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{{Short description|Marriage to more than one spouse}}
{{Distinguish|Polygyny|Polyamory|Polysexuality}}
{{for-multi|polygamy in non-human animals|Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamy in plants|Plant reproductive morphology|the racehorse|Polygamy (horse)}}{{Multiple issues|{{missing information|polygamy in history|date= December 2015}}
{{missing information|polygamy in the Eastern (Orthodox, Coptic, Assyrian) churches|date= July 2020}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Anthropology of kinship | concepts}}
'''Polygamy''' (from [[Late Greek]] {{
In contrast to polygamy, [[monogamy]] is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like "monogamy", the term "polygamy" is often used in a ''[[de facto]]'' sense, applied regardless of whether a [[State (polity)|state]] recognizes the relationship.<ref group="note">For the extent to which states can and do recognize potentially and actual polygamous forms as valid, see [[Conflict of marriage laws]].</ref> In many countries, the law only recognises monogamous marriages (a person can only have one spouse, and [[bigamy]] is illegal), but [[adultery]] is not illegal, leading to a situation of ''de facto'' polygamy being allowed without legal recognition for non-official "spouses".
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In contrast, marital monogamy may be distinguished between:
# ''classical monogamy'', "a single relationship between people who marry as [[Virginity|virgins]], remain sexually exclusive their entire lives, and become [[Celibacy|celibate]] upon the death of the partner"<ref name="Sheff" />
# [[#Serial monogamy|''serial monogamy'']], marriage with only one other person at a time, in contrast to [[bigamy]] or polygamy<ref name="BRIT">Cf. "Monogamy" in ''Britannica World Language Dictionary'', R.C. Preble (ed.), Oxford-London 1962, p. 1275:''1. The practice or principle of marrying only once. opp. to digamy now ''rare'' 2. The condition, rule or custom of being married to only one [[person]] at a time (opp. to polygamy or bigamy) 1708. 3. [[Zoology|Zool.]] The habit of living in pairs, or having only one mate''; The same text repeats ''The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', W. Little, H.W. Fowler, J. Coulson (ed.), C.T. Onions (rev. & ed.,) Oxford 1969, 3rd edition, vol.1, p.1275; [http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00314586 OED Online]. March 2010. Oxford University Press. 23 Jun. 2010 Cf. [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monogamy Monogamy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623232650/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monogamy |date=2015-06-23 }} in Merriam-Webster Dictionary</ref> Some definitions of serial monogamy consider it to be polygamy, as it can result in evidence of genetic polygamy. It can also be considered polygamy for anthropological reasons
Outside of the legal sphere, defining polygamy can be difficult because of differences in cultural assumptions regarding monogamy. Some societies believe that monogamy requires limiting sexual activity to a single partner for life.<ref name="Sheff">{{cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-polyamorists-next-door/201407/seven-forms-non-monogamy|author=Sheff, Elisabeth|title=Seven Forms of Non-Monogamy|date=July 22, 2014|website=Psychology Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Kramer | first1=Karen L. | last2=Russell | first2=Andrew F. | title=Kin-selected cooperation without lifetime monogamy: human insights and animal implications | journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=29 | issue=11 | year=2014 | issn=0169-5347 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2014.09.001 | pages=600–606| pmid=25267298 | bibcode=2014TEcoE..29..600K }}</ref> Others accept or endorse pre-marital sex prior to marriage.<ref>{{citation | last=Schacht | first=Ryan N. | title=Cassava and the Makushi: A Shared History of Resiliency and Transformation | publisher=Bloomsbury, T&T Clark | year=2013 | pages=15–30 | doi=10.5040/9781350042162.ch-001| isbn=9781350042162 }}</ref> Some societies consider sex outside of marriage<ref>{{cite book | last1=Beckerman | first1=Stephen | last2=Valentine | first2=Paul | title=Cultures of Multiple Fathers | date=2002 | publisher=University Press of Florida | isbn=0-8130-2456-0}}</ref> or "spouse swapping"<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hennigh | first=Lawrence | title=Functions and Limitations of Alaskan Eskimo Wife Trading | journal=Arctic | publisher=The Arctic Institute of North America | volume=23 | issue=1 | date=1970-01-01 | issn=1923-1245 | doi=10.14430/arctic3151| doi-access=free }}</ref> to be socially acceptable. Some consider a relationship monogamous even if partners separate and move to a new monogamous relationship through death, divorce, or simple dissolution of the relationship, regardless of the length of the relationship (serial monogamy).<ref name="Schacht">{{cite journal |title=Are We Monogamous? A Review of the Evolution of Pair-Bonding in Humans and Its Contemporary Variation Cross-Culturally |journal=Front. Ecol. Evol. |date=2019-07-19 |last1=Schacht |first1=Ryan |last2=Kramer |first2=Karen |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2019.00230 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Anthropologists characterize human beings as “mildly polygynous” or “monogamous with polygynous tendencies.”<ref name="pmid19403194">{{cite journal | last1=Brown | first1=Gillian R. | last2=Laland | first2=Kevin N. | last3=Mulder | first3=Monique Borgerhoff | title=Bateman's principles and human sex roles | journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=24 | issue=6 | year=2009 | issn=0169-5347 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.005 | pages=297–304| pmid=19403194 | pmc=3096780 | bibcode=2009TEcoE..24..297B | s2cid=5935377 }}</ref><ref name="Frost">{{cite journal | last=Frost | first=Peter | title=Sexual selection and human geographic variation. | journal=Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology | publisher=American Psychological Association (APA) | volume=2 | issue=4 | year=2008 | issn=1933-5377 | doi=10.1037/h0099346 | pages=169–191}}</ref><ref name="Low">{{cite book | last=Low | first=Bobbi S. | title=Why Sex Matters | publisher=Princeton University Press | date=2015-01-04 | isbn=978-0-691-16388-8}}</ref><ref name="Scheidel">{{cite journal | last=Scheidel | first=Walter | title=Monogamy and Polygyny in Greece, Rome, and World History | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | publisher=Elsevier BV | year=2008 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.1214729}}</ref> The average pre-historic man with modern descendants appears to have had children with between 1.5 women (70,000 years ago) to 3.3 women (45,000 years ago), except in East Asia.<ref name="pmid25254093">{{cite journal | last1=Lippold | first1=Sebastian | last2=Xu | first2=Hongyang | last3=Ko | first3=Albert | last4=Li | first4=Mingkun | last5=Renaud | first5=Gabriel | last6=Butthof | first6=Anne | last7=Schröder | first7=Roland | last8=Stoneking | first8=Mark | title=Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences | journal=Investigative Genetics | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=5 | issue=1 | date=2014-09-24 | page=13 | issn=2041-2223 | doi=10.1186/2041-2223-5-13| pmid=25254093 | pmc=4174254 | s2cid=16464327 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Sample | first=Ian | title=More women than men have added their DNA to the human gene pool | website=the Guardian | date=2014-09-24 | url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/women-men-dna-human-gene-pool | access-date=2023-06-30 | archive-date=30 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630220104/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/women-men-dna-human-gene-pool | url-status=live }}</ref> While the forms of non-monogamy in prehistorical times is unknown, these rates could be consistent with a society that practices serial monogamy. Anthropological observations indicate that even when polygyny is accepted in the community, the majority of relationships in the society are monogamous in practice – while couples remain in the relationship, which may not be lifelong.<ref name="Schacht" /> Thus, in many historical communities, serial monogamy may have been the accepted practice rather than a lifelong monogamous bond.<ref name="Schacht" /> The genetic record indicates that monogamy increased within the last 5,000-10,000 years,<ref name="pmid12962309">{{cite journal |last1=Dupanloup |first1=Isabelle |last2=Pereira |first2=Luisa |last3=Bertorelle |first3=Giorgio |last4=Calafell |first4=Francesc |last5=Prata |first5=Maria |last6=Amorim |first6=Antonio |last7=Barbujani |first7=Guido |display-authors=etal |title=A recent shift from polygyny to monogamy in humans is suggested by the analysis of worldwide Y-chromosome diversity. |journal=J Mol Evol |year=2003 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |pmid=12962309 |doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2458-x |pmc= |bibcode=2003JMolE..57...85D |s2cid=2673314 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12962309 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528105252/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12962309/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a period associated with the development of human agriculture, non-communal land ownership, and inheritance.<ref name="Goody" />
==Forms==
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[[File:Prince Manga Bell and favorite wives.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|alt=Postcard photo of Prince Manga Bell seated for portrait with four women nearby, possibly late-19th century style|Prince [[Manga Ndumbe Bell]] and favorite wives]]
Polygyny, the practice wherein a man has more than one wife at the same time, is by far the most common form of polygamy. Many{{quantify|date=February 2019}}{{which|date=March 2022}} [[Muslim-majority countries]] and some countries with sizable Muslim minorities [[Polygyny in Islam|accept polygyny]] to varying extents both legally and culturally. In several countries, such as [[Polygyny in India|India]], the law only recognizes polygamous marriages for the Muslim population. [[Sharia|Islamic law]] or ''sharia'' is a [[religious law]] forming part of the [[Islam]]ic tradition which allows polygyny.<ref name=oxforddic>{{cite web |title=British & World English: sharia |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=4 December 2015 |location=Oxford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120345/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sharia |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/religion/islam|title=Islam|website=HISTORY|date=20 August 2019|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24|archive-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503051151/https://www.history.com/topics/religion/islam|url-status=live}}</ref> It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the [[Quran]] and the [[hadith]]. In [[Arabic language|Arabic]], the term ''sharīʿah'' refers to [[God in Islam|God]]'s ([[Arabic]]: الله [[Allāh]]) immutable [[divine law]] and is contrasted with ''[[fiqh]]'', which refers to its human scholarly interpretations.<ref name=ODI>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Islamic Law |editor=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |access-date=29 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331154513/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |url-status=
Polygyny is more widespread in [[Africa]] than on any other continent,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IOAAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Northwestern University Press |location=Evanston |page=17 |isbn=9780810102705 |title=Many Wives, Many Powers: Authority and Power in Polygynous Families |year=1970 |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404115521/https://books.google.com/books?id=-IOAAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=African polygamy: Past and present|url=https://voxeu.org/article/african-polygamy-past-and-present|last=Fenske|first=James|date=2013-11-09|website=VoxEU.org|access-date=2020-05-28|archive-date=18 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918162059/https://voxeu.org/article/african-polygamy-past-and-present|url-status=live}}</ref> especially in [[West Africa]], and some scholars see the [[Slave Trade|slave trade]]'s impact on the male-to-female sex ratio as a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Henrich|first1=Joseph|last2=Boyd|first2=Robert|last3=Richerson|first3=Peter J.|date=2012-03-05|title=The puzzle of monogamous marriage|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=367|issue=1589|pages=657–669|doi=10.1098/rstb.2011.0290|issn=0962-8436|pmc=3260845|pmid=22271782}}</ref> In the region of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], polygyny is common and deeply rooted in the culture, with 11% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa living in such marriages (25% of the Muslim population and 3% of the Christian population, as of 2019).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/|title=Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions|first=Stephanie|last=Kramer|date=7 December 2020 |access-date=6 September 2021|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072545/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Pew, polygamy is widespread in a cluster of countries in West and Central Africa, including Burkina Faso, (36%), Mali (34%) and Nigeria (28%).<ref name="auto"/>
Anthropologist [[Jack Goody]]'s comparative study of marriage around the world utilizing the [[Human Relations Area Files|Ethnographic Atlas]] demonstrated a historical correlation between the practice of extensive [[Shifting cultivation|shifting horticulture]] and polygamy in the majority of sub-Saharan African societies.<ref name="Goody" /> Drawing on the work of [[Ester Boserup]], Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies between the male-dominated intensive [[Plough agriculture|plough-agriculture]] common in Eurasia and the extensive shifting horticulture found in sub-Saharan Africa. In some of the sparsely-populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, women do much of the work. This favours polygamous marriages in which men seek to monopolize the production of women "who are valued both as workers and as child bearers". Goody however, observes that the correlation is imperfect and varied, and also discusses more traditionally male-dominated though relatively extensive farming systems such as those traditionally common in much of West Africa, especially in the West African [[savanna]], where more agricultural work is done by men, and where polygyny is desired by men more for the generation of male offspring whose labor is valued.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621697.014|doi = 10.1017/CBO9780511621697.014|chapter = Polygyny, Economy and the Role of Women|title = The Character of Kinship|year = 1974|last1 = Goody|first1 = Jack |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages = 175–190|isbn = 9780521202909}}</ref>
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[[File:Chef de village et ses femmes (Guinée).jpg|thumb|Village chief and his wives in Guinea, c. 1910]]
In monogamous societies, wealthy and powerful men may establish enduring relationships with, and established separate household for, multiple female partners, aside from their legitimate wives; a practice accepted in Imperial China up until the [[Qing
{{cite book
|title= Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group
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==Scientific and prehistorical perspectives==
Scientific studies classify humans as
Recent anthropological data suggest that the modern concept of life-long monogamy has been in place for only the last 1,000 years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/science/monogamys-boost-to-human-evolution.html |title=Monogamy and Human Evolution |work=The New York Times |location=New York |date=2013-08-02 |accessdate=2023-06-28 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628222331/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/science/monogamys-boost-to-human-evolution.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Genetic evidence has demonstrated that a greater proportion of men began contributing to the genetic pool between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago, which suggests that reproductive monogamy became more common at that time.<ref name="pmid12962309" /> This would correspond to the Neolithic agricultural revolution. During this time, formerly nomadic societies began to claim and settle land for farming, leading to the advent of property ownership and therefore inheritance. Men would therefore seek to ensure that their land would go to direct descendants and had a vested interest in limiting the sexual activities of their reproductive partners. It is possible that the concept of marriage and permanent monogamy evolved at this time.<ref name="Goody">{{cite book |last1=Goody |first1=Jack |title=Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976}}</ref>
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# Third, it may suggest that some men were more likely than other men to have a series of monogamous relationships that led to children with different women throughout the man's life (serial monogamy).<ref name="Schacht" /> There are a variety of explanations for this that range from the woman's decisions (the man's perceived attractiveness or ability to produce food) to the man's (social or coercive power).
The serial monogamy interpretation of genetic history would be congruent with other findings, such as the fact that humans form pair bonds (although not necessarily for life) and that human fathers invest in at least the early upbringing of their children.<ref name="Schacht" /> Serial monogamy would also be consistent with the existence of a "honeymoon period", a period of intense interest in a single sexual partner (with less interest in other women) which may help to keep men invested in staying with the mother of their child for this period.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Garth |last2=Simpson |first2=Jeffry |last3=Campbell |first3=Lorne |last4=Overall |first4=Nickola |author-link4=Nickola Overall |date=2015-01-01 |title=Pair-Bonding, Romantic Love, and Evolution: The Curious Case of "Homo sapiens" |
While genetic evidence typically displays a bias towards a smaller number of men reproducing with more women, some regions or time periods have shown the opposite. In a 2019 investigation, Musharoff et al. applied modern techniques to the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 high-coverage Complete Genomics whole-genome dataset.<ref name="pmid31539367">{{cite journal | last1=Musharoff | first1=Shaila | last2=Shringarpure | first2=Suyash | last3=Bustamante | first3=Carlos D. | last4=Ramachandran | first4=Sohini | title=The inference of sex-biased human demography from whole-genome data | journal=PLOS Genetics | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=15 | issue=9 | date=2019-09-20 | issn=1553-7404 | doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008293 | page=e1008293| pmid=31539367 | pmc=6774570 | doi-access=free }}</ref> They found that the Southern Han Chinese had a male bias (45% female, indicating that women were likely to reproduce with multiple men). This region is known for its lack of a concept of paternity and for a sense of female equality or superiority.<ref>{{cite news |last=Booth |first=Hannah |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/apr/01/the-kingdom-of-women-the-tibetan-tribe-where-a-man-is-never-the-boss |title=The kingdom of women: the society where a man is never the boss |work=The Guardian |date=2017-04-01 |accessdate=2023-06-28 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622043118/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/apr/01/the-kingdom-of-women-the-tibetan-tribe-where-a-man-is-never-the-boss |url-status=live }}</ref> The Musharoff study also found a male bias in Europeans (20% female) during an out-of-Africa migration event that may have increased the number of men successfully reproducing with women, perhaps by replenishing the genetic pool in Europe. The study did confirm a more typical female bias in Yorubans (63% female), Europeans (84%), Punjabis (82%), and Peruvians (56%).<ref name="pmid20453016">{{cite journal| author=Keinan A, Reich D| title=Can a sex-biased human demography account for the reduced effective population size of chromosome X in non-Africans? | journal=Mol Biol Evol | year= 2010 | volume= 27 | issue= 10 | pages= 2312–21 | pmid=20453016 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msq117 | pmc=2944028 }}</ref>
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[[Polygamy in Thailand]] was legally recognized until 1935. [[Polygamy in Myanmar]] was outlawed in 2015. In [[Sri Lanka]], polyandry was legal in the kingdom of Kandy, but outlawed by British after conquering the kingdom in 1815.<ref name="access to insight"/> When the Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese, the [[concubine]]s of others were added to the list of inappropriate partners. [[Polyandry in Tibet]] was traditionally common, as was polygyny, and having several wives or husbands was never regarded as having sex with inappropriate partners.<ref name="Berzin2010">{{cite web |url= http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/path-to-enlightenment/karma-rebirth/buddhist-sexual-ethics-main-issues |title= Buddhist Sexual Ethics: Main Issues |work= Study Buddhism |first= Alexander |last= Berzin |date= 7 October 2010 |archive-date= 30 January 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160130091910/http://next.berzinarchives.com/tibetan-buddhism/guidelines-for-study/relating-the-teachings-to-personal-relationships/buddhist-sexual-ethics-main-issues |url-status= dead |access-date= 20 June 2016 }}</ref>
Most typically, fraternal polyandry is practiced, but sometimes father and son have a common wife, which is a unique family structure in the world. Other forms of marriage are also present, like group marriage and monogamous marriage.<ref name=Zeitzen/> Polyandry (especially fraternal polyandry) is also common
===Celtic traditions===
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Although the [[Old Testament]] describes numerous examples of polygamy among devotees to God, most Christian groups have rejected the practice of polygamy and have upheld [[monogamy]] alone as normative. Nevertheless, some Christians groups in different periods have practiced, or currently do practice, polygamy.<ref name="Nyami2018">{{cite web |last1=Nyami |first1=Faith |title=Cleric: Christian men can marry more than one wife |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife/1056-4299848-dtv96mz/index.html |publisher=[[Daily Nation]] |access-date=9 October 2019 |language=en |date=11 February 2018 |archive-date=4 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404163551/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife/1056-4299848-dtv96mz/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mamdani2008">{{cite web |last1=Mamdani |first1=Zehra |title=Idaho Evangelical Christian polygamists use Internet to meet potential spouses |url=https://www.deseret.com/2008/2/28/20073463/idaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses |publisher=[[Deseret News]] |access-date=9 October 2019 |language=en |date=28 February 2008 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201225040448/https://www.deseret.com/2008/2/28/20073463/idaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Christians actively debate whether the [[New Testament]] or [[Christian ethics]] allows or forbids polygamy.
Paul stated in one of his letters that "For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse||1 Corinthians|7:4|ESV}}</ref>
However, some look to [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]]'s writings to the [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|Corinthians]]: "Do you not know that he who is joined to a prostitute becomes one body with her? For, as it is written, 'The two will become one flesh.{{'"}} Supporters of polygamy claim that this verse indicates that the term refers to a physical, rather than a spiritual,{{clarify|date=February 2016}} union.<ref>{{bibleverse||1 Corinthians|6:16|ESV}}</ref> Such a claim also contradicts Paul's statement regarding authority other each other's bodies.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Some Christian theologians<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilber|first=David|date=26 August 2021|title=Monogamy: God's Creational Marriage Ideal|url=https://davidwilber.com/articles/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129215031/https://davidwilber.com/articles/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal|url-status=live}}</ref> argue that in Matthew 19:3–9 and referring to Genesis 2:24,<ref>{{bibleref2|Genesis|2:24}}</ref> [[Jesus]] explicitly states a man should have only one wife:▼
{{blockquote|Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh?<ref>{{bibleref2|Matthew|19:3–9}}</ref>}}▼
▲Some Christian theologians<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilber|first=David|date=26 August 2021|title=Monogamy: God's Creational Marriage Ideal|url=https://davidwilber.com/articles/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129215031/https://davidwilber.com/articles/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal|url-status=live}}</ref> argue that in Matthew 19:3–9 and referring to Genesis 2:24,<ref>{{
▲{{blockquote|Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh?<ref>{{
1 Timothy 3:2 states:
{{blockquote|Now a bishop must be above reproach, married only once, temperate, sensible, respectable, hospitable, an apt teacher,<ref>{{
Periodically, Christian reform movements that have sought to rebuild Christian doctrine based on the Bible alone (''[[sola scriptura]]'') have temporarily accepted polygyny as a Biblical practice. For example, during the [[Protestant Reformation]], in a document which was simply referred to as ''"Der Beichtrat"'' (or ''"The Confessional Advice"'' ),<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kqyauQISxFEC <!-- quote=Dr. Martin Luthers Briefe, Sendschreiben. --> Letter to Philip of Hesse], 10 December 1539, [[De Wette]]-Seidemann, 6:238–244</ref> [[Martin Luther]] granted the [[Landgrave]] [[Philip of Hesse]], who, for many years, had been living "constantly in a state of [[adultery]] and [[fornication]]",<ref name="Michelet1904">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/lifelutherwritt00luthgoog |title=The Life of Luther Written by Himself |date=1904 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifelutherwritt00luthgoog/page/n271 251] |chapter=Chapter III: 1536–1545 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/lifelutherwritt00luthgoog#page/n271 |editor-last=Michelet |editor-link=Jules Michelet |translator-first=William |translator-last=Hazlitt |translator-link=William Hazlitt |publisher=[[George Bell and Sons]] |location=London |series=Bohn's Standard Library}}</ref> a dispensation to take a second wife. The double marriage was to be done in secret, however, to avoid public scandal.<ref>[[James Bowling Mozley]] ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ofwE7kEdx6QC&pg=PA403 Essays, Historical and Theological]'' 1:403–404 Excerpts from ''Der Beichtrat''</ref> Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." ("''Ego sane fateor, me non posse prohibere, si quis plures velit uxores ducere, nec repugnat sacris literis.''")<ref>Letter to the Chancellor [[:de:Gregor Brück|Gregor Brück]], 13 January 1524, [[De Wette]] 2:459.</ref>
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===Hinduism===
The [[Rig Veda|''Rigveda'']] mentions that during the [[Vedic period]], a man could have more than one wife.<ref name="Vedic">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA478 |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Volume 1; Volume 5 |page=478|isbn=9788120813328 |last1=MacDonell |first1=Arthur Anthony |last2=Keith |first2=Arthur Berriedale |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass
According to the ''[[Vishnu Smriti]]'', the number of wives one could have is linked to one's social class, referred to as ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]'':
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The ''[[Apastamba]] Dharmasutra'' and the ''[[Manusmriti]]'' allow marriage to a second wife if the first one is unable to discharge her religious duties or is unable to bear a child or have any dispute because in Hinduism there was no law for divorce.<ref name="MMS">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-00Ip4W1BUC&pg=PA40 |title=Life in North-eastern India in Pre-Mauryan times |pages=39–40|last1=Singh |first1=Madan Mohan |year=1967 }}</ref>
For a [[Brahmin|Brahmana]], only one wife could rank as the chief consort who performed the religious rites (''dharma-patni'') along with the husband. The chief consort had to be of an equal knowledge. If a man married several women from the same knowledgeable, then the eldest wife held the position of the chief consort.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnoREHdzxt8C&pg=PA114 |title=Antiquities of India |page=114|isbn=9788171564422 |last1=Barnett |first1=Lionel D. |date=1999-04-30 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist }}</ref> [[Hindu
Traditional Hindu law allowed polygamy if the first wife could not bear a child.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGV3noHZ1QMC&pg=PA153 |title=Religion and Personal law in secular India: A call to judgment |page=153|isbn=978-0253214805 |last1=Larson |first1=Gerald James |year=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press }}</ref>
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Muslim women are not allowed to marry more than one husband at once. However, in the case of a [[divorce]] or their husbands' death they can remarry after the completion of [[Iddah]], as divorce is legal in Islamic law. A non-Muslim woman who flees from her non-Muslim husband and accepts [[Islam]] has the option to remarry without divorce from her previous husband, as her marriage with non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved on her fleeing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Çiğdem|first=Recep|date=March 2015|title=Interfaith marriage in comparative perspective|journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae|language=en|volume=68|issue=1|pages=59–86|doi=10.1556/AOrient.68.2015.1.4|issn=0001-6446|url=http://real.mtak.hu/37242/1/aorient.68.2015.1.4.pdf|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031756/http://real.mtak.hu/37242/1/aorient.68.2015.1.4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> A non-Muslim woman captured during war by Muslims, can also remarry, as her marriage with her non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved at capture by Muslim soldiers.<ref>[[Thomas Hughes]] (1855), ''Dictionary of Islam'', p.59.</ref><ref>[[David Samuel Margoliouth]] (1905), ''Mohammed and the Rise of Islam'', p.407, p.461.</ref> This permission is given to such women in verse 4:24 of Quran. The verse also emphasizes on transparency, mutual agreement and financial compensation as prerequisites for matrimonial relationship as opposed to prostitution; it says:
{{blockquote|Also ˹forbidden are˺ married women—except ˹female˺ captives in your possession. This is
[[Muhammad]] was monogamously married to [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]], his first wife, for 25 years, until she died. After her death, he married multiple women. Muhammad had a total of 9 wives at the same time, even though Muslim men were limited to 4 wives. His total wives are 11.
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</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Metzger |editor1-first=Bruce M. |editor2-last=Coogan |editor2-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514917-3 |page=339 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA339 |quote=polygamy was accepted and practiced throughout Israel's history, although to what extent we cannot be sure, since the sources for the most part are derived from and describe the elite ruling and upper classes. |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404083836/https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA339 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Karras2012">{{cite book |last1=Karras |first1=Ruth Mazo |title=Unmarriages: Women, Men, and Sexual Unions in the Middle Ages |date=2012 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0641-8 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZQZh9r2yU0C&pg=PA14 |quote=In the Second Temple period in Palestine, plural marriage seems to have become less common than earlier, although it was not formally outlawed and was more common in Babylonia. It still appeared in the Talmud and was practiced occasionally in early medieval Europe. Gershom Me'or ha-Golah (the Light of the Exile), an eleventh- century German rabbi, possibly under Christian influence, eventually forbade it. |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405032706/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZQZh9r2yU0C&pg=PA14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] show that several smaller [[Second Temple Judaism#Jewish sects|Jewish sects]] forbade polygamy before and during the first century.<ref name="Vermès1975">{{cite book|last=Vermès|first=Géza |author-link=Géza Vermès|title=Post-Biblical Jewish Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYUAAAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-04160-5 |page=76}}</ref><ref name="Brooke2005">{{cite book|last=Brooke|first=George J. |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7TSr36vVkEC|year=2005|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-0844-7 |pages=4, 100–101}}</ref><ref name="Murphy2002">{{cite book|last=Murphy|first=Catherine M. |title=Wealth in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Qumran Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUPIG-TEKR8C&pg=PA380|year=2002|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11934-5|page=380}}</ref> The [[Temple Scroll]] (11QT LVII 17–18) seems to prohibit polygamy.<ref name="Brooke2005" /><ref name="Loader2009">{{cite book|last=Loader|first=William |title=The Dead Sea Scrolls on Sexuality: Attitudes Towards Sexuality in Sectarian and Related Literature at Qumran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gVjAdUx-cIC&pg=PA45|year=2009|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6391-1|page=45}}</ref> The rabbinical era, beginning with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, saw a continuation of some degree of legal acceptance for polygamy. Statements in the [[Talmud]] include, "[If a man declares,] 'Be thou betrothed to half of me,' she is betrothed; 'Half of thee be betrothed to me,' she is not betrothed"<ref name="BTK7a">[[Babylonian Talmud]], [https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.7a.11 Kiddushin 7a]</ref> and elsewhere, "A man may marry wives in addition to the first wife; provided only that he possesses the means to maintain them",<ref name="BTY65a">Babylonian Talmud, [https://www.sefaria.org/Yevamot.65a.7 Yevamot 65a]; compare to {{Bibleverse|Exodus|21:10|HE}}</ref> though another opinion in the Talmud requires divorcing a first wife before taking a second.<ref name=BTY65a/> In practice, polygamy was extremely rare in Jewish society in the Talmudic period.<ref>[[Avraham Grossman]], ''Hasidot umordot: Nashim yehudiyot be-europa biymey habeinayim'', p. 119</ref>
Polygamy was common among Jewish communities in the Levant, possibly due to the influence of Muslim society, with 17% of divorce claims by women being due to complaints over husbands taking additional wives. According to R. [[Joseph Karo]] (16th century author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the [[Shulchan Aruch]]), and many other rabbis from Safed, the ban of Rabbeinu Gershom had expired, and therefore even Ashkenazim could marry additional wives. Even in instances where the husband made prenuptial agreements not to marry additional wives, local rabbis found loopholes to allow them to do so anyway.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lamdan |first1=Ruth |title=Levant: Women in the Jewish Communities after the Ottoman Conquest of 1517 |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levant-women-in-jewish-communities-after-ottoman-conquest-of-1517 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515120849/https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levant-women-in-jewish-communities-after-ottoman-conquest-of-1517 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lamdān |first1=Rût |title=A Separate People: Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century |date=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-11747-1 |pages=139–157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlYce7f8iAC&pg=PA139 |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404115524/https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlYce7f8iAC&pg=PA139 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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The assembly led by Rabbeinu Gershom instituted a ban on polygamy, but this ban was not well received by the Sephardic communities. In addition to the ban, Gershon also introduced a law called Heter meah rabbanim which allows the men to remarry with the permission from one hundred rabbis from different countries.
In the modern day, polygamy is generally not condoned by Jews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/ |website=Pew Research Center |date=7 December 2020 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072545/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>* {{cite news |last1=Sedley |first1=David |title=In defiance of Israeli law, polygamy sanctioned by top rabbis |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-defiance-of-israeli-law-polygamy-sanctioned-by-top-rabbis/ |work=timesofisrael.com |date=2016 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906072425/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-defiance-of-israeli-law-polygamy-sanctioned-by-top-rabbis/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=David |title=Polygamous cult uncovered |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/221373 |work=Israel National News |date=2016 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906072429/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/221373 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Mandel |first1=Jonah |title=New Jewish group wants to restore polygamy |url=https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-news/new-jewish-group-wants-to-restore-polygamy |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=2011 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906072431/https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-news/new-jewish-group-wants-to-restore-polygamy |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ashkenazi Jews]] have continued to follow [[Rabbenu Gershom]]'s ban since the 11th century.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/04-Observance/section-55.html Judaism and Polygamy:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512023008/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/04-Observance/section-55.html |date=12 May 2008 }} "Originally, Gershom's ban was limited in time to the year 1260", and a man "could marry more than one wife if he obtained the special permission of 100 rabbis in 3 countries". From faqs.org</ref> Some [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] Jewish communities (particularly [[Yemenite Jews]] and [[Persian Jews]]) discontinued polygyny more recently, after they immigrated to countries where it was forbidden or illegal. [[Israel]] prohibits polygamy by law.<ref>''Penal Law Amendment (Bigamy) Law'', 5719-1959.{{verify source|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|jstor=839776|title=The English Law of Bigamy in a Multi-Confessional Society: The Israel Experience|first=P.|last=Shifman|date=29 December 1978|journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law|volume=26|issue=1|pages=79–89|doi=10.2307/839776}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Eglash |first=Ruth |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israel-2008-State-of-Polygamy |title=Israel 2008: State of Polygamy |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=30 October 2008 |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727152222/https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israel-2008-State-of-Polygamy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Aburabia |first=Sarab |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html |title=Victims of polygamy |work=Haaretz |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705051731/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In practice, however, the law is loosely enforced, primarily to avoid interference with [[Bedouin]] culture, where polygyny is practiced.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html "Victims of polygamy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705051731/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html |date=5 July 2021 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20231128083319/https://www.haaretz.com/2008-10-10/ty-article/victims-of-polygamy/0000017f-dbad-df62-a9ff-dfff08da0000 archived], ''Haaretz''</ref> Pre-existing polygynous unions among [[Arab Jews|Jews from Arab countries]] (or other countries where the practice was not prohibited by their tradition and was not illegal) are not subject to this Israeli law. But Mizrahi Jews are not permitted to enter into new polygamous marriages in Israel. However polygamy may still occur in non-European Jewish communities that exist in countries where it is not forbidden, such as Jewish communities in [[Iran]] and [[Morocco]].
===Zoroastrianism===
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{{legend|#56b4e9|Polygamy is legal}}
{{legend|#0072b2|Polygamy is legal in some regions (Indonesia)}}
{{legend|#d55e00|Polygamy is illegal, but
{{legend|#000000|Polygamy is illegal and
{{legend|#e0e0e0|Legal status unknown}} </div>
{{Bulleted list |style=margin:0.5em 0.5em 0.25em;border-top:1px solid#aaa;font-size:94%; |item_style=line-height:1.3em;
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===Canada===
Canada has taken a strong stand against polygamy, and the [[Department of Justice (Canada)|Canadian Department of Justice]] has argued that polygyny is a violation of International Human Rights Law, as a form of gender discrimination.<ref>{{cite web |title=POLYGYNY AS A VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW |url=http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/poly/chap3.html |publisher=Department of Justice, Government of Canada |date=2006-07-11 |access-date=22 May 2013 |archive-date=13 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513231102/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/poly/chap3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Canada, the federal [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]] applies throughout the country. It extends the definition of polygamy to having any kind of conjugal union with more than one person at the same time. Also anyone who assists, celebrates, or is a part to a rite, ceremony, or contract that sanctions a polygamist relationship is guilty of polygamy. Polygamy is an offence punishable by up to five years in prison.
In 2017, two Canadian religious leaders were found guilty of practicing polygamy by the [[Supreme Court of British Columbia]].<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40709250|title=Canadian polygamists found guilty|date=25 July 2017|publisher=BBC News|access-date=20 July 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40709250|url-status=live}}</ref> Both of them are former bishops of the Mormon denomination of the [[Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]] (FLDS).<ref name="bbc.com"/> ===Russia===
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===United States===
[[File:
{{Further|Legality of polygamy in the United States}}
{{see also|Mormonism and polygamy|Mormon fundamentalism|Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement}}
Polygamy is illegal in all 50 states in the
On 13 December 2013, a [[United States district court|federal judge]], spurred by the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] and other groups,<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/religion/frb/16163prs19990716.html ACLU of Utah to Join Polygamists in Bigamy Fight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018195924/http://www.aclu.org/religion/frb/16163prs19990716.html |date=18 October 2009 }}, 16 July 1999 press release.</ref> struck down the parts of Utah's bigamy law that criminalized cohabitation, while also acknowledging that the state may still enforce bans on having multiple marriage licenses.<ref name=utahban>{{cite web |url=http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/56894145-78/utah-waddoups-brown-family.html.csp |title=Federal judge declared Utah polygamy law unconstitutional |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |issn=0746-3502 |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=14 December 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304200624/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/56894145-78/utah-waddoups-brown-family.html.csp |url-status=live }}</ref> This decision was overturned by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]], thus effectively recriminalizing polygamy as a felony.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-utah-polygamy-sisterwives-idUSKCN0X82AJ|title = Appeals court restores Utah's polygamy law in 'Sister Wives' case|work = Reuters|date = 11 April 2016|access-date = 27 January 2022|archive-date = 27 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127181657/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-utah-polygamy-sisterwives-idUSKCN0X82AJ|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2020, Utah voted to downgrade polygamy from a felony to an infraction, but it remains a felony if force, threats or other abuses are involved.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/us/utah-bigamy-law.html |title=Utah Lowers Penalty for Polygamy, No Longer a Felony |date=2020-05-13 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191930/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/us/utah-bigamy-law.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Prosecutors in Utah have long had a policy of not pursuing polygamy in the absence of other associated crimes (e.g. fraud, abuse, marriage of underage persons, etc.).<ref>{{cite web|title=Brown v. Buhman, No. 14-4117 (10th Cir. 2016)|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca10/14-4117/14-4117-2016-04-11.html|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Justia Law|language=en|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827051927/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca10/14-4117/14-4117-2016-04-11.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2011/7/12/20203261/sister-wives-family-to-challenge-utah-bigamy-law |title='Sister Wives' family to challenge Utah bigamy law |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=2011-07-12 |access-date=2022-02-14 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127165712/https://www.deseret.com/2011/7/12/20203261/sister-wives-family-to-challenge-utah-bigamy-law |url-status=live }}</ref> There are about 30,000 people living in polygamous communities in Utah.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/polygamists-face-jail-time-utah-bill-68893806|title = Polygamists may not face jail time under new Utah bill|website = [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date = 27 January 2022|archive-date = 27 January 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220127170132/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/polygamists-face-jail-time-utah-bill-68893806|url-status = live}}</ref>
[[Individualist feminism]] and advocates such as [[Wendy McElroy]] and journalist Jillian Keenan support the freedom for adults to voluntarily enter polygamous marriages.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bruce |last=Korol |year=2009 |title=Polygamy is a (al)right |journal=Arts & Opinion |volume=8 |issue=3}} [http://www.wendymcelroy.com/print.php?news.2384 Reprinted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806052152/http://www.wendymcelroy.com/print.php?news.2384 |date=6 August 2020 }} by Wendy McElroy at wendymcelroy.com</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Jillian |last=Keenan |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/04/legalize_polygamy_marriage_equality_for_all.html |title=Legalize Polygamy! No. I am not kidding |journal=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510163110/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/04/legalize_polygamy_marriage_equality_for_all.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
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=== Indonesia ===
Indonesia is the most populous Muslim country. Most
Constitutionally, Indonesia (basically) only
* The wife cannot carry out her obligations as a wife.
* The wife has a physical disability or an incurable disease.
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There are other requirements for registered civil servants.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://msscounsel.com/2021/11/15/poligami-dalam-sistem-hukum-republik-indonesia/ | title=Poligami Dalam Sistem Hukum Republik Indonesia | date=15 November 2021 | access-date=24 November 2022 | archive-date=24 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124075645/http://msscounsel.com/2021/11/15/poligami-dalam-sistem-hukum-republik-indonesia/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukum-poligami-dan-prosedurnya-yang-sah-di-indonesia-lt5136cbfaaeef9 | title=Hukum Poligami dan Prosedurnya yang Sah di Indonesia - Klinik Hukumonline | date=7 July 2018 | access-date=24 November 2022 | archive-date=24 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124075654/https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukum-poligami-dan-prosedurnya-yang-sah-di-indonesia-lt5136cbfaaeef9 | url-status=live }}</ref>
==
In [[Nazi Germany]], there was an effort by [[Martin Bormann]] and [[Heinrich Himmler]] to introduce new legislation concerning plural marriage.
==See also==
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