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'''Hamama''' ({{
Its ruins are today in the north of the Israeli city of [[Ashkelon]].
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During the Mandate time, the village was visited by inspectors from the [[Department of Antiquities of Mandatory Palestine|Department of Antiquities]] who noted two mosques. One of these, known as Shaykh Ibrahim Abi Arqub, included marble columns and capitals in the [[iwan]]. The eponymous mosque was affiliated with a mujāhid and descendant of ʿ[[Umar|Umar b. al-Khaṭṭāb]].The other mosque, known as Shaykh Hamid, also incorporated marble fragments. Neither of these mosques have survived.<ref name="Petersen146">Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21539664/Gazetteer_4_D-J 146]</ref> Mandatory archaeologists documented a marble slab (0.3x0.95 m) located on the western wall of the mosque of Ibrāhīm Abū ʿArqūb. This slab featured a nine-line Arabic inscription, now unfortunately lost, which was dated to 700 AH/1301 AD, and the content of which remains unrecorded.<ref name=":0" />
By 1333/4 CE (734 H.) some of the income from the village formed part of a [[waqf]] of the tomb (turba) and [[madrasa]] of [[Al-Azhar_Mosque#Madrasa_and_mausoleum_of_Aqbugha|Aqbugha b. Abd Allah]]
===Ottoman era===
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Hamama appears on [[Pierre Jacotin|Jacotin's]] map drawn-up during [[Napoleon]]'s invasion in 1799, though its position is interchanged with that of [[Ashkelon|Majdal]].<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 173] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref><ref>Palestine Exploration Quarterly Jan-Apr 1944.''' Jacotin's Map of Palestine'''. D.H.Kellner. p. 161.</ref> In 1838, ''Hamameh'' was noted as a Muslim village in the Gaza district.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/118/mode/1up 118]</ref>
Local administrative restructuring began in the 1860s as [[tanzimat]] reforms were implemented at the district level. The construction of the "quarter system"—the partition of village land among groups of families—led to significant economic development, as evidenced by village land usage in the early twentieth century.<ref name=":0" />
In 1863, the French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the village, and noted a [[mosque]] constructed with ancient materials. The village had a population of "at least eight hundred souls".<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/129/mode/1up 129] -130</ref> He further noted: "The gardens of Hamama are outstandingly fertile. They are divided by living fences of huge cactus pears, and are planted with olive, fig, pomegranate, mulberry and apricot trees. Here and there slender palm trees and broad treetops of sycamore trees rise above them."<ref>translated by Moshe Gilad, [https://archive.today/20220223172600/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-this-explorer-visited-israel-in-the-19th-century-and-found-it-to-be-anything-but-emp-1.10629520 'This Explorer Visited Israel in the 19th Century and Found It to Be Anything but Empty'], 22 February 2022, [[Haaretz]]</ref>
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In 1946, the boys' school had an enrollment of 338, and the girls' school an enrollment of 46. Its inhabitants engaged primarily in fishing and agriculture, cultivating grain, citrus, apricots, almonds, figs, olives, watermelons, and cantaloupes. Due to the existence of sand dunes in the north part of the town, trees were planted on parts of those lands to prevent soil erosion.<ref name="Khalidi3" />
In addition to agriculture, residents practiced animal husbandry which formed was an important source of income for the village. In 1943, they owned 405 heads of cattle, 310 sheep over a year old, 172 goats over a year old, 228 camels, 11 horses, 9 mules, 567 donkey, 2963 fowls, 454 pigeons.<ref name=":0" />
=== 1948, and aftermath ===
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*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first = M. | author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=
*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2018-10-05|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
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