Youth detention center: Difference between revisions

In [[criminal justice system]]s, a '''youth detention center''', known as a '''juvenile detention center''' ('''JDC'''),<ref name="Juvieabbreviations">Stahl, Dean, Karen Kerchelich, and Ralph De Sola. ''Abbreviations Dictionary''. [[CRC Press]], 2001. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-TnjkhLA_q8C&pg=PA1202&dq=%22Juvenile+detention+center%22dictionary&hlpg=en&ei=mDNzTPaUB4WClAfz8oW7AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Juvenile%20detention%20center%22dictionary&f=falsePA1202 1202] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614090543/https://books.google.com/books?id=-TnjkhLA_q8C&pg=PA1202&dq=%22Juvenile+detention+center%22dictionary&hl=en&ei=mDNzTPaUB4WClAfz8oW7AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA |date=14 June 2017 }}. Retrieved 23 August 2010. {{ISBN|0-8493-9003-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8493-9003-6}}.</ref> '''juvenile detention''', '''juvenile jail''', '''juvenile hall''', or more colloquially as '''juvie/juvy''' or the '''Juvey Joint''', also sometimes referred to as '''observation home''' or '''remand home'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-01|title=Short Notes on Remand Homes (Observation Homes)|url=https://www.preservearticles.com/notes/short-notes-on-the-remand-homes-observation-homes/28864|access-date=2021-02-17|website=PreserveArticles.com: Preserving Your Articles for Eternity}}</ref> is a [[prison]] for people under the [[age of majority]], to which they have been sentenced and committed for a period of time, or detained on a short-term basis while awaiting [[trial]] or placement in a long-term care program. Juveniles go through a separate court system, the [[juvenile court]], which sentences or commits juveniles to a certain program or facility.<ref name="OJJDP 2006 Report">{{cite journal|author1=Snyder, H.|author2=Sickmund, M.|name-list-style=amp|title=Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report|journal=OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book|date=March 2006|pages=93–96|url=http://ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/publications/StatBBAbstract.asp?BibID=234394|access-date=9 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512114143/http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/publications/StatBBAbstract.asp?BibID=234394|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>

Secure detention means that juveniles are held for usually short periods of time in facilities in order to await current trial hearings and further placement decisions.<ref name="OJJDP 2005 Bulletin" /> By holding juveniles in secure detention, it ensures appearance in court while also keeping the community safe and risk-free of the juvenile.<ref name="OJJDP 2005 Bulletin" /> This type of facility is usually called a "juvenile hall," which is a holding center for juvenile delinquents.<ref name="Juvieabbreviations"/> On the other hand, secure confinement implies that the juvenile has been committed by the court into the [[Police custodyArrest|custody]] of a secure juvenile correctional facility for the duration of a specific program, which can span from a few months to many years.<ref name="OJJDP 2005 Bulletin" />

There is a grave presence of juveniles who are classified as youth with disabilities.<ref name="Special Ed Laws Article pg 174" /> The disabilities most prevalent in incarcerated juveniles include [[mental retardation|intellectual disabilities]], [[learning disabilities]], and [[Emotional disorder|emotional disturbances]].<ref name="Leone pg 44">{{cite journal|last=Leone|first=Peter E.|title=Education Services For Youth With Disabilities in a State-Operated Juvenile Correctional System: Case Study and Analysis|journal=The Journal of Special Education|year=1994|volume=28|issue=1|pages=44|doi=10.1177/002246699402800104|s2cid=143082764}}</ref> Surveys and studies have found that a high number of incarcerated youth suffer from emotional disturbance disabilities as opposed to youth in general public schools.<ref name="Special Ed Laws Article pg 175">{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=Richard J.|author2=Kristin C. Thompson |title=Juvenile Delinquency and Special Education Laws: Policy Implementation Issues and Directions for Future Research|journal=The Journal of Correctional Education|date=June 2008|volume=59|issue=2|pages=175}}</ref> Even with key court decisions and acts, it has been found that a large number of juveniles held at both detention centers and confinement facilities are not being served the special education services they should be provided by law.<ref name="Special Ed Laws Article pg 185">{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=Richard J.|author2=Kristin C. Thompson |title=Juvenile Delinquency and Special Education Laws: Policy Implementation Issues and Directions for Future Research|journal=The Journal of Correctional Education|date=June 2008|volume=59|issue=2|pages=185}}</ref> It has been found that many juvenile detention institutions have struggling special education programs, especially for those centers that detain youth for short periods of time.<ref name="Leone pg 43">{{cite journal|last=Leone|first=Peter E.|title=Education Services For Youth With Disabilities in a State-Operated Juvenile Correctional System: Case Study and Analysis|journal=The Journal of Special Education|year=1994|volume=28|issue=1|pages=43|doi=10.1177/002246699402800104|s2cid=143082764}}</ref>

Juvenile Court Schools provide public education for juveniles who are incarcerated in facilities run by county probation departments. These schools are located in juvenile halls, juvenile homes, day centers, ranches, camps, and regional youth education facilities and are operated by the county board of education. Even though court schools have the same school curriculum, they are often more strict in discipline that is more punitive than holistic. The most disadvantaged and "troubled" students are filling up schools in the juvenile justice system. These students are often further behind in credits and with more personal and structural problems than their counterparts at traditional schools.{{Citation Neededneeded|date=December 2021}} The majority of these teenagers struggle with learning disabilities, which ties with noticeable behavioral problems, and are experiencing emotional and psychological problems at home. [[Zero tolerance]] policies seem to be more strict in the juvenile justice system than in other traditional schools. In a juvenile court school, when a student violates a zero tolerance rule they automatically are prone to suspension and eventually going back to a detention center for its violation. In contrast, a student from a traditional school is more likely to get a second chance for its violation. Zero Tolerance policies are enforced in a greater manner in juvenile court schools than in other traditional schools.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

“…a"…a widespread application to minor offenses can be attributed to the "Broken Windows" theory of crime. This theory analogizes the spread of crime to a few broken windows in a building that go un-repaired and consequently attract vagrants who break more windows and soon become squatters".<ref>journal Teske, S. C. (2011). A study of zero tolerance policies in schools: A multi‐integrated systems approach to improve outcomes for adolescents. Journal of Child And Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24(2), 88-97</ref>

Stephen Hoffman in his article, "Zero Benefit: Estimating the Effect of Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies on Racial Disparities in School Discipline" states that, “"...zero tolerance discipline policies are associated with poorer school climate, lower student achievement, higher dropout rates…”rates…"<ref>Hoffman, S. (2014). Zero Benefit: Estimating the Effect of Zero Tolerance Discipline Policies on Racial Disparities in School Discipline. Educational Policy, 28(1), 69.

In 1870, Long Lane School was built on donated land in [[Middletown, Connecticut|Middletown]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Leavitt |first1=Sarah A. |title=Neglected, Vagrant, and Viciously Inclined: The Girls of the Connecticut Industrial School, 1867–1917 |date=1992 |type=BA thesis |publisher=Wesleyan University |doi=10.14418/wes01.1.467 |url=https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/ir-195 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2023}} However, it became the [[Connecticut Juvenile Training School]] (CJTS) in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cslib.org/agencies/longlaneschool.htm |title=Brief Descriptions of Connecticut State Agencies: Long Lane School |website=Connecticut State Library |date=July 2008 |access-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912014239/http://www.cslib.org/agencies/LongLaneSchool.htm |archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> CJTS is a treatment facility dedicated to delinquent boys from age 12–17.<ref name="ct.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.ct.gov/dcf/cwp/view.asp?a%3D2550%26q%3D314444#CJTS |title=DCF: Juvenile Services |date=August 23, 2012 |website=Connecticut Department of Children and Families |access-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015175448/http://www.ct.gov/dcf/cwp/view.asp?a=2550&q=314444 |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref> There have been numerous controversies and scandals associated with CJTS between 1998–20051998 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=httphttps://articleswww.courant.com/2005-/08-/02/news/0508020086_1_smallera-regionalchronology-facilitiesof-statefailure-sa-juvenilebrief-justicehistory-systemof-attorneythe-generalconnecticut-richardjuvenile-blumenthaltraining-school/2|title=A Chronology of Failure A Brief History of the Connecticut Juvenile Training School|work=tribunedigital-thecourant |date=August 2, 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120907093127/http://articles.courant.com/2005-08-02/news/0508020086_1_smaller-regional-facilities-state-s-juvenile-justice-system-attorney-general-richard-blumenthal/2|archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> In 2005, [[List of Governors of Connecticut|Governor]] [[Jodi Rell]] attempted to close the facility, but it was instead reformed in 2008 by [[Child Protective Services|The Department of Children & Families]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Hu0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=4718,187945&dq=juvenile+training+school+change&hl=en|title=Rell to close Juvenile Training Center |work=The Day - |via=Google News Archive Search |workdate=Aug 1, 2005 |first1=Cara |last1=Rubinsky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405032326/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Hu0gAAAAIBAJ&pg=4718,187945 |archive-date= Apr 5, 2024 }}</ref> The new CJTS features a therapeutic model which was developed with assistance from The [[Boys & Girls Clubs of America]].<ref name="ct.gov"/> The school was shut down without replacement in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last1agency=Middletown Press Staff |first1=Middletown |title=State closes Connecticut Juvenile Training School in Middletown |url=http://www.connecticutmag.com/state-closes-connecticut-juvenile-training-school-in-middletown/article_346192c6-3f4c-11e8-bc43-236889be5bec.html |websitedate=connecticutmag.com13 April 2018 |publisher=Connecticut Magazine |access-date=8 May 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043725/http://www.connecticutmag.com/state-closes-connecticut-juvenile-training-school-in-middletown/article_346192c6-3f4c-11e8-bc43-236889be5bec.html |archive-date= 8 May 2019 }}</ref>

The [[Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services]] (DYRS) is the [[District of Columbia|District of Columbia's]] head juvenile justice agency and is responsible for placing DC community youth who are in its oversight in detention, commitment, and aftercare programs.<ref name="about DYRS">{{cite web|title=DYRS: Who We Are|url=http://dyrs.dc.gov/DC/DYRS/About+DYRS/Who+We+Are|publisher=Department of Youth Rehabilitative Services|access-date=29 October 2011|url-status=livedead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124142428/http://dyrs.dc.gov/DC/DYRS/About+DYRS/Who+We+Are|archive-date=24 November 2011}}</ref>

DYRS offers and operates a range of services and placements for their committed youth. The secure centers that DYRS operates are Youth Services Center (YSC) and New Beginnings Youth Development Center.<ref name="DYRS facilities">{{cite web|title=DYRS: Facilities|url=http://dyrs.dc.gov/DC/DYRS/Youth+Services/DYRS+Facilities|publisher=Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services|access-date=29 October 2011|url-status=livedead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124150515/http://dyrs.dc.gov/DC/DYRS/Youth+Services/DYRS+Facilities|archive-date=24 November 2011}}</ref> YSC is the District's secure detention center.<ref name="DYRS facilities" /> New Beginnings Youth Development Center is a secure confinement facility for the District's committed youth.<ref name="DYRS facilities" />

YSC is operated by DYRS as the District of Columbia's secure juvenile detention center, which was opened in 2004.<ref name="DYRS: YSC">{{cite web|title=Youth Services Center|url=http://dyrs.dc.gov/DC/DYRS/Youth+Services/DYRS+Facilities/Youth+Services+Center|work=DYRS Facilities|publisher=Department of Youth Rehabilitative Services Facilities |access-date=29 October 2011|url-status=livedead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502183023/http://dyrs.dc.gov/DC/DYRS/Youth+Services/DYRS+Facilities/Youth+Services+Center|archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref> It is an 88-bed facility for male and female detained (not committed) youth who have been accused of delinquent acts and are awaiting their court hearings.<ref name="DYRS: YSC" /> YSC's meets the required needs of the youth it serves. Education services in YSC are provided by the [[District of Columbia Public Schools]] (DCPS), which delivers a range of services to the residents.<ref name="DYRS: YSC" /> The facility also provides programs and services to meet the essential mental health, emotional, physical, and social needs of the youth.<ref name="DYRS: YSC" /> YSC provides a secure and humane environment and coordinates all court meetings and team meetings for its youth.<ref name="DYRS: YSC" /> Above all else, YSC makes certain that the protection of the legal rights of the juveniles are being upheld.<ref name="DYRS: YSC" />

[[Maya Angelou Academy]] was founded in 20072008, first at Oak Hill Youth Center, and now is the education program serving DYRS committed youth at New Beginnings Youth Development Center.<ref name="MAA on SFF">{{cite web|title=Maya Angelou Academy|url=http://seeforever.org/the-schools/maya-angelou-academy|work=Maya Angelou Schools|publisher=See Forever Foundation|access-date=31 October 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907145716/http://seeforever.org/the-schools/maya-angelou-academy|archive-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> Maya Angelou Academy is part of the Maya Angelou Charter School Network in the DC area.<ref name="MAA on SFF" /> The academy provides a safe, structured, and intensive learning environment to the youth it serves at New Beginnings Youth Development Center.<ref name="MAA on SFF" />

[[PA Child Care]] is a detention center in Pennsylvania, USAUS. It was part of the [[Kids for cash scandal]] in which judges were given [[kickbacks]] in exchange for imposing harsh sentences on youth offenders so that the detention centers would get business.<ref name="wsj-frank">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123854010220075533|title=Thomas Frank Says 'Kids for Cash' Incentivizes the Prison Industry|last=Frank|first=Thomas|date=1 April 2009|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2009-08-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205023343/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123854010220075533|archive-date=5 February 2015}}</ref>