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{{about|the Greek island|other uses|Euboea (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect|Negropont|the city|Chalcis|other uses|Negroponte (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Evvia|other uses|Evia (disambiguation){{!}}Evia}}
{{Infobox islands
|name =
|native_name = Εύβοια
|native_name_lang = Greek
|image_name =
|image_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|38|30|N|24|00|E|region:GR-04_type:isle_scale:1250000|display=title,inline}}
|map_image = Euboea.png
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|country = {{Flag|Greece}}
|country_admin_divisions_title = [[Modern regions of Greece|Region]]
|country_admin_divisions = [[Central Greece (administrative region)|Central Greece]]
|country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Regional units of Greece|Regional unit]]
|country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Euboea (regional unit)|Euboea]]
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}}
'''
It forms most of the [[Euboea (regional unit)|regional unit of Euboea]], which also includes [[Skyros]] and a small area of the Greek mainland.
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==Name==
{{further|Euboea (mythology)}}
Like most of the Greek islands, Euboea was known by other names in [[Ancient Greece|antiquity]], such as ''Macris'' (Μάκρις) and ''Doliche'' (Δολίχη) from its elongated shape, or ''Ellopia'' (after Ellops the son of [[Ion (mythology)|Ion]]), ''Aonia'' and ''Abantis'' from the tribes inhabiting it
Its ancient and current name, Εὔβοια, derives from the words εὖ "good", and βοῦς "ox", meaning "(the land of) the well(-fed) oxen". [[Strabo]] writes that it took the name Euboea either by the heroine Euboea or because of a cave on the island at the Aegaean coast which was called βοὸς αὐλὴ (cow's stall) and there [[Io (mythology)|Io]] was said to have given birth to [[Epaphus]].<ref name="Strabo"/>
In the [[Middle Ages]], the island was often referred to by [[Byzantine]] authors by the name of its capital, ''[[Chalcis]]'' (Χαλκίς) or [[Euripus Strait|''Euripos'']] (Εὔριπος,) the name of the strait that separates the island from the Greek mainland, although the ancient name Euboea remained in use by classicizing authors until the 16th century.
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On 12 July 1470, during the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)|Ottoman–Venetian War of 1463–1479]] and after a [[Siege of Negroponte (1470)|protracted and bloody siege]], the well-fortified city of Negroponte (Chalcis) was wrested from Venice by [[Mehmed II]] and the whole island fell into the hands of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Doge [[Francesco Morosini]] besieged the city in 1688, but was forced to withdraw after three months.{{sfn|Tozer|1911|p=867}}
[[Albanians]] started settling Euboea gradually, since 1402, encouraged by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]]. In 1425, a total of 10,000 Albanians from various regions were settled in Euboea. A further indeterminate number of Albanians settled in the island in 1435. These Albanians intermingled with the local Greeks of the island.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Φάραντος |first=Χαράλαμπος Δ. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI5NAAAAYAAJ |title=Δύο σταυρεπίστεγοι Ναοί στις περιοχές των χωριών: Μετόχι και Λενωσαίοι της Νότιας Εύβοιας |date=1984 |publisher=Εταιρεία Ευβοϊκών Σπουδών |language=el |quote=Τὸ ὀλιγάνθρωπο τῆς περιοχῆς ἀνάγκασε τοὺς Φράγκους δυνάστες τῆς Εὔβοιας νὰ ἐπιτρέψουν τὴν ἐγκατάσταση ̓Αλβανῶν ( Αρβανιτῶν ) στὴ Νότια Εὔβοια · ἀπὸ τὸ 1402. Αὐτοὶ οἱ νέοι κάτοικοι, οἱ ̓Αρβανίτες, ἀναμείχτηκαν μὲ τὸν ἑλληνικὸ (= ντόπιο) πληθυσμό, ποὺ κατοικοῦσε στὸν ἴδιο χῶρο, καὶ ρίζωσαν στὸν σκληρὸ αὐτὸν τόπο.}}</ref> A contemporary report (1687) notes that in 1471 Greeks had abandoned the island and by 1687 almost all of the island was inhabited by Albanians. This isn't corroborated in other reports so it likely presents a doubtful depiction of the demographic situation in the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nakratzas |first=Georgios |title=Hē stenē ethnologikē syngeneia tōn sēmerinōn Hellēnōn, Voulgarōn kai Tourkōn: Ēpeiros-Notia Hellada |date=1996 |publisher=Batavia |isbn=9789608580008 |pages=89–90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1BoAAAAMAAJ |quote=[...] για να ενισχύσει το 1425 με την εγκατάσταση 10.000 Αλβανών. Η εποίκηση αυτή συνεχίστηκε το 1435 με την εγκατάσταση στο νησία ενός άγνωστου αριθμού Αλβανών. Στη βιβλιογραφία αναφέρεται πως το 1471 ο ελληνικός πληθυσμός εγκατέλειψε την Εύβοια, με συνέπεια το 1687 σχεδόν ολόκληρος ο πληθυσμός του νησιού να αποτελείται από Αλβανούς. Η πληροφορία αυτή δε διασταυρώνεται και από άλλες βιβλιογραφικές πηγές, γεγονός που καθιστά την αξιοπιστία της αμφίβολη. Εκείνο που είναι γενικά παραδεκτό είναι η διαπίστωση του Hanh ότι τον 19ον αιώνα ολόκληρος ο πληθυσμός της νότιας Εύβοιας, με μοναδική εξαίρεση την Κάρυστο, αποτελούνταν από 25.000 Αλβανούς, οι οποίοι πέρασαν ολοκληρωτικά στην ελληνική κουλτούρα.}}</ref> According to [[Johann Georg von Hahn|Johann Georg Von Hahn]] (1854),
The Greek inhabitants of south Euboea spoke a certain dialect related to [[Varieties of Modern Greek#Modern varieties|Old Athenian]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thumb |first=Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5uPfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA119 |title=Αθηνά: Σύγγραμμα Περιοδικόν της εν Αθήναις Επιστημονικής Εταιρείας. |date=1891 |publisher=Εκ του Τυπογραφείου των Αδελφών Περρή |pages=119 |language=el |chapter=Μελέτη Περί της Σημερινής Εν Αιγινή Λαλούμενης Διαλέκτου |chapter-url=https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/c/7/9/metadata-181-0000370.tkl}}</ref> This dialect was spoken in Kymi, Avlonari, Konistres, Aliveri, Karystos and other places.<ref>Παντελίδης, Νικόλαος (2016). ''[http://www.phil.uoa.gr/fileadmin/phil.uoa.gr/uploads/linguistics/Pdf/papers/Pantelidis_2016__To_palaioathinaiko_idioma.pdf Tο παλαιοαθηναϊκό ιδίωμα: Πηγές, μαρτυρίες, χαρακτηριστικά]''. ''Glossologia'': University of Athens. p. 24. "Η γλωσσική ποικιλία της Αθήνας (και της Αττικής γενικά) εντάσσεται, όπως
προαναφέρθηκε, σε μια ομάδα μαζί με τα ιδιώματα της Αίγινας, των Μεγάρων και της νοτιότερης Εύβοιας (Κύμη, Αυλωνάρι, Κονίστρες, Αλιβέρι, Κάρυστος κ.λπ.)</ref>
Although the name Negroponte remained current in European languages until the 19th century, the Turks themselves called the city and the island Eğriboz or Ağriboz after the Euripos Strait. Under Ottoman rule, Ağriboz was the seat of a [[Sanjak of Ağriboz|sanjak]] that also encompassed much of [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Continental Greece]].
At the conclusion of the [[Greek War of Independence]] in 1830, the island returned to Greece and constituted a part of the newly established independent [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Greek kingdom]].{{sfn|Tozer|1911|p=867}}
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In 1982, in the Greek-speaking village of Antia in southern Euboea, the entire population knew the local [[whistled language]] called ''sfyria'' (from the Greek word ''sfyrizo'' 'whistle'),<ref name="Stein2017">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170731-greeces-disappearing-whistled-language |title=Greece's disappearing whistled language |last=Stein |first=Eliot |date=1 August 2017 |work=[[BBC Travel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801161637/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20170731-greeces-disappearing-whistled-language |archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> but only a few whistlers remain in the 21st century.<ref name=Meyer2005>{{cite thesis |last1=Meyer |first1=Julien |title=Description typologique et intelligibilité des langues sifflées, approche linguistique et bioacoustique |trans-title=Typology and intelligibility of whistled languages: approach in linguistics and bioacoustics |language=fr |year=2005 |url=http://www.lemondesiffle.free.fr/projet/science/TheseMeyer.pdf}}</ref> ''Sfyria'' is "a whistled version of spoken Greek, in which letters and syllables correspond to distinct tones and frequencies."<ref name="Stein2017" />
Beginning in late 1943, 1,000 Greek Jews were smuggled from [[Salonika|Thessaloniki]] and Athens via the island by the [[Greek Resistance]] and British [[MI11]] to [[Çeşme]] in neutral [[Turkey]], thereby escaping [[the Holocaust in Greece]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guttstadt |first1=Corry |last2=Mannoni |first2=Olivier |title=La politique de la Turquie pendant la Shoah |journal=Revue d'Histoire de la Shoah |date=2015 |issue=2 |
Euboea is linked to the mainland by two bridges, one that runs through Chalcis and is also accessible from [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], and another which bypasses Chalcis and is accessed from Athens. All of Euboea's modern bridges are [[Suspension bridge|suspended]].
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==Demographics==
The population of the island, according to the census of 2001, was 198,130, making it the second most populous island of Greece. As a whole the Euboeans share a cultural identity similar to that of the people in the rest of [[Central Greece (geographic region)|Central Greece]] and speak a [[Varieties of Modern Greek|southern variety]] of [[Greek language|Greek]]. In the southern part of the island there are [[Arvanites|Arvanite]] communities. Until the 1970s there were still monolingual speakers of Arvanitika in southern Euboea. As of the late 20th century, in southern Euboea there were about 60 villages inhabited by Arvanites.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sasse |first1=Hans-Jürgen |title=Arvanitika: the long Hellenic centuries of an Albanian variety |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |date=1998 |
==Economics==
[[File:Κύμη 2145.jpg|thumb|[[Kymi, Greece|Kymi]]]]▼
The mining areas include [[magnesite]] in [[Mantoudi]] and [[Limni, Euboea|Limni]], [[lignite]] in [[Aliveri]] and [[iron]] and [[nickel]] from [[Dirfys]]. [[Marble]] is mined {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Eretria]] which include ''[[Marmor Chalcidicum]]'' and [[asbestos]] in the northeastern part of [[Carystus]] in the [[Okhi mountain]]. The trees include [[chestnuts]].
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* [[Nikolaos Kriezotis]] (1785–1853),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eviaportal.gr/nikolaos-kriezotis-o-eyboiotis-oplarchigos-tis-epanastasis-toy-1821/|title = Νικόλαος Κριεζώτης, ο Ευβοιώτης οπλαρχηγός της επανάστασης του 1821 – Eviaportal.gr|date = 14 February 2014}}</ref> leader of the Greek Revolution on Euboea
* [[Orestis Makris]] (1898–1975), actor and tenor
* [[Georgios Papanikolaou]] (1883–1962), physician,
* [[Nikos Skalkottas]] (1901–1949), composer
* [[Giannis Skarimpas]] (1893–1984),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82070729.html|title = Skarimpas, Giannēs, 1893–1984 – LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)}}</ref> writer
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File:Avlonari tower Euboea Greece.jpg|Venetian tower in [[Avlonari]]
File:Kastro Trachili Euboea Greece.jpg|Venetian tower of Trachili
File:Ebbe in Chalkida.jpg|Beach of [[Chalcis]]
File:Dragon_house_oche.jpg| The [[Dragon houses|Dragon house]] on [[Ochi (mountain)|Mount Ochi]]
File:Dirfi river.JPG|A tiny river flowing by the Dirfi mountain
File:Aidipsos.JPG|View of [[Aidipsos]]
</gallery>
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