Asteraceae: Difference between revisions

* [[Asteroideae]] <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]] (1829)</small>

* [[Barnadesioideae]] <small>[[Kåre Bremer|K.Bremer]] & [[Robert K. Jansen|R.K.Jansen]] (1992)</small>

* [[Carduoideae]] <small>[[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]] (1826)</small>

* [[Cichorioideae]] <small>[[François Fulgis Chevallier|Chevall.]] (1828)</small>

* [[Corymbioideae]] <small>[[José L. Panero|Panero]] & [[Vicki Ann Funk|V.A.Funk]] (2002)</small>

* [[Dicomoideae]] {{small|S.Ortiz (2002)}}
* [[Famatinanthoideae]] <small>[[Susana Edith Freire|S.E.Freire]], [[Luis Ariza Espinar|Ariza]] & Panero (2014)</small>

* [[Gochnatioideae]] <small>Panero & [[V.A.Funk]] (2002)</small>

* [[Gymnarrhenoideae]] <small>Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)</small>

* [[Hecastocleidoideae]] <small>Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)</small>

* [[Mutisioideae]] <small>Lindl. (1829)</small>

* [[Pertyoideae]] <small>Panero & V.A.Funk (2002)</small>

* [[Stifftioideae]] <small>Panero (2007)</small>

* [[WunderlichioideaeTarchonanthoideae]] <{{small>Panero|S.Ortiz & Funk</small>(2020)}}

The [[family (biology)|family]] '''Asteraceae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|s|t|ə|'|r|eɪ|s|i|.|iː|,_|-|s|i|.ˌ|aɪ}}), withis thea originallarge name[[family '''Compositae''',<ref(biology)|family]] name=BarkleyEtAl/>of [[flowering plants]] that consists of over 32,000 known species of [[flowering plant]]s in over 1,900 genera within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Asterales]]. Commonly referred to as the '''aster''', '''daisy''', '''composite''', or '''sunflower family''', Compositae were first described in the year 1740. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the [[Orchidaceae]], and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of [[Extant taxon|extant]] species in each family is unknown. The Asteraceae were first described in the year 1740 and given the original name '''Compositae'''.<ref name=BarkleyEtAl/> The family is commonly known as the '''aster''', '''daisy''', '''composite''', or '''sunflower family'''.

Most species of Asteraceae are [[herbaceous plants]], and may be [[Annual plant|annual]], [[Biennial plant|biennial]], or [[Perennial plant|perennial]] herbaceous plants, but there are also [[shrubs]], [[vines]], and [[trees]]. The family has a widespread distribution, from subpolar to [[tropical regions]], in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in [[Hot desert climate|hot desert]] and cold or hot [[Semi-arid climate|semi-desert climates]], and they are found on every continent but [[Antarctica]]. Their common primary common characteristic is compound [[flower head]]s, technically known as [[Capitulum (flower)|capitula]], consisting of sometimes hundreds of tiny individual [[florets]] enclosed by a whorl of protective [[Bract#Involucral bracts|involucral bract]]s.

Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing food staples, garden plants, and herbal medicines. Species outside of their native ranges can be consideredbecome [[weed]]y or [[Invasive species|invasive]].

Members of the Asteraceae are mostly [[herbaceous plants]], but some shrubs, vines, and trees (such as ''[[Lachanodes arborea]]'') do exist. Asteraceae species are generally easy to distinguish from other plants because of their unique [[inflorescence]] and other shared characteristics, such as the joined anthers of the [[stamen]]s.<ref name=Judd/> Nonetheless, determining genera and species of some groups such as ''[[Hieracium#Species|Hieracium]]'' is notoriously difficult (see "[[damned yellow composite]]" for example).<ref name=MandelEtAl2019 />

The stems are herbaceous, aerial, branched, and cylindrical with glandular hairs, generallyusually erect, but can be prostrate to ascending. The stems can contain secretory canals with [[resin]],<ref name=BarkleyEtAl/> or [[latex]], which is particularly common among the [[Cichorioideae]].<ref name=KGL/>

Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense flower heads called ''capitula''. They are surrounded by [[bract#Involucral bracts|involucral bracts]], and when viewed from a distance, each capitulum may appear to be a single flower. Enlarged outer (peripheral) flowers in the capitulum may resemble petals, and the involucral bracts may look like a calyx.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elomaa |first1=Paula |last2=Zhao |first2=Yafei |last3=Zhang |first3=Teng |date=2018-07-01 |title=Flower heads in Asteraceae—recruitment of conserved developmental regulators to control the flower-like inflorescence architecture |journal=Horticulture Research |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=36 |doi=10.1038/s41438-018-0056-8 |pmid=29977572 |issn=2052-7276|pmc=6026493 |bibcode=2018HorR....5...36E }}</ref>

Asteraceae are especially common in open and dry environments.<ref name=Judd/> Many members of Asteraceae are [[pollination|pollinated]] by insects, which explains their value in attracting [[beneficial insects]], but [[pollination syndrome|anemophily]] is also present (e.g. ''[[Ragweed|Ambrosia]]'', ''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia]]''). There are many [[apomixis|apomictic]] species in the family.