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{{more footnotes|date=September 2015}}
{{short description|Brazilians of mixed racial origins}}
Brazilian censuses do not use a "[[multiracial]]" category. Instead, the censuses use [[skin colour]] categories. Most Brazilians of visibly mixed racial origins self-identify as [[Pardo Brazilians|pardos]].
According to some [[DNA]] researches, Brazilians
==History==
[[File:
Before the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1500, Brazil was inhabited by nearly five million Amerindians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/brasil500/report_10.htm|title=Folha Online - Brasil 500|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref> The Portuguese colonization of Brazil started in the sixteenth century. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the eighteenth century, 600,000 Portuguese arrived (6,000 per year).<ref>[https://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6brasilEstat.html Sapo.pt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904020730/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6brasilEstat.html |date=2007-09-04 }} Imigrantes</ref> Another race, Blacks, were brought from [[Africa]] as slaves, starting around 1550. Many came from [[Guinea-Bissau|Guinea]] or from [[West Africa]]n countries - by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from [[Kingdom of Kongo|Congo]], [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]] (or, in [[Bahia]], from [[Benin]]). By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around 3.5 million slaves had been brought to Brazil–37% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://international.loc.gov/intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-3-1.html|title=United States and Brazil: Slavery in Brazil / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Escravidão no Brasil|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}}
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a considerable influx of mainly European immigrants arrived in Brazil. According to the ''Memorial do Imigrante'', Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953.<ref name="Memorial 1870/1907">{{cite web |title=Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1870/1907 |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e1.htm |language=pt |accessdate=2007-06-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005222/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e1.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Memorial 1908/1953">{{cite web |title=Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1908/1953 |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e2.htm |language=pt |accessdate=2007-06-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005258/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e2.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-06-13}}</ref> Most of the immigrants were from Italy or Portugal, but also significant numbers of Germans, Spaniards, Japanese and Syrian-Lebanese.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 1234928 | title = The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages|journal= The American Journal of Human Genetics | pmid=11090340 | doi=10.1086/316931 | volume=68 | issue = 1| date=January 2001 | pages=281–6 | last1 = Carvalho-Silva | first1 = DR | last2 = Santos | first2 = FR | last3 = Rocha | first3 = J | last4 = Pena | first4 = SD}}</ref>
The Portuguese settlers were the ones to start the intensive race-mixing process in Brazil. [[Miscegenation]] in Brazil, according to many historians,{{Who|date=April 2010}} was not a
The [[White people|White]] Portuguese population in Brazil never outnumbered the non-White one. The numbers of Indigenous peoples{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} and African [[Slavery|slaves]] were much higher during [[Colonial Brazil]]. However, in the 19th century, there were more Brazilians of mixed Portuguese descent than those of pure African or Indian descent.<ref>[http://www.frigoletto.com.br/GeoPop/formapop.htm Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
▲[[File:Debret cativos.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Debret]]: a [[Guarani people|Guarani]] family captured by slave hunters in [[Brazil]].]]
==White/Amerindian==
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White/Black relationships in Brazil started as early as the first Africans were brought as [[slavery|slaves]] in 1550 where many portuguese men starting marrying black women. The [[Mulatto]]es (people of White/Black ancestry) were also enslaved,{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} though some children of rich [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]] and owners of gold mines were educated and became important people in Colonial Brazil.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Probably, the most famous case was [[Chica da Silva]], a mixed-race Brazilian slave{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} who married{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} a rich gold mine owner and became one of the richest people in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bairrodocatete.com.br/chicadasilva1.html |title=Chica da Silva<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809233550/http://www.bairrodocatete.com.br/chicadasilva1.html |archive-date=2007-08-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right
|-
! colspan="4" | Demographics of Brazil from 1835 to 1872<ref name="skidmore">{{cite journal|first=Thomas E.|last=Skidmore|title=Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil|journal=Working Paper|volume=173|url=http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf|date=April 1992}}</ref>
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In 1835, Blacks would have made up the majority of Brazil's population, according to a more recent estimate quoted by Thomas Skidmore. In 1872, their number was shown to be much smaller according to the census of that time, outnumbered by [[pardo]]s and Whites.
According to a genetic study with about 200 limited samples, 86% of Brazilians would have, at least, 10% of Black African genes.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas?|first1=Sérgio D. J.|last1=Pena|first2=Maria Cátira|last2=Bortolini|volume=18|issue=50|pages=31–50|doi=10.1590/S0103-40142004000100004|journal=Estudos Avançados|year=2004|doi-access=free|hdl=10183/19857|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
The researchers however were cautious about its conclusions: "Obviously these estimates were made by extrapolation of experimental results with relatively small samples and, therefore, their confidence limits are very ample". A new autosomal study from 2011, also led by Sérgio Pena, but with nearly 1000 samples this time, from all over the country, shows that in most Brazilian regions most Brazilians "whites" are less than 10% African in ancestry and it also shows that the "pardos" are predominantly European in ancestry, the European ancestry being therefore the main component in the Brazilian population, in spite of a very high degree of African ancestry and significant Native American contribution.<ref name="
According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, both "whites" and "pardos" from [[Fortaleza]] have a predominantly degree of European ancestry (>70%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions. "Whites" and "pardos" from [[Belém]] and [[Ilhéus]] also were found to be predominantly European in ancestry, with minor Native American and African contributions.<ref name="
{| class="wikitable" border="1" table style="border:1px black; float:right; margin-left:1em
|-
! style="background:#f99;" colspan="5"|Genomic ancestry of individuals in [[Porto Alegre]] Sérgio Pena ''et al.'' 2011.<ref name="
|-
|Colour||Amerindian||African||European
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|Total||9.6%||12.7%||77.7%
|-
! style="background:#f99;" colspan="5"|Genomic ancestry of individuals in [[Fortaleza]] Sérgio Pena ''et al.'' 2011.<ref name="
|-
|Colour||Amerindian||African||European
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According to another study, autosomal DNA study (see table), those who identified as Whites in Rio de Janeiro turned out to have 86.4% - and self identified pardos 68.1% - European ancestry on average. Blacks were found out to have on average 41.8% European ancestry.<ref name="laboratoriogene" />
A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analysed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).<ref name="pmid25820814">{{cite journal | journal=American Journal of Human Biology | title=Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries | year=2015 | volume=27 | issue=5 |vauthors=Rodrigues de Moura R, Coelho AV, de Queiroz Balbino V, Crovella S, Brandão LA | pmid=25820814 | doi=10.1002/ajhb.22714 | pages=674–80| hdl=11368/2837176 | s2cid=25051722 | url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.v27.5/issuetoc | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
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An autosomal study from 2013, with nearly 1300 samples from all of the Brazilian regions, found a predominant degree of European ancestry combined with African and Native American contributions, in varying degrees. 'Following an increasing North to South gradient, European ancestry was the most prevalent in all urban populations (with values up to 74%). The populations in the North consisted of a significant proportion of Native American ancestry that was about two times higher than the African contribution. Conversely, in the Northeast, Center-West and Southeast, African ancestry was the second most prevalent. At an intrapopulation level, all urban
populations were highly admixed, and most of the variation in ancestry proportions was observed between individuals within each population rather than among population'.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0075145| pmid=24073242| pmc=3779230|title = Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels| journal=PLOS ONE| volume=8| issue=9| pages=e75145|year = 2013|last1 = Saloum De Neves Manta|first1 = Fernanda| last2=Pereira| first2=Rui| last3=Vianna| first3=Romulo| last4=Rodolfo Beuttenmüller De Araújo| first4=Alfredo| last5=Leite Góes Gitaí| first5=Daniel| last6=Aparecida Da Silva| first6=Dayse| last7=De Vargas Wolfgramm| first7=Eldamária| last8=Da Mota Pontes| first8=Isabel| last9=Ivan Aguiar| first9=José| last10=Ozório Moraes| first10=Milton| last11=Fagundes De Carvalho| first11=Elizeu| last12=Gusmão| first12=Leonor| bibcode=2013PLoSO...875145S| doi-access=free}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Region<ref name="pmid19639555">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lins | first1 = T. C.| last2 = Vieira | first2 = R. G.| last3 = Abreu | first3 = B. S.| last4 = Grattapaglia | first4 = D.| last5 = Pereira | first5 = R. W.| title = Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs | doi = 10.1002/ajhb.20976 | journal = [[American Journal of Human Biology]]| volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 187–192 | date = March–April 2009 | pmid = 19639555 | s2cid = 205301927| url = https://repositorio.ucb.br:9443/jspui/handle/123456789/7489| doi-access = free }}</ref>'''
!'''European'''
!'''African'''
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|}
Another study (autosomal DNA study, from 2010) found out that: "Ancestry informative SNPs can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and Brazilian Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture. In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population. Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions.
<ref name="pmid19639555"/> It is important to note that "the samples came from free of charge paternity test takers, thus as the researchers made it explicit: "the paternity tests were free of charge, the population samples involved people of variable socioeconomic strata, although ''likely to be leaning slightly towards the ‘‘pardo’’ group''".<ref name="pmid19639555"/><ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u633465.shtml DNA de brasileiro é 80% europeu, indica estudo].</ref> According to it the total European, African and Native American contributions to the Brazilian population are:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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In support of the dominant European heritage of Brazil, according to another autosomal DNA study (from 2009) conducted on a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro the "pardos" there were found to be on average over 80% European, and the "whites" (who thought of themselves as "very mixed") were found out to carry very little Amerindian or African admixtures. "The results of the tests of genomic ancestry are quite different from the self made estimates of European ancestry", say the researchers. In general, the test results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "pardos" for example thought of themselves as 1/3 European, 1/3 African and 1/3 Amerindian before the tests, and yet their ancestry was determined to be at over 80% European. The "blacks" (pretos) of the periphery of Rio de Janeiro, according to this study, thought of themselves as predominantly African before the study and yet they turned out ''predominantly European'' (''at 52%''), the African contribution at 41% and the Native American 7%.<ref name="
According to another autosomal DNA study from 2009, the Brazilian population, in all regions of the country, was also found out to be predominantly European: "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico".<ref name="ARTIGO_BRASIL_LILIAN.pdf"/> According to it the total European, African and Native American contributions to the Brazilian population are:
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According to another autosomal study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65,90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24,80%) and the Native American (9,3%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-05-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref>
An autosomal study from 2011 (with nearly almost 1000 samples from all over the country, "whites", "pardos" and "blacks" included) has also concluded that European ancestry is the predominant ancestry in Brazil, accounting for nearly 70% of the ancestry of the population: "''In all regions studied, the European ancestry was predominant, with proportions ranging from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South''".<ref name="
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
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According to an autosomal DNA study (from 2003) focused on the composition of the Brazilian population as a whole, "European contribution [...] is highest in the South (81% to 82%), and lowest in the North (68% to 71%). The African component is lowest in the South (11%), while the highest values are found in the Southeast (18%-20%). Extreme values for the Amerindian fraction were found in the South and Southeast (7%-8%) and North (17%-18%)". The researchers were cautious with the results as their samples came from paternity test takers which may have skewed the results partly.<ref>{{
Several other older studies have suggested that European ancestry is the main component in all Brazilian regions. A study from 1965, Methods of Analysis of a Hybrid Population (Human Biology, vol 37, number 1), led by the geneticists D. F. Roberts e R. W. Hiorns, found out the average the Northeastern Brazilian to be predominantly European in ancestry (65%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions (25% and 9%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prossiga.bvgf.fgf.org.br/portugues/obra/opusculos/brasileiro_nacional.html |title=
==Black/Amerindian==
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==Japanese/non-Japanese==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! Generation!! Mixed-race (%)
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Nowadays, among the 1.8 million Brazilians of Japanese descent, 28% have some non-Japanese ancestry. The number reaches only 6% among the children of Japanese immigrants, but 61% among the great-grandchildren of Japanese immigrants.
==See also==
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