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{{Short description|Canadian missionary (1863–1937)}}
'''James S. Gale''' (February 19, 1863 – January 31, 1937
In old [[Sino-Korean vocabulary|Sino-Korean]], he was known as ''Ki Il'' ({{Korean|hangul=기일|hanja=奇一}}).<ref>{{Citation |last=고 |first=영근 |title=한영자전 (韓英字典) |work=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0061840 |access-date=2024-08-22 |publisher=[[Academy of Korean Studies]] |language=ko}}</ref>
==Early life==
Gale was born on February 19, 1863, in [[Alma, Ontario|Alma]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. His father John Gale was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[Scottish Canadians|immigrant]] who moved to Canada in 1832. His [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] mother Miami Bradt was from [[Hamilton, Ontario]]. Together they had six children, of which James was the fifth.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|last=Yoo|first=Young-sik|title=The Impact of Canadian Missionaries in Korea: A Historical Survey of Early Canadian Mission Work, 1888-1898|date=1996|degree=Ph.D.|publisher=University of Toronto|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ27810.pdf|pages=137-218, 490-93}}</ref>{{rp|137–138}}
In 1882 Gale entered St. Catharine's Collegiate Institute, [[St. Catharines, Ontario]]. From 1884 to 1888 Gale studied arts at the [[University of Toronto]],<ref name=":0" />{{rp|138}} including the summer of 1886 at the [[Collège de France]], Paris on a language course.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|142}} During his first year of study he heard [[Dwight L. Moody]] preach and was deeply impressed.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} Gale graduated with a B.A. from the [[University College, Toronto|University College of the University of Toronto]] in 1898.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|138}}
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In 1889 he visited Haeju, in [[Hwanghae]] province and from there moved to Sollae (often called Sorae) village, in Jangyeon District, Hwanghae from March to June.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|145–46}} This village was home to [[Seo Sang-ryun]], one of the first Korean Protestants<ref name=":0" />{{rp|146}} and his brother, who had been baptized by [[Horace Grant Underwood]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} From August 1889 to May 1890 he lived in Pusan.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|146}} In 1890 he taught English at the "Christian School" (예수교 학당). In February 1891 he and [[Samuel A. Moffet]] visited [[John Ross (missionary)|John Ross]] (who had first attempted to translate the Bible into Korean) in [[Mukden]], [[Manchuria]] and returned to Seoul in June.
In August 1891, terminating the relationship with the Toronto University YMCA, he moved to the American Presbyterian Mission Board, North. From 1892
In 1897 he returned to Canada and the US, and on May 13 was ordained as a Presbyterian minister at New Albany Presbytery, Indiana. In 1900 he became the first minister of Yondong Presbyterian Church ([[:ko:연동교회|연동교회]]) in Seoul.
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As an educationalist, he founded the Jesus Church Middle School, present [[Kongsin Middle and High School]], as well as Yondong Girls’ School, presently Chongsin Girls’ School, in Seoul. {{cn span|He was also a professor of [[Pyongyang Theological Seminary]].|date=August 2017}} In 1904 he organized the Association of Korean Education with the members of the Yondong Church. In 1917 he founded the Korean Music Society.
In May 1927 he resigned as pastor of Yondong Church, leaving Korea on June 22, a year before official retirement (he officially retired from mission work on August 31, 1928). Gale died on January 31, 1937, at the age of 74 in Bath, England. He is buried in Lansdown Cemetery, Bath.
== Personal life ==
He married twice. On April 7, 1892, he married
==Legacy==
{{Prose|date=September 2023}}
*Gale commenced work as part of [[Henry G. Appenzeller]]'s Bible translation team in 1892 and worked on part of [[Gospel of Matthew]] and [[Ephesians]], then the [[Book of Acts]] (1893) and [[Gospel of John]] (1895)<ref>{{in lang|ko}} http://www.bskorea.or.kr/bskorea/history/bib100/bibtrans03.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140743/http://www.bskorea.or.kr/bskorea/history/bib100/bibtrans03.aspx |date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> Gale's work has considerable influence on all following [[Bible translations into Korean|Korean versions]].
*In 1890 Gale worked with [[Horace G. Underwood]] on ''A Concise Dictionary of the Korean Language'', a small booklet. His own [[A Korean-English Dictionary|''A'' ''Korean-English Dictionary'']] appeared in 1897. A [https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4TAAAAYAAJ
*In 1893 he was also the translator of the first work of Western literature to be printed in the Korean [[hangul]] script, [[Pilgrim's Progress]] by [[John Bunyan]] (in Korean 천로역정).
*Gale translated some pages of ancient Korean history from the ''[[Dongguk Tonggam]]'' publishing them in the monthly magazine ''Korean Repository'' between
*In 1897 Gale published the book ''Korean Sketches'' (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell), a collection of often amusing essays about daily life in Korea, some previously published in the ''Repository''.
*In 1899 Gale became correspondent for "North China Daily News" of Shanghai, China. He was also editor "Kurisdo Sinmun" (Christian News)1905 and "Yesukyo Sinbo" (Christian Herald) 1907.
*In 1900 the first Mrs. Gale, who was suffering from tuberculosis, went to Switzerland with her daughters, where they remained for six years.
*In 1900 Gale founded Yeondong Church in Seoul, where he remained as pastor until he left Korea. In the same year, he was one of the founding members of the [[Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch]], of which he became Corresponding Secretary, and on October 24 he presented the first paper, on "The Influence of China upon Korea." Later, in 1915, he served as the Society's
*In 1903 Gale travelled via the Trans-Siberian Railway to Switzerland, where he spent six months. At this time he wrote and published his only work of fiction, the novel ''The Vanguard'' (New York: Fleming H. Revell).
*1909, a year before Korea was annexed by Japan, Gale published ''Korea in Transition'' which focusses mainly on the changes in Korean society introduced by the work of the Protestant missions.
*In 1917 Gale established the monthly ''Korea Magazine'' (published in English). He was its editor and almost its only contributor. The magazine ceased publication in April 1919, amidst the Japanese crackdown after the March 1 Independence Movement.
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*In memory of Gale's achievements, the Centre for the Study of Korea (CSK) at the University of Toronto hosts the annual James Scarth Gale translation prize for non-fiction pieces of writing on Korea. The top prize-winner is awarded a sum of $2,500.
==Korean mythological origins==▼
{{See also|Korean mythology}}▼
[https://archive.org/details/KoreanEnglishDictionary Korean-English Dictionary] (Yokohama: Kelby) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ix4TAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 韓英字典, Part 2]▼
James Scarth Gale said that [[Koreans]] claimed to be descended from the gods with slight admixture from [[Chinese people|Chinese]].
[https://archive.org/details/koreansketches00gale Korean Sketches] (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell)▼
[https://archive.org/details/vanguardtaleofko00galeiala The Vanguard] (New York: Fleming H. Revell)▼
[https://archive.org/details/koreaintransitio00gale Korea in Transition] (New York: Young People's Missionary Movement of the United States and Canada)▼
(Translation) Kim Man-Choong, [http://www.eldritchpress.org/kim/cloud9.html The Cloud Dream of the Nine] (London: Daniel O’Connor)▼
==External links==
{{Wikisource author}}
[http://purl.library.uoregon.edu/e-asia/ebooks/read/coolie.pdf Korean Coolie]. ''The Korean Repository,'' Vol.III (December, 1896), pp. 475–481.▼
▲* [
In ''Transactions'' of the [[Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch]]▼
▲[
▲[
▲[
▲[[iarchive:koreanfolktalesi00impaiala|Korean Folk Tales]] (London: J.M. Dent) (Translation) Kim Man-Choong, [http://www.eldritchpress.org/kim/cloud9.html The Cloud Dream of the Nine] (London: Daniel O’Connor)
▲* Scholarly articles [http://purl.library.uoregon.edu/e-asia/ebooks/read/coolie.pdf Korean Coolie]. ''The Korean Repository,'' Vol.III (December, 1896), pp. 475–481. [http://purl.library.uoregon.edu/e-asia/ebooks/read/tripnorth.pdf Trip Across Northern Korea]. ''The Korean Repository,'' Vol. IV (March 1897), pp. 81–89
▲* In ''Transactions'' of the [[Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch]]
* [http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL01/VOL01_1.docx The Influence of China upon Korea]. I:1-24. 1900. [http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL02Part2/VOL02Part2_1.docx Han-Yang (Seoul).] II, part Il:1-43. 1902. [http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL04Part1/VOL04Part1_2.docx The Korean Alphabet]. IV, part I:12-61. 1912–13. [http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL04Part3/VOL04Part3_2.docx Selection and Divorce]. IV, part III:17-22. 1913. [http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL06Part2/VOL06(Part2)-1.docx The Pagoda of Seoul]. VI, part II:1-22. 1915. [http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL13/VOL013.docx The Diamond Mountains]. XIII:1-67. 1922. [http://www.raskb.com/transactions/VOL15/VOL015-1.docx A Shipwreck (Korean) in 1636 A.D.] XV:3-22. 1924.
{{Archival records|title=James Scarth Gale papers}}
▲==Korean mythological origins==
▲{{See also|Korean mythology}}
▲James Scarth Gale said that [[Koreans]] claimed to be descended from the gods with slight admixture from [[Chinese people|Chinese]].<!--This information is in the third paragraph of page 12. The exact words of that paragraph were, "The people of Korea claim to be a race descended from the gods, slightly admixed with Chinese; no wonder they develop at times extraordinary traits."--><ref>Gale, James Scarth. (1898). Korean Sketches. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Baker Publishing Group|Fleming H. Revell Company]]. Page 12. Retrieved June 15, 2017 from [https://books.google.com/books?id=_uVRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 link].</ref>
==References==
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[[Category:Presbyterian missionaries in Korea]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in Korea]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
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