Mixed-race Brazilian: Difference between revisions

{{more footnotes|date=September 2015}}

{{short description|Brazilians of mixed racial origins}}

 

 

==History==

Before the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1500, Brazil was inhabited by nearly five million Amerindians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/brasil500/report_10.htm|title=Folha Online - Brasil 500|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref> The Portuguese colonization of Brazil started in the sixteenth century. In the first two centuries of colonization, 100,000 Portuguese arrived in Brazil (around 500 colonists per year). In the eighteenth century, 600,000 Portuguese arrived (6,000 per year).<ref>[https://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6brasilEstat.html Sapo.pt] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904020730/http://imigrantes.no.sapo.pt/page6brasilEstat.html |date=2007-09-04 }} Imigrantes</ref> Another race, Blacks, were brought from [[Africa]] as slaves, starting around 1550. Many came from [[Guinea-Bissau|Guinea]] or from [[West Africa]]n countries - by the end of the eighteenth century many had been taken from [[Kingdom of Kongo|Congo]], [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]] (or, in [[Bahia]], from [[Benin]]). By the time of the end of the slave trade in 1850, around 3.5 million slaves had been brought to Brazil&ndash;37% of all slave traffic between Africa and the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://international.loc.gov/intldl/brhtml/br-1/br-1-3-1.html|title=United States and Brazil: Slavery in Brazil / Brasil e Estados Unidos: A Escravidão no Brasil|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}}

 

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a considerable influx of mainly European immigrants arrived in Brazil. According to the ''Memorial do Imigrante'', Brazil attracted nearly 5 million immigrants between 1870 and 1953.<ref name="Memorial 1870/1907">{{cite web |title=Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1870/1907 |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e1.htm |language=pt |accessdate=2007-06-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005222/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e1.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Memorial 1908/1953">{{cite web |title=Entrada de imigrantes no Brasil - 1908/1953 |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e2.htm |language=pt |accessdate=2007-06-20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005258/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e2.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2007-06-13}}</ref> Most of the immigrants were from Italy or Portugal, but also significant numbers of Germans, Spaniards, Japanese and Syrian-Lebanese.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 1234928 | title = The Phylogeography of Brazilian Y-Chromosome Lineages|journal= The American Journal of Human Genetics | pmid=11090340 | doi=10.1086/316931 | volume=68 | issue = 1| date=January 2001 | pages=281–6 | last1 = Carvalho-Silva | first1 = DR | last2 = Santos | first2 = FR | last3 = Rocha | first3 = J | last4 = Pena | first4 = SD}}</ref>

 

 

The [[White people|White]] Portuguese population in Brazil never outnumbered the non-White one. The numbers of Indigenous peoples{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} and African [[Slavery|slaves]] were much higher during [[Colonial Brazil]]. However, in the 19th century, there were more Brazilians of mixed Portuguese descent than those of pure African or Indian descent.<ref>[http://www.frigoletto.com.br/GeoPop/formapop.htm Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

 

==White/Amerindian==

 

White/Black relationships in Brazil started as early as the first Africans were brought as [[slavery|slaves]] in 1550 where many portuguese men starting marrying black women. The [[Mulatto]]es (people of White/Black ancestry) were also enslaved,{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} though some children of rich [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]] and owners of gold mines were educated and became important people in Colonial Brazil.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Probably, the most famous case was [[Chica da Silva]], a mixed-race Brazilian slave{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} who married{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} a rich gold mine owner and became one of the richest people in Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bairrodocatete.com.br/chicadasilva1.html |title=Chica da Silva<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2007-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809233550/http://www.bairrodocatete.com.br/chicadasilva1.html |archive-date=2007-08-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}}

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! colspan="4" | Demographics of Brazil from 1835 to 1872<ref name="skidmore">{{cite journal|first=Thomas E.|last=Skidmore|title=Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil|journal=Working Paper|volume=173|url=http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf|date=April 1992}}</ref>

In 1835, Blacks would have made up the majority of Brazil's population, according to a more recent estimate quoted by Thomas Skidmore. In 1872, their number was shown to be much smaller according to the census of that time, outnumbered by [[pardo]]s and Whites.

 

 

The researchers however were cautious about its conclusions: "Obviously these estimates were made by extrapolation of experimental results with relatively small samples and, therefore, their confidence limits are very ample". A new autosomal study from 2011, also led by Sérgio Pena, but with nearly 1000 samples this time, from all over the country, shows that in most Brazilian regions most Brazilians "whites" are less than 10% African in ancestry and it also shows that the "pardos" are predominantly European in ancestry, the European ancestry being therefore the main component in the Brazilian population, in spite of a very high degree of African ancestry and significant Native American contribution.<ref name="Pena et al 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Pena |first1=Sérgio D. J. |last2=Di Pietro |first2=Giuliano |last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes |first3=Mateus |last4=Genro |first4=Julia Pasqualini |last5=Hutz |first5=Mara H. |last6=Kehdy |first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes |last7=Kohlrausch |first7=Fabiana |last8=Magno |first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana |last9=Montenegro |first9=Raquel Carvalho |last10=Moraes |first10=Manoel Odorico |last11=Moraes |first11=Maria Elisabete Amaral de |last12=Moraes |first12=Milene Raiol de |last13=Ojopi |first13=Élida B. |last14=Perini |first14=Jamila A. |last15=Racciopi |first15=Clarice |last16=Ribeiro-dos-Santos |first16=Ândrea Kely Campos |last17=Rios-Santos |first17=Fabrício |last18=Romano-Silva |first18=Marco A. |last19=Sortica |first19=Vinicius A. |last20=Suarez-Kurtz |first20=Guilherme |title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected |journal=PLOS ONE |date=16 February 2011 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=e17063 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 |pmid=21359226 |pmc=3040205 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other autosomal studies (see some of them below) show a European predominance in the Brazilian population. Some researchers have found that the average European American type has approximately 10% to 12% non-White genetic material.<ref>[http://www.ancestrybydna.com/welcome/productsandservices/ancestrybydna/ethnicities/ DNAPrint Genomics Website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612110240/http://www.ancestrybydna.com/welcome/productsandservices/ancestrybydna/ethnicities/|date=2009-06-12}}</ref>

According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, both "whites" and "pardos" from [[Fortaleza]] have a predominantly degree of European ancestry (>70%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions. "Whites" and "pardos" from [[Belém]] and [[Ilhéus]] also were found to be predominantly European in ancestry, with minor Native American and African contributions.<ref name="Pena et al 2011"/>

 

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! style="background:#f99;" colspan="5"|Genomic ancestry of individuals in [[Porto Alegre]] Sérgio Pena ''et al.'' 2011.<ref name="Pena et al 2011"/>

According to another study, autosomal DNA study (see table), those who identified as Whites in Rio de Janeiro turned out to have 86.4% - and self identified pardos 68.1% - European ancestry on average. Blacks were found out to have on average 41.8% European ancestry.<ref name="laboratoriogene" />

 

 

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|-

!'''European'''

!'''African'''

 

==Japanese/non-Japanese==

|-

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! Generation!! Mixed-race (%)

 

Nowadays, among the 1.8 million Brazilians of Japanese descent, 28% have some non-Japanese ancestry. The number reaches only 6% among the children of Japanese immigrants, but 61% among the great-grandchildren of Japanese immigrants.

 

==See also==