-date = Jan 2, 2022
| language = ru}}</ref>
|date=May 2012
|source 2 =[[NOAA]]<ref name=NOAA>
{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Kazakhstan/XLS/TARAZ_38341.xls|title=Taraz Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=1 November 2023 }}</ref>
}}
==Sports==
Taraz is hosting the football team [[FC Taraz]] that plays in the [[Kazakhstan Premier League]].Woman Grand Master in [[chess]] [[Bibisara Assaubayeva]], the 2021 World Champion in Women's Blitz Chess, is a native of Taraz.
== Notable people ==
* [[Goga Ashkenazi]], Kazakh businesswoman and socialite
* [[Eljan Birtanov]], politician.
* Nurtas Adambay, film director, writer and actor.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://astanatimes.com/2016/11/nurtas-adambayev-i-would-take-a-knife-to-school/
| title = Nurtas Adambayev: I Would Take a Knife to School - The Astana Times
| last = Utegenova
| first = Anel
| date = November 8, 2016
| website = astanatimes.com
| publisher = The Astana Times
| access-date = June 5, 2024
| quote = “Taraz,” a new film from young producer Nurtas Adambayev released Oct. 13, has already made a claim across Kazakhstan. The title is the name of Adambayev’s native city in South Kazakhstan, known in the 1990s for high crime rates.
}}</ref>
==References==
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==External links==
*[http://www.e-taraz.kz/ Тараз. Информационный сайт]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080430195357/http://www.zonakz.net/articles/1525
*[http://www.kroraina.com/ca/h_semirechje.html
*[http://taraz2000.tarazinfo.kz/hist_article.php?article=1
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060309184630/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062103
{{Jambyl Region}}
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