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{{Short description|Type of transportation vehicle}}
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[[File:Higer_GSP_2101.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Higer Bus|Higer]] Capabus operated by [[GSP Belgrade]]]]
A '''capacitor vehicle''' or '''capaelectric vehicle''' is a traction [[vehicle]] that uses [[supercapacitor]]s (also called ultracapacitors) to store electricity.<ref>[https://wwwpatents.google.com/patentspatent/US20120056600 Capacitor vehicle having high speed charging ability and method of operating a capacitor vehicle]</ref>
 
{{As of|2010}}{{Update inline|date=March 2024}}, the best ultracapacitors can only store about 5% of the energy that [[lithium-ion]] rechargeable batteries can, limiting them to a couple of miles per charge. This makes them ineffective as a general energy storage medium for passenger vehicles. But ultracapacitors can charge much faster than [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]], so in vehicles such as [[bus]]es that have to stop frequently at known points where charging facilities can be provided, energy storage based exclusively on [[ultracapacitor]]s becomes viable.<ref name="technologyreview.com">{{cite web |url=httphttps://www.technologyreview.com/news2009/41577310/19/209306/next-stop-ultracapacitor-buses/?a=f |title=Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses |publisher=MIT |work=MIT Technology Review |date=19 October 2009 |accessdate=20132022-0410-1322 |last=Hamilton |first=Tyler}}</ref>
 
==Capabus==
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[[Image:Expo 2010 Electric Bus.jpg|thumb|Capabus recharging at the bus stop]]
[[File:AYM7 at Tak Long Estate, Shing Kai Rd (20190228122144).jpg|thumb|A capabus in Kai Tak, Hong Kong]]
[[China]] is experimenting with a new form of electric bus, known as ''Capabus'', which runs without continuous [[overhead lines]] (is an autonomous vehicle) by using power stored in large onboard [[electric double-layer capacitor]]s (EDLCs), which are quickly recharged whenever the vehicle stops at any [[bus stop]] (under so-called '''electric umbrellas'''), and fully charged in the [[bus terminus|terminus]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
 
A few [[prototype]]s were being tested in Shanghai in early 2005. In 2006 two commercial bus routes began to use electric double-layer capacitor buses; one of them is route 11 in [[Shanghai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.52bus.com/article/special/200608/special_6.html |script-title=zh:超级电容公交车专题 |language=Chinese |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105022719/http://www.52bus.com/article/special/200608/special_6.html |archivedate=5 January 2007}}</ref> In 2009 [[Sinautec Automobile Technologies]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sinautecus.com |title=SINAUTEC, Automobile Technology, LLC |publisher=Sinautecus.com |accessdate=2013-10-06}}</ref> based in [[Arlington, Virginia]], and its Chinese partner [[Shanghai Aowei Technology Development Company]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aowei.com/english/index.htm |title=Aowei Technology |publisher=aowei.com |accessdate=6 November 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125014115/http://www.aowei.com/english/index.htm |archivedate=2010-01-25}}</ref> are testing, with 17 forty-one seat Ultracap Buses serving the Greater Shanghai area since 2006 without any major technical problems.<ref name="treehugger.com">{{cite web |last=Richard |first=Michael |url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/10/ultracapacitor-electric-buses-china.php |title=Ultracapacitor Buses Work... As Long as You have Lots of Quick-Charge Stations |publisher=TreeHugger |date=19 October 2009 |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919234114/http://www.treehugger.com/cars/ultracapacitor-buses-work-as-long-as-you-have-lots-of-quick-charge-stations.html |archive-date=2014-09-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the Shanghai Expo in 2010, however, 40 super-capacitorsupercapacitor buses were being used on a special Expo bus service and owing to the super-capacitorssupercapacitors becoming overheated some of the buses broke down.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/ResearchIndia/super-capacitor-buses-in-shanghai-5156990 |title=Super Capacitor Buses in Shanghai |publisher=Slideshare.net |date=8 September 2010 |accessdate=2013-10-06}}</ref> Buses in the Shanghai pilot are made by [[Germantown, Tennessee]]-based [[Foton America Bus|Foton America Bus Company]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foton-america.com/ |title=Foton America Bus Company |publisher=Foton-america.com |accessdate=2013-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605190750/http://www.foton-america.com/ |archivedate=2013-06-05 }}</ref> Another 60 buses will be delivered early next year with ultracapacitors that supply 10 [[watt-hour per kilogram|watt-hours per kilogram]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
 
The buses have very predictable routes and need to stop regularly every {{convert|3|mi}} or less, allowing quick recharging at [[charging station]]s at bus stops. A collector on the top of the bus rises a few feet and touches an overhead charging line at the stop; within a couple of minutes the ultracapacitor banks stored under the bus seats are fully charged. The buses can also capture energy from braking, and the company says that recharging stations can be equipped with solar panels. A third generation of the product, which will give {{convert|20|mi}} of range per charge or better is planned.<ref name="technologyreview.com"/>
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Sinautec estimates that one of its buses has one-tenth the energy cost of a diesel bus and can achieve lifetime fuel savings of $200,000. The buses use 40% less electricity even when compared to an electric [[trolley bus]], mainly because they are lighter{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}. The ultracapacitors are made of [[activated carbon]] and have an [[energy density]] of six watt-hours per kilogram (for comparison a high-performance lithium-ion battery can achieve 200 watt-hours per kilogram, but the ultracapacitor bus is about 40% cheaper than a lithium-ion battery bus and far more reliable).<ref name="technologyreview.com"/><ref name="treehugger.com"/>
 
There is also a [[plug-in hybrid]] version, which also uses ultracaps.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
 
[[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]], the public-owned company that manages most of [[Paris]]' public transport system, is currently performing tests using a hybrid bus outfitted with ultracapacitors. The model, called [[Lion's City Hybrid]], is supplied by German manufacturer [[MAN SE|MAN]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://green.autoblog.com/2009/04/15/paris-tests-a-new-hybrid-bus-that-uses-ultracapacitors/ |last=Navarro |first=Xavier |title=Paris tests a new hybrid bus that uses ultracapacitors |publisher=Green.autoblog.com |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401103027/http://green.autoblog.com/2009/04/15/paris-tests-a-new-hybrid-bus-that-uses-ultracapacitors/ |archive-date=2012-04-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
[[GSP Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] has launched the first bus line operated solo by super-capacitorsupercapacitor buses from Chinese manufacturer [[Higer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newscontent.cctv.com/NewJsp/news.jsp?fileId=372911|title=Newscontent|website=newscontent.cctv.com|access-date=2016-09-02}}</ref> SinceFirst 2014sustainable theultracapacitor public(UC) transporte-bus authoritywas ofrepresented theby cityChariot ofMotors Company in EU and [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] isin also2014. performingThe tests18-month onpilot aproject capabuswas madesuccessful byand Higerhad a great public response. FollowingThe UC bus was tested by the successfulReputable trialsGerman inlaboratory 2019Belicon SofiaGmbH purchasedand 15was defined as one of thesethe buseslowest energy consumption effective vehicles.
Foton America Bus is in talks with [[New York City]], [[Chicago]], and some towns in [[Florida]] about trialing the buses.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
Based on the pilot's success the capital of Bulgaria – Sofia, (one of the most polluted European cities) chose the UC e-buses as one of the innovative and suitable for the city transport technology. Sofia public transport operator - Stolichen Elektrotransport put 45 Cariot - Higer 12m UC electric buses into operation, 15 in 2020 and 30 in 2021. Electric vehicles are equipped with 40kWh UCs, the buses run on routes 6, 60, 11, 73, 74, 84, 123 and 184, with 11&nbsp;km average unduplicated length.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
 
[[GSP Belgrade]], [[Serbia]] has launched the first bus line operated solo by super-capacitor buses from Chinese manufacturer [[Higer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newscontent.cctv.com/NewJsp/news.jsp?fileId=372911|title=Newscontent|website=newscontent.cctv.com|access-date=2016-09-02}}</ref> Since 2014 the public transport authority of the city of [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] is also performing tests on a capabus made by Higer. Following the successful trials in 2019 Sofia purchased 15 of these buses.
 
In [[Graz]], Austria, lines 50 and 34E are running with short intermediate recharging, using 24–32 kWh Supercaps/[[EDLC]] supercapacitors.<ref>see pdf linked on the page "Vier neue Elektrobusse für Graz" https://www.holding-graz.at/elektrobusse.html last visited 13 March 2019</ref>
 
===Pantographs and underbodyCurrent collectors at bus stops===
[[Pantograph (rail)|Pantographs]] and underbody[[ground-level power supply]] current collectors are integrated in [[bus stop]]s to recharge electric buses quickly, making it possible to use a smaller battery on the bus, which reduces the capital and running costs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/eae3e161cc498140c1257b7b00552bcd.aspx |title=Large-capacity, flash-charging, battery-powered pilot bus takes to the street. |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205220646/http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/eae3e161cc498140c1257b7b00552bcd.aspx |archive-date=5 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.schunk-sbi.com/en/sbi/ElektrobusStromabnehmer/schunk01.c.78265.en |title=Current collectors for electric busses |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121155431/http://www.schunk-sbi.com/en/sbi/ElektrobusStromabnehmer/schunk01.c.78265.en |archive-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=A Giant Charger That Juices Up Electric Buses in Three Minutes |date=2014-10-02 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702042652/https://www.wired.com/2014/10/giant-charger-juices-electric-buses-three-minutes/ A|archive-date=2023-07-02 Giant|url-status=live Charger That Juices Up Electric Buses in Three Minutes]|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/10/giant-charger-juices-electric-buses-three-minutes/}}</ref><ref>[http://revolution-green.com/ultrafast-electric-bus-charging/ Ultrafast Electric Bus Charging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809040537/http://revolution-green.com/ultrafast-electric-bus-charging/ |date=9 August 2017 }}, [[Opbrid]]</ref>
 
== Subway and tram==
In a [[subway car]] or [[tram]], an [[insulator (electricity)|insulator]] at a track switch may cut off power from the car for a few feet along the line and use a large capacitor to store energy to drive the subway car through the insulator in the power feed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/elessonshtml/lc/capac1.htm# |title=Capacitors |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309023326/http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/elessonshtml/LC/Capac1.htm# |archive-date=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
The new [[Trams in Nanjing|Nanjing tram]] uses supercapacitor technology, with charging hardware at each stop instead of continuous catenary. The first line started operating in 2014. The rail vehicles were produced by [[CSR Corporation Limited|CSR Zhuzhou]]; according to the manufacturers, they are the world's first low-floor tram completely powered by supercapacitors.<ref name=barrow2014>{{citation|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/light-rail/csr-unveils-100-supercapacitor-powered-tram.html |date=2014-05-29|title=CSR unveils 100% supercapacitor-powered tram
<ref name=barrow2014>{{cite|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/light-rail/csr-unveils-100-supercapacitor-powered-tram.html |date=2014-05-29|title=CSR unveils 100% supercapacitor-powered tram
|first=Keith|last=Barrow|periodical=International Railway Journal}}</ref> Several similar rail vehicles have been ordered for the [[Guangzhou Trams|Guangzhou Tram]] line as well.<ref name=barrow2014/>
 
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Since 2003 Mannheim Stadtbahn in [[Mannheim]], Germany, has operated a capa vehicle, an LRV (light-rail vehicle), which uses electric double-layer capacitors to store braking energy.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news_view/article/2006/07/4432/ultracaps_win_out_in_energy_storage-1.html |title=UltraCaps win out in energy storage |last=Hope |first=Richard |magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=1 July 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204101320/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news_view/article/2006/07/4432/ultracaps_win_out_in_energy_storage-1.html |archivedate=2008-12-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allianz-pro-schiene.de/veranstaltungen/2006/workshop-verbesserung-der-umweltwirkungen-des-eisenbahnverkehrs/praesentation-kehl.pdf |title=MITRAC Energy Saver |last1=Steiner |first1=Michael |last2=Scholten |first2=Johannes |last3=Klohr |first3=Markus |publisher=Bombardier |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301064703/http://www.allianz-pro-schiene.de/veranstaltungen/2006/workshop-verbesserung-der-umweltwirkungen-des-eisenbahnverkehrs/praesentation-kehl.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-01}}</ref>
 
Other companies from the public transport manufacturing sector are developing electric double-layer capacitor technology: The Transportation Systems division of [[Siemens AG]] is developing a mobile [[energy storage]] based on ELDCsEDLCs called Sibac Energy Storage<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Siemens AG |url=http://www.transportation.siemens.com/ts/en/pub/products/green_mobility/our_solutions/on_a_roll/sibac.htm |title=Sibac ES Product Page |access-date=2009-11-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512121527/http://www.transportation.siemens.com/ts/en/pub/products/green_mobility/our_solutions/on_a_roll/sibac.htm |archive-date=12 May 2008 }}</ref> and also Sitras SES, a stationary version integrated into the trackside power supply.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Siemens AG |url=http://www.transportation.siemens.com/ts/en/pub/products/green_mobility/our_solutions/for_the_net/sitras.htm |title=Sitras SES |accessdate=2009-11-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101152920/http://transportation.siemens.com/ts/en/pub/products/green_mobility/our_solutions/for_the_net/sitras.htm |archivedate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
[http://www.adetelgroup.com Adetel Group] has developed its own energy saver named ″NeoGreen″ for LRV, LRT and metros.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adetelgroup.com/library/fiches-produits/4-NEO_GREEN_POWER.pdf |title=Neo Green |publisher=Adetel Group |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110231440/http://www.adetelgroup.com/library/fiches-produits/4-NEO_GREEN_POWER.pdf# |archive-date=10 January 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>
The company Cegelec is also developing an ELDCEDLC-based energy storage system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.transworldnews.com/suntan/Post.aspx?postID=20211 |title=Electric double-layer capacitor Transportation applications |publisher=Blogs.transworldnews.com |date=28 May 2008 |accessdate=2013-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218135059/http://blogs.transworldnews.com/suntan/Post.aspx?postID=20211 |archivedate=2012-02-18}}</ref>
 
Proton Power Systems has created the world's first triple hybrid [[forklift truck]], which uses [[fuel cell]]s and [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] as primary energy storage with ELDCsEDLCs to supplement them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fuelcellsworks.com/Supppage7867.html |title=Proton Power Systems Unveils the World’sWorld's First Triple-hybrid Forklift Truck. |publisher=Fuel Cell Works press release |date=25 September 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208005801/http://www.fuelcellsworks.com/Supppage7867.html |archivedate=2008-12-08}}</ref>
 
[[University of Southampton]] [[spin-out]] [[Nanotecture]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanotecture.co.uk |title=Nanotecture |publisher=Nanotecture.co.uk |accessdate=2009-11-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209030415/http://www.nanotecture.co.uk/home.aspx |archivedate=2010-02-09}}</ref> has received a Governmentgovernment grant to develop supercapacitors for [[hybrid vehicle]]s. The company is set to receive £376,000 from the DTI in the UK for a project entitled "next generation supercapacitors for hybrid vehicle applications". The project also involves [[Johnson Matthey]] and [[HILTech Developments]]. The project will use supercapacitor technology to improve hybrid electric vehicles and increase overall energy efficiency.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
 
===Future developments ===
Sinautec is in discussions with [[MIT]]'s Schindall about developing ultracapacitors of higher energy density using vertically aligned [[carbon nanotube]] structures that give the devices more surface area for holding a charge. So far they are able to get twice the energy density of an existing ultracapacitor, but they are trying to get about five times. This would create an ultracapacitor with one-quarter of the energy density of a lithium-ion battery.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hamilton |first=Tyler |url=http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/23754/page2/ |title=Next Stop: Ultracapacitor Buses - Page 2 &#124; |publisher=MIT |work=MIT Technology Review |date=19 October 2009 |accessdate=2013-10-06 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708130930/http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/23754/page2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Future developments includesinclude the use of [[inductive charging]] under the street, to avoid overhead wiring. A [[wikt:pad|pad]] under each [[bus stop]] and at each [[stop light]] along the way would be used.
 
==Motor racing==
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==UltraBatteries==
Ultracapacitors are used in some electric vehicles, such as [[AFS Trinity]]'s concept prototype, to store rapidly available energy with their high [[power density]], in order to keep batteries within safe resistive heating limits and extend battery life.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/automobiles/13ULTRA.html |title=Closing the Power Gap Between a Hybrid’sHybrid's Supply and Demand |last=Wald |first=Matthew |newspaper=The New York Times |date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410093752/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/automobiles/13ULTRA.html |archive-date=2009-04-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afstrinity.net/afstrinity-xh150-pressrelease.pdf |title=AFS Trinity unveils 150 mpg Extreme Hybrid (XH) SUV |date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229090138/http://www.afstrinity.net/afstrinity-xh150-pressrelease.pdf |archive-date=29 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[UltraBattery|Ultrabattery]] combines a supercapacitor and a battery in a single unit, creating an electric vehicle battery that lasts longer, costs less and is more powerful than current technologies used in [[plug-in hybrid]] electric vehicles (PHEVs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=101846&topicId=103840033&docId=l:732161238|title=Error - LexisNexis® Publisher|accessdate=20 September 2014}}</ref>
 
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=23em}}
* [[ChargeCar]]
* [[Battery electric bus]]
* [[Charging station]]
* [[Electric bus]]
* [[Electric road]]
* [[Fuel cell bus]]
* [[Gyrobus]]
* [[In-roadPower electricVehicle vehicle chargerInnovation]]
* [[SupercapacitorTrolleybus]]
* [[ABB Group|ABB]] [[TOSA (bus)]] (TOSA Flash Mobility, Clean City, Smart Bus]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/f32c9ded54dc0b20c1257b7a0054972b.aspx |title=ABB demonstrates technology to power flash charging electric bus in 15 seconds |website=www.abb.com |date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601111215/http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/f32c9ded54dc0b20c1257b7a0054972b.aspx |archive-date=2014-06-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[WATT System]]
{{div col end}}
* [[ABB Group|ABB]] [[TOSA Flash Mobility, Clean City, Smart Bus]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/f32c9ded54dc0b20c1257b7a0054972b.aspx |title=ABB demonstrates technology to power flash charging electric bus in 15 seconds |website=www.abb.com |date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601111215/http://www.abb.com/cawp/seitp202/f32c9ded54dc0b20c1257b7a0054972b.aspx |archive-date=2014-06-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqUCVVnd8qg TOSA bus]
* [http://www.fastcoexist.com/3032507/an-electric-bus-that-recharges-while-you-step-inside An Electric Bus That Recharges While You Step Inside].
 
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[[Category:Electric vehicles]]
[[Category:Energy storage]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]