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{{Short description|
{{Buddhism}}
{{Criticism of Christianity sidebar}}
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{{See also|Karma#Free will and destiny|Karma in Buddhism#Karma theory and social justice}}
Buddhist karma and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|karmic reincarnation]] are feared to potentially lead to [[fatalism]] and [[victim blaming]]. [[Paul Edwards (philosopher)|Paul Edwards]] says that karma does not provide a guide to action. Whitley Kaufman, in his recent book, cross-examines that there is a very tense relationship between karma and [[free will]], and that if karma existed, then evil would not exist, because all victims of evil just [[Just-world hypothesis|get "deserved"]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burley |first1=Mikel |author1-link=Mikel Burley |title=Karma, Morality, and Evil |journal=[[Philosophy Compass]] |date=June 2014 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=415–430 |doi=10.1111/phc3.12138 |access-date=19 April 2024 |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phc3.12138}}</ref> Sallie B. King writes that karma often leads to [[Ableism|stigmatization of the disabled]] and people of lower social status (e.g., [[Dalits]] in India), especially for the disabled, as the Buddha's own words in the ''Cūlakammavibhanga Sutta'' are used to justify the stigmatization.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flanagan |first1=Owen |author1-link=Owen Flanagan |title=A Mirror Is for Reflection: Understanding Buddhist Ethics |date=22 June 2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-049979-2 |pages=168–171 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/6290 |access-date=14 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
Whitley Kaufman offers five criticisms of karma:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaufman |first1=Whitley R. P. |title=Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil |journal=[[Philosophy East and West]] |date=2005 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=15–32 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4487934 |access-date=19 April 2024 |issn=0031-8221}}</ref>
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=== Miracles ===
{{See also|Miracles of Gautama Buddha|Faith healing#Buddhism}}
Buddhist texts contain a range of paranormal phenomena, such as the [[Buddha]]'s mysterious origins, and some Buddhists claim that the Buddha himself [[levitation (paranormal)|levitated]] while [[Buddhist meditation|meditating]]. Scottish philosopher [[David Hume]], in ''[[An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding]]'', was skeptical of all religious miracles and advocated treating them in the same light.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rockwood |first1=Nathan |title=Locke and Hume on competing miracles |journal=[[Religious Studies (journal)|Religious Studies]] |date=December 2023 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=603–617 |doi=10.1017/S0034412522000464 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/religious-studies/article/locke-and-hume-on-competing-miracles/D02A70BB0CF603D3F573F9CF65473BDA |access-date=21 April 2024 |language=en |issn=0034-4125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Companion to Miracles |date=2011 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-89986-4 |pages=
== Sectarianism in Buddhism ==
Buddhist scholars use terms such as "[[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|early Buddhism]]" to describe Buddhism before the early religious schisms. About a hundred years after the death of the Buddha, the Buddhist community began to conduct gatherings such as "[[Buddhist councils|councils]]" to resolve the divisions that existed at that time. However, a series of schisms still occurred, leading to the birth of many [[schools of Buddhism]], and Buddhists sometimes use very pejorative terms to characterize other schools that do not share their beliefs.<ref>{{cite book |author1-last=Gray |author1-first=David B. |editor1-last=Powers |editor1-first=John |chapter=Buddhist Sectarianism |title=The Buddhist World |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]]; [[New York (City)|New York]] |isbn=9781315688114 |access-date=29 July 2024 |doi=10.4324/9781315688114 |pages=368-370 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315688114/buddhist-world-john-powers }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Bibhuti |title=Buddhist sects and sectarianism |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=[[New Delhi]] |isbn=978-81-7625-152-5 |pages=39-42 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>
== Women in Buddhism ==
{{See also|Women in Buddhism}}
Women are often depicted in traditional Buddhist texts as deceitful and lustful. The
== Criticism by other religions ==
=== Taoism ===
{{See also|Buddhism and Eastern religions#Taoism}}
Since the fall of the [[Han
=== Shinto ===
{{See also|Buddhism and Eastern religions#Shinto}}
[[Hirata Atsutane]], a Shinto fanatic and Japanese [[Kokugaku]] theorist, wrote a biography of the Buddha from a critical perspective. Atsutane's book was subsequently banned by the [[shogunate]], but it was still widely disseminated among Japanese intellectuals and caused considerable embarrassment to the Buddhist community in Japan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Auerback |first1=Micah L. |title=A storied sage: canon and creation in the making of a Japanese Buddha |date=2016 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |location=Chicago (Ill.) London |isbn=9780226286419 |pages=
== See also ==
* ''[[Bulssi Japbyeon]]''
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[Secular Buddhism]]
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* [[Nichirenism]]
* [[Buddhism and violence]]
* [[Post-canonical Buddhist texts]]
== Notes ==
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{{Criticism of religion}}
{{Religion and politics}}
{{Authority control}}
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