Norwegians: Difference between revisions

{{About|the ethnic group native to [[Norway]]||Norwegian (disambiguation){{!}}Norwegian}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=OctoberJune 20232024}}

| popplace = {{flagcountry|Norway}} 4,548459,958166<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssb.no/statbankbefolkning/tablefolketall/05182statistikk/tableViewLayout1befolkning|access-date=26 February 2024|work=ssb.no|title=Befolkning}}</?rxidref><ref>{{cite web|url=6953c747-7e3b-4e00-8d03-a40bc881656bhttps://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/05182|access-date=26 MayFebruary 20182024|work=ssb.no|title=05182: Personer, etter innvandringskategori og kjønn (F) 1970 – 2021}}</ref>

| pop3 = 463,275<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=3 |author=Statistics Canada |title=2016 National Household Survey: Data tables |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=14 April 2019 |author-link=Statistics Canada |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920181643/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=01&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

| pop14 = 1,400<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |title=Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents |access-date=6 December 2009 |publisher=Statistics Norway |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524210405/https://www.webcitation.org/5nDtcE5XJ?url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |archive-date=124 FebruaryMay 20102024 }}</ref>

| rels = [[Lutheranism]] ([[Church of Norway]])<ref name="stat2015statechurch">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar|title=Church of Norway, 2015: Steady decline in number of church attendances|publisher=Statistics Norway|date=4 May 2016|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125173428/http://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar|url-status=live}}</ref><br /> Historically [[Old Norse religion|Norse paganism]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholic Christianity]] (prior to the [[Reformation]])

| footnotes = a. {{note|aaa}} Based on table of given countries above. Includes those of partial Norwegian ancestry but does not include people of [[FaroeFaroese Islanderspeople|Faroese]], [[IcelandersIcelandic people|Icelandic]], [[Orcadians|Orcadian]] or [[Shetlanders|Shetland]] ancestry.

In 1814, following Denmark–Norway's defeat in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Norway entered a [[Union between Sweden and Norway|union]] with [[Sweden]] and adopted a [[Constitution of Norway|new constitution]]. [[Norwegian romantic nationalism|Rising nationalism]] throughout the 19th century led to a [[1905 Norwegian union dissolution referendum|1905 referendum]] granting Norway [[Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden|independence]]. Although [[History of Norway#World War III|Norway remained officially neutral]] in [[World War I]], Norwaythe proclaimedcountry itswas [[The Neutral countryAlly|neutralityunofficially allied]] with the [[Entente powers]]. In [[World War II]], Norway proclaimed its neutrality, but was nonetheless [[German occupationOccupation of Norway by Nazi Germany|occupied for five years]] by [[Nazi Germany]] (1940–45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of [[NATO]]. [[Energy in Norway|Discovery of oil and gas]] in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted [[Economy of Norway|Norway's economy]] but in referendums held in [[1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum|1972]] and [[1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum|1994]], Norway rejected joining the [[European Union|EU]]. Key domestic issues include integration of a fast-growing [[Immigration to Norway|immigrant population]], maintaining the country's generous [[social safety net]] with an [[Ageing of Europe|aging population]], and preserving economic competitiveness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=29 March 2015|archive-date=11 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023530/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Norwegian or Norse Vikings<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of English|edition=2nd|editor1-last=Soanes|editor1-first= Catherine|editor2-last=Stevenson|editor2-first= Angus|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|title=Norse|page=1200|isbn=0-19-8613474}}</ref> raided and settled in [[Shetland]], [[Orkney]], Ireland, Scotland, and northern England. In the United Kingdom, many names for places ending in -''kirk'', -''ness'', -''thorpe'', -''toft'' and -''by'' are likely Norse in origin.<ref name="Nikel 2020">{{cite web | last=Nikel | first=David | title=Viking Settlements in Scandinavia and Beyond | website=Life in Norway | date=17 June 2020 | url=https://www.lifeinnorway.net/viking-settlements/ | access-date=24 April 2023 | archive-date=24 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424141609/https://www.lifeinnorway.net/viking-settlements/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 947, a new wave of Norwegian Vikings appeared in England when [[Erik Bloodaxe]] captured [[York]]. In the 8th century and onwards, Norwegian and Danish Vikings also settled in [[Normandy]], most famously those led by [[Rollo]],; and thus began the traditionsome of thetheir [[Normans|Norman]] (also meaning 'men from thedescendants north'),would wholater expandedexpand to England, [[Sicily]], and other [[Mediterranean]] islands.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, many Norwegians emigrated to the Netherlands, particularly [[Amsterdam]].<ref>Van Lottum, Jelle. Across the North Sea: The Impact of the Dutch Republic on International Labour Migration, c. 1550–1850. Vol. 1. Amsterdam University Press, 2007, pp. 73–77</ref> The Netherlands was the second-most popular destination for Norwegian emigrants after Denmark.<ref>de Bles, Harry, and Erlend des Bouvrie. Dutch Light in the" Norwegian Night": Maritime Relations and Migration Across the North Sea in Early Modern Times. Uitgeverij Verloren, 2004, p. 8</ref> Loosely estimated, some 10% of the population may have emigrated, in a period when the entire Norwegian population consisted of some 800,000 people.{{CnCitation needed|date=September 2023}}

The Norwegians left with the Dutch trade ships that when in Norway traded for timber, hides, herring, and [[stockfish]] (dried codfish). Young women took employment as maids in Amsterdam, while young men took employment as sailors. Large parts of the Dutch merchant fleet and navy came to consist of Norwegians and Danes. Most [[Dutchification|took Dutch names]], leaving no trace of Norwegian names in the later Dutch population.{{CnCitation needed|date=September 2023}}

Many Norwegians emigrated to the US between the 1850s and the 1920s. The descendants of these people are known as Norwegian Americans. Many Norwegian settlers traveled to and through Canada and Canadian ports while immigrating to the United States. In 1850, the year after Great Britain repealed its restrictive [[Navigation Acts]] in Canada, more emigrating Norwegians sailed the shorter route to the Ville de Québec ([[Quebec City]]) in Canada, to make their way to US cities like [[Chicago]], [[Milwaukee]], and [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] by [[steamship]]. For example, in the 1850s, 28,640 arrived at Quebec, Canada, en route to the US, and 8,351 at New York directly. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, three million Americans consider Norwegian to be their sole or primary ancestry. It is estimated that as many as a further 1.5 million more are of partial Norwegian ancestry. Norwegian Americans represent 2–3% of the non-Hispanic [[European American|Euro-American]] population in the U.S. They mostly live in both the [[Upper Midwest]] and [[Pacific Northwest]].{{CnCitation needed|date=September 2023}}

{{Main|Norwegian CanadiansCanadian}}{{More refscitations needed|section|date=September 2023}}[[File:Christian-krohg-leiv-eriksson.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Leiv Eirikson Discovering America]]'' (1893) by [[Christian Krohg]]]]

{{Main|Norwegian AustraliansAustralian}}

{{see also|IcelandicNorwegian settlement in CommonwealthIceland|Scandinavian migration to Britainthe United Kingdom|Early Scandinavian Dublin|Norwegian South AfricansAfrican|NordicScandinavian BraziliansBrazilian}}

Norwegians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:<ref name="Indo-European"/> Mesolithic [[hunter-gatherer]]s, descended from a [[Early European modern humans|Cro-Magnon]] population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Curry |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |work=National Geographic |date=August 2019 |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306235330/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |url-status=livedead }}</ref> [[Early European Farmers|Neolithic farmers]] who migrated from Anatolia during the [[Neolithic Revolution]] 9,000 years ago,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gibbons |first1=Ann |title=Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population |journal=Science |date=21 February 2017 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925154535/https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Yamnaya culture|Yamnaya]] [[Western Steppe Herders|steppe pastoralists]] who expanded into Europe from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] in the context of [[Indo-European migrations]] 5,0005000 years ago.<ref name="Indo-European">{{Cite journal|last1=Haak |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Lazaridis |first2=Iosif |last3=Patterson |first3=Nick |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Llamas |first6=Bastien |last7=Brandt |first7=Guido |last8=Nordenfelt |first8=Susanne |last9=Harney |first9=Eadaoin |last10=Stewardson |first10=Kristin |last11=Fu |first11=Qiaomei |date=11 June 2015 |title=Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=522 |issue=7555 |pages=207–211 |doi=10.1038/nature14317 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=5048219 |pmid=25731166 |bibcode=2015Natur.522..207H |arxiv=1502.02783}}</ref>

The Norwegian population is typical of the Northern European population with [[Haplogroup II1 (Y-M253DNA)|Haplogroup I1]] being the most common Y-haplogroup, at about 37,3%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dupuy|first1=Berit Myhre|last2=Stenersen|first2=Margurethe|last3=Lu|first3=Tim T.|last4=Olaisen|first4=Bjørnar|date=1 December 2006|title=Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16337760/|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=164|issue=1|pages=10–19|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.009|issn=0379-0738|pmid=16337760|access-date=6 March 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121030557/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16337760/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Y-DNA Haplogrupper – Norway DNA Norgesprosjektet|url=https://www.norwaydna.no/y-dna/y-haplogrupper/|access-date=6 March 2021|website=www.norwaydna.no|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118061840/https://www.norwaydna.no/y-dna/y-haplogrupper/|url-status=live}}</ref> Norwegians also show the characteristic [[Haplogroup R1a|R1a]] genes of the paternal ancestorship at 17.9%<ref name="ajhg.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63256-X |title=Maintenance Page |access-date=8 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414055310/http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297(07)63256-X |archive-date=14 April 2012 }} Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland – Agnar Helgason et al., 2000, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 67:697–717, 2000</ref> to 30.8%.<ref name="Rosser et al. 2000">Rosser et al. (2000)</ref> Such large frequencies of R1a have been found only in East Europe and India.<ref>F. Luca, F. Di Giacomo, T. Benincasa et al., "Y-Chromosomal Variation in the Czech Republic," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132:132–139 (2007).</ref> [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]] gene showing paternal descent is also widespread at 25.9%<ref name="ajhg.org"/> to 30.8%.<ref name="Rosser et al. 2000"/>

Norwegian genetic ancestry also exists in many locations where Norwegians immigrated. In particular, several northern states in the United States ([[Michigan]], [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], and [[Montana]]) show Scandinavian (which includes Norwegian) ancestry proportions among European descent (white) persons of 10 to 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bryc|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Durand|first2=Eric&nbsp;Y.|last3=Macpherson|first3=J. Michael|last4=Reich|first4=David|last5=Mountain|first5=Joanna&nbsp;L.|date=8 January 2015|title=The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=96|issue=1|pages=37–53|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010|pmid=25529636|pmc=4289685|issn=0002-9297}}</ref> Similarly, Norwegian ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of the population of [[Shetland islands|the Shetland Islands]] and [[Denmark–Norway|Danish-Norwegian]] ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of the population of [[Greenland]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=Edmund|last2=O'Reilly|first2=Seamus|last3=Merrigan|first3=Michael|last4=McGettigan|first4=Darren|last5=Vitart|first5=Veronique|last6=Joshi|first6=Peter K.|last7=Clark|first7=David W.|last8=Campbell|first8=Harry|last9=Hayward|first9=Caroline|last10=Ring|first10=Susan M.|last11=Golding|first11=Jean|date=17 September 2019|title=The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=116|issue=38|pages=19064–19070|doi=10.1073/pnas.1904761116|issn=0027-8424|pmid=31481615|pmc=6754546|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moltke|first1=Ida|last2=Fumagalli|first2=Matteo|last3=Korneliussen|first3=Thorfinn&nbsp;S.|last4=Crawford|first4=Jacob&nbsp;E.|last5=Bjerregaard|first5=Peter|last6=Jørgensen|first6=Marit&nbsp;E.|last7=Grarup|first7=Niels|last8=Gulløv|first8=Hans&nbsp;Christian|last9=Linneberg|first9=Allan|last10=Pedersen|first10=Oluf|last11=Hansen|first11=Torben|date=8 January 2015|title=Uncovering the Genetic History of the Present-Day Greenlandic Population|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=96|issue=1|pages=54–69|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.012|pmid=25557782|pmc=4289681|issn=0002-9297}}</ref>

* [[Haplogroup INOP (Y-M170DNA)|INOP]] –~ 555%

* [[Haplogroup JT (mtDNA)|JT]] ~ 23%

* [[Haplogroup KUK (mtDNA)|UK]] ~ 22%

{{Main|Norwegian cuisine|ListCuisine of Norwegian dishesNorway}}

[[File:Norwegian.cuisine-Reinsdyrsteik-01.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Reinsdyrsteik]] or [[Sautéed reindeer|Finnbiff]] (Reindeer steak), a traditional Norwegian dish served with vegetables and [[lingonberry jam]]. It is served from the south to the north of Norway.]]

Norway's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming cultures, focusingtraditions onwith [[salmon]] (fresh and cured), [[herring]] (pickled or marinated), [[trout]], [[cod]]fish, and other [[seafood]] well balanced by a range of cheeses (e.g. [[Jarlsberg cheese]], [[Brunost]], [[Gamalost]], [[Pultost]], or [[Norvegia]]), dairy products, and excellent breads (predominantly dark/darker). as[[Lefse]] partis ofa thecommon [[NordicNorwegian breadpotato culture]])flatbread, common around Christmas. For suchrenowned asNorwegian dishes, see [[crispbreadlutefisk]] ({{lang-no|knekkebrød}}) or, [[rye breadsmalahove]] ({{lang-no|rugbrød}})., [[Hors d'oeuvre|Appetiserpinnekjøtt]]s include a wide variety of, [[SmørrebrødKrotekake]] (i.e.and [[open sandwichfårikål]]es).

The jazz scene in Norway is also thriving. [[Jan Garbarek]], [[Mari Boine]], [[Arild Andersen]], [[Hanna Paulsberg]], and [[Bugge Wesseltoft]] are internationally recognised while [[Paal Nilssen-Love]], [[Supersilent]], [[Jaga Jazzist]], and [[Wibutee]] are becoming world-class artists of the younger generation.<ref>[http://www.studyinnorway.no/sn/Living-in-Norway/Culture Culture from Study in Norway] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219033541/http://www.studyinnorway.no/sn/Living-in-Norway/Culture |date=19 February 2012 }}. Retrieved 2 December 2008.</ref>

Norway has a strong [[folk music]] tradition which remains popular to this day.<ref>[http://www.norway.org.uk/culture/music/folk/folk.htm Norwegian Folk Music from Norway, official site in the UK.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040326090318/http://www.norway.org.uk/culture/music/folk/folk.htm |date=26 March 2004 }}. Retrieved 25 November 2008.</ref> Among the most prominent folk musicians are [[Hardanger fiddleHardingfele|Hardanger fiddlers]] [[Arve Moen Bergset]], [[Andrea Een]], [[Olav Jørgen Hegge]], [[Vidar Lande]] and [[Annbjørg Lien]], violinist [[Susanne Lundeng]], and vocalists [[Agnes Buen Garnås]], [[Kirsten Bråten Berg]] and [[Odd Nordstoga]].<ref>[http://www.norway.org.uk/culture/contemporaryart/ Contemporary art from Norway the official site.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120908073200/http://www.norway.org.uk/culture/contemporaryart/ |date=8 September 2012 }}. Retrieved 28 November 2008.</ref> Notable Norwegian folk bands include [[Bukkene Bruse]] or [[Tiriltunga]].

[[File:Oslo 17 mai 2010.jpg|thumb|250px|Norwegian Constitution Day, 17 May]]

{{See also|Religion in Norway|Norwegian AmericansAmerican#The Norwegian Lutheran Church in the United States}}

Delt ikraftsetting av lov 27. mai 2016 om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.). Loven trer i kraft fra 1. januar 2017 med unntak av romertall I § 3 nr. 8 første og fjerde ledd, § 3 nr. 10 annet punktum og § 5 femte ledd, som trer i kraft 1. juli 2016.»</ref><ref name="stortinget.no">[https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Beslutninger/Lovvedtak/2015-2016/vedtak-201516-056/ Lovvedtak 56 (2015–2016) Vedtak til lov om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220253/https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Beslutninger/Lovvedtak/2015-2016/vedtak-201516-056/ |date=3 July 2018 }} Stortinget.no</ref> The Church of Norway was previously the country's official religion, and its central administrative functions were carried out by the Royal Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs until 2017.<ref name=NOU2006>[[Norwegian Official Report|NOU]] 2006: 2: ''Staten og Den norske kirke'' [The State and the Church of Norway]. Utredning fra Stat – kirke-utvalget oppnevnt ved kongelig resolusjon av 14. mars 2003. ([http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kud/dok/nouer/2006/nou-2006-2.html?id=156177 Official report to the Minister of Culture available online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001719/http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kud/dok/nouer/2006/NOU-2006-2.html?id=156177 |date=11 September 2014 }}).</ref> The Evangelical Lutheran Church is still mentioned in the [[Constitution of Norway|constitution]], for example, the [[King of Norway|King]] is still required to profess an evangelicala Lutheran faith.<ref>{{cite web |title=The King prevented a real separation of church and state |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/xl/_-kongen-hindret-et-reelt-skille-mellom-kirke-og-stat-1.12748098 |publisher=NRK |access-date=3 May 2020 |language=no |date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805193100/https://www.nrk.no/norge/xl/_-kongen-hindret-et-reelt-skille-mellom-kirke-og-stat-1.12748098 |url-status=live }}</ref> When baptised, children are registered in the [[Church of Norway]]'s member register, leading to a large membership, although many people do not remain observant as adults. A majority of both ethnic Norwegians and Sámi are nominally Christian, but not necessarily observant. In [[Norway]] as of 2018, 70% of the population are members of the [[Church of Norway|Evangelical Lutheran Church]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Church of Norway |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar |publisher=Statistics Norway |access-date=3 May 2020 |date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142905/https://www.ssb.no/en/kultur-og-fritid/statistikker/kirke_kostra/aar |url-status=live }}</ref> though only 47.1% answered "Yes" to the question "Do you believe in God?" in a 2018 [[European Values Study]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/|title=European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017) "do you believe in: God (Q18A)"|website=GESIS: ZACAT|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211072723/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/|url-status=live}}</ref>

* ''[[Vikings]]'': used in the Nordic countries to denote people who went raiding, pillaging or ''[[Thrall|slave catching]]'' during the Viking Age. Used in a similar way by other peoples but can also mean [[Scandinavia]]ns in general.

* ''[[Culture of Minnesota|Minnewegian]]'': [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] term for a [[Norwegian Minnesotan]].

* [[List of early Germanic peoples]]