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[[File:SurUmmTubaDec102022 Bahir Umm Tuba02.jpg|thumb|Sur Bahir, Umm Tuba]]
[[Image:EastJerusalemMap-es.svg|thumb|Umm Tuba neighborhood in [[East Jerusalem]]. In green : Arab areas. In blue : Jewish areas]]
 
'''Umm Tuba''' ({{lang-langx|ar|أم طوبا}});<ref>Meaning possibly: "The ruin with the good tree or water", according to Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/312/mode/1up 312]</ref> {{langx|he|אום טובא}}) is a [[Palestinians|Palestinian Arab]] neighborhood in [[East Jerusalem]] part of [[Sur Baher]];<ref>{{cite web | last=Federman | first=Josef | last2=Laub | first2=Karin | title=50 years after war, settlements blur future borders | website=AP NEWS | date=2017-04-13 | url=https://apnews.com/4a3eb639bcfd4058b298edeed01513a9 | access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref> it is northeast of [[Har Homa]] and [[Bethlehem]], and southeast of [[Kibbutz]] [[Ramat Rachel]].<ref name="Jerusalem Neighborhoods">[http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_sys/picture/atarim/site_form_atar_eng.asp?site_id=2294&pic_cat=4&icon_cat=6&york_cat=9 Jerusalem Neighborhoods]</ref> It has a population of 4,000.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}} After the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], Umm Tuba was incorporated into the municipal district of Jerusalem.
 
==Etymology==
The name of the Arab village, "Umm Tuba," is derived from the Byzantine era name, "Metofa," itself a derivation of the name ''Netofa''. Netofa is mentioned in the Bible as the place from which two of King [[David]]'s heroes originated ({{bibleverse||2Samuel|23:28-29|HE}}).<ref name="mfa">Royal seal impressions from the First Temple period discovered south of Jerusalem, 23 Feb 2009 [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Royal-seal-impressions-discovered-23-Feb-2009.htm]</ref><ref name=Adawi>[http://antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?module_id=&sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1496 Greetings from Ahimelekh and Yehokhil, from Netofa in Judah (23/2/2009)], Israel Antiques Authority</ref>
 
==History==
 
=== Iron Age ===
Based on archaeological finds, Umm Tuba was the site of the biblical city of [[Netophah]].<ref>[http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1496&hist=1 Israel Antiquities Authority]</ref>
 
NetofaNetophah was a prosperous Judean farming village induring the period[[History of theancient [[Israel and Judah|First Temple period]].<ref name=mfa/> An archaeological digexcavation uncovered at least three royal seal impressions dating from the reign of [[Hezekiah]], King of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] (eighth century BCE). At least two [[LMLK seal|"LMLK" (belonging to the King) impressions]] and two personal seal impressions were discovered on handles of large jars of the type used to store wine and olive oil. Artifacts dating to the [[Hasmonean]] period was also found.<ref name=mfa/>
 
=== Classical antiquity ===
Artifacts dating to the [[Hasmonean]] period were found at the neighborhood.<ref name="mfa" />
 
Also discovered on the outskirts of the village is a Jewish burial cave from the [[Second Temple period|Second Temple Period]]. It follows the ''[[kokhim]]'' style characteristic of that era. Some of the ''kokhim'' openings feature incised Hebrew letters on each side, adorned with a rare and expensive [[Blue pigments|blue pigment]]. One of these inscriptions bears the word "qtn", a personal name already documented in [[Onomastics|onomastic]] evidence from the Second Temple Period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wiegmann |first=Alexander |last2=Baruch |first2=Yuval |date=2013 |title=New Discoveries Concerning Jewish Burial Caves from the Second Temple Period in Jerusalem |url=https://www.mohrsiebeck.com/10.1628/219222713X13874428011246 |journal=Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel |language=en |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=430–431 |doi=10.1628/219222713X13874428011246 |issn=2192-2276}}</ref>
 
=== Byzantine period ===
Impressive remains of a [[Byzantine]]-era monastery have been found, which has been taken as proof that Umm Tuba was the site of “Metofa”, a place mentioned in the writings of Church elders in the Byzantine period.<ref name=mfa/><ref name=Adawi/>
 
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French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the place in 1863, and described caves and other possible remains from a Christian period.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n96/mode/1up 83]-85</ref>
In 1883, the [[Palestine Exploration Fund|PEF]]'s ''[[PEF Survey of Palestine|Survey of Western Palestine]]'' (SWP) described the village as "an ancient site with bell-mouthed cisterns and ruins of modern buildings. To the east is a [[Maqam (shrine)|Mukam]] of ''Neby Toda''."<ref name=SWP128>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/128/mode/1up 128]</ref>
 
===British mandate era===
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate authorities]], Umm Tuba was counted with [[Sur Baher]], which had a population of 993, all Muslims,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n16/mode/1up 14]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 1529, still all Muslim, in 308 inhabited houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 44]</ref>
 
In the [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]] the population of Umm Tuba, together with [[Sur Baher]], was 2,450, all Muslims,<ref name="1945p25">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p25.jpg 25]</ref> who owned 8,915 [[dunam]]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jerusalem/Page-058.jpg 58]</ref> 911 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,927 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jerusalem/Page-104.jpg 104]</ref> while 56 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jerusalem/Page-154.jpg 154]</ref>
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After the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Umm Tuba has been under [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|Israeli occupation]].
 
After the [[Oslo II Accord|1995 accords]] 40% of [[Sur Baher]]/Umm Tuba land is defined as being in [[Palestinian enclaves|Area A]], 3% in [[Palestinian enclaves|Area B]], while the remaining 57% is in [[Area C (West Bank)|Area C]]. In 1997, Israel confiscated 354 dunams of land from Umm Tuba for the [[Israeli settlements]] of [[Har Homa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141112221332/http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/surbaherumtuba.pdf Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba Town Profile], ARIJ, pp. 4, 14</ref>
 
==Education==
In 2005, a minefield on the outskirts of [[Sur Baher]] was cleared of hundreds of Jordanian mines by Israel to ready the site for the construction of a new high school, which serves both Sur Baher and Umm Tuba.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160409174411/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-115494540.html Minefield cleared for new Arab school], [[Jerusalem Post]]]</ref>
The Wingate Charitable Trust has established a joint Jewish-Arab project in which fifth and sixth graders from Umm Tuba and [[Kiryat HaYovel]] study science together. At each meeting the children learn about a scientific concept, while becoming acquainted with each other's language and culture.<ref>[http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/news_article.aspx?MID=547&CID=558&AID=1610&ID=3964 The Universal Language of Science]</ref> Through the Abraham Project at the [[Bible Lands Museum]] in [[Givat Ram]], fourth graders from Umm Tuba meet with their Jewish peers to learn about their common ancestor, Abraham/Ibrahim.<ref>[http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/September/Abraham-Project-Brings-Jewish-Muslim-Kids-Together/ 'Abraham' Project Brings Jewish, Muslim Kids Together, CBS]</ref> In 2012, Umm Tuba
Elementary School took part in an environmental water conservation project financed by the [[Jerusalem Foundation]].<ref>[http://www.jerusalemfoundation.org/uploads/%5CRainwater%20Harvesting.pdf Rainwater Harvesting]</ref>
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In 2008, Prof. Tamar Rapoport and Afnan Masarwah of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] presented their research on changing perspectives of motherhood, children and family relationships among women in Umm Tuba.<ref>[http://ncjw-res.mscc.huji.ac.il/events_e.asp NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education ]</ref>
 
==Notable residentspeople==
 
* [[Muhammad Abu Tir]]<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/hamas-hair-apparent-1.63078 Hamas' hair apparent], [[Haaretz]]]</ref>
 
== References==
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{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin| title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =Frenchfr|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
*{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher= }}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|authorlinkauthor-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr06gugoog|volume=1: Judee, pt. 3|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=Frenchfr}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|authorlinkauthor-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth
|first2=KamalK. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{citation|last1=Kagan|first1=Evgeni D. |last2= Eirikh-Rose |first2=Anna |date= 2012-03-26 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1970&mag_id=119 |title=Jerusalem, Umm Tuba Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlinkauthor-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}
{{refend}}
 
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