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{{Short description|River gods in Greek mythology}}
{{other uses}}
{{Greek myth (aquatic nymphs)}}
[[File:Бог реки Нил коптская ткань IV В.jpg|thumb|[[Nilus (mythology)|Nilus]], the ''potamos'' of the [[Nile River]], depicted in a [[Copts|Coptic]] tapestry]]
The '''''Potamoi''''' ({{langx|grc|Ποταμοί|Potamoí|Rivers}}) are the gods of [[river]]s and streams of the earth in [[Greek mythology]].
==Mythology==
The river gods were the 3000 sons of the great earth-encircling river [[Oceanus]] and his wife [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and the brothers of the [[Oceanid]]s.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [
Notable river gods include:
* [[Achelous]], the god of the [[Achelous River]], the largest river in Greece, who gave his daughter in marriage to [[Alcmaeon (mythology)|Alcmaeon]],<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.7.5 3.7.5].</ref> and was defeated by [[Heracles]] in a wrestling contest for the right to marry [[Deianira]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.8.1 1.8.1], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.7.5 2.7.5].</ref>
* [[Alpheus (deity)|Alpheus]], who fell in love with the [[nymph]] [[Arethusa (mythology)|
* [[Asopus]], father of many naiads. His daughter [[Aegina]] was carried off to the island Aegina by Zeus. Another daughter, [[Sinope (mythology)|Sinope]], tricked three amorous gods into leaving her virginity intact.
* [[Inachus]], the first king of Argos and progenitor of the Argive line through his son Argus.
* [[Nilus (mythology)|Nilus]], Egyptian river god and the father of numerous daughters who mingled with the descendants of Inachus, forming a dynasty of kings in Egypt, Libya, Arabia and Ethiopia.
* [[Peneus]], river god of Thessaly flowing from the foot of Pindus. He was the father of [[Daphne]] and [[Stilbe]], love interests of the god Apollo.
* [[Scamander]], who fought on the side of the [[Troy|Trojans]] during the [[Trojan War]], and was offended when [[Achilles]] polluted his waters with a large number of Trojan corpses. In response, he overflowed his banks, nearly drowning Achilles.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.54-20.85 20.74], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.200-21.232 21.211 ff.].</ref>
Ancient Greek poet [[Hesiod]] mentioned several river gods by name, along with their origin story, in ''[[Theogony|Theogonia]]<ref>θεογονία. [[Henry Liddell|Liddell, Henry George]]; [[Robert Scott (philologist)|Scott, Robert]]; ''[[A Greek–English Lexicon]]'' at the [[Perseus Project]]</ref>'' ("the birth of the gods"):<blockquote>And Tethys bare to Ocean eddying rivers, Nilus, and Alpheus, and deep-swirling Eridanus, Strymon, and Meander, and the fair stream of Ister, and Phasis, and Rhesus, and the silver eddies of Achelous, Nessus, and Rhodius, Haliacmon, and Heptaporus, Granicus, and Aesepus, and holy Simois, and Peneus, and Hermus, and Caicus fair stream, and great Sangarius, Ladon, Parthenius, Euenus, Ardescus, and divine Scamander. — ''Theogony,'' Hesiod. Translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White (1914)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/theogony.htm |title=The Theogony |year=1914 |isbn=978-1-4209-0525-0 |language=en |translator-last=Evelyn-White |translator-first=Hugh G. |oclc=1289856352}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hesiod |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodTheogony.html |title=Hesiod, Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica. |publisher=William Heinemann |others=H G. Loeb Classical Library |year=1914 |volume=57 |location=London}}</ref></blockquote>
==List of
The following are the sons of Oceanus and Tethys:''<ref>[[
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Name of river
! rowspan="2" |River god
! colspan="7" |Sources
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" |Son of Oceanus and Tethys
|-
!''Hes.''
!''Ovid''
!''
!''
!''
!''
!''Others''
|-
|[[Achelous]] or Akheloios
|
|
|✓
|
|✓
|
|
|''Homer, Sophocles, Euripides, Callimachus, Apollonius Rhodius, Diodorus Siculus, Statius, Hyginus, Plato, Aristotle''
|Aetolia
|
|-
|[[Acheron]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Line 50 ⟶ 59:
|
|Underworld and Thesprotia
|''*presumably''
|-
|[[Acis and Galatea|Acis]]
|''Changed into a river''
|
|✓
|
|
Line 63 ⟶ 70:
|
|
|Sicily
|son of Pan and nymph Symaethis
|-
|[[Acragas (mythology)|Acragas]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 74 ⟶ 82:
|
|
|Sicily
|
|-
|[[Aeas]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 86 ⟶ 95:
|
|Epirus
|''*''
|-
|[[Aegaeus (mythology)|Aegaeus]]
|
|
|
Line 98 ⟶ 107:
|''Apollonius''
|Scheria (Corcyra)
|*
|-
|[[Aesar (mythology)|Aesar]]
|✓
|
|
Line 109 ⟶ 117:
|
|
|''Strabo''
|Tyrrhenia or Etruria
|*
|-
|[[Aesepus]]
|
|
|
|
Line 122 ⟶ 131:
|
|Troad
|
|-
|[[Almo (god)|Almo]]
|
|
|✓
|
|
Line 135 ⟶ 142:
|
|
|Latium
|*
|-
|[[Alpheus (mythology)|Alpheus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Arcadia
|
|-
|[[Amnisos (mythology)|Amnisos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 159 ⟶ 165:
|
|
|''Apollonius, Callimachus''
|Crete
|*
|-
|[[Amphrysos]]
|
|
|✓
|
|
Line 171 ⟶ 178:
|
|
|Thessaly
|*
|-
|[[
|✓
|
|✓
|
|
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|Sicily
|*
|-
|[[Anauros (mythology)|Anauros]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 194 ⟶ 202:
|
|
|Thessaly
|
|-
|[[Anigros (mythology)|Anigros]]
|✓
|
|
Line 207 ⟶ 213:
|
|
|''Strabo''
|Elis
|*
|-
|[[Apidanus]]
|
|
|✓
|
|
Line 219 ⟶ 226:
|
|
|Thessaly
|*
|-
|[[Saone|Arar]]
|''River named after''
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
Line 232 ⟶ 241:
|
|-
|[[Aras (river)|Araxes]]
|''River named after''
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
|
|Armenia
|son of Pylus
|-
|[[Ardescus]]
|
|
|
|
Line 253 ⟶ 262:
|
|
|Thrace
|
|-
|[[Arnos (mythology)|Arnos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 263 ⟶ 273:
|
|
|''Strabo''
|Etruria
|*
|-
|[[Ascanius (disambiguation)|Ascanius]]
|✓
|
|
|
|
|✓
|
|''Antoninus''
|Mysia
|*
|-
|[[Asopus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|✓
|
|Boeotia and Argos
|✓; some accounts, son of Zeus and Eurynome or Poseidon and either [[Pero (mythology)|Pero]] or [[Celusa]]
|-
|[[Asterion (god)|Asterion]]
|✓
|
|
Line 286 ⟶ 308:
|
|
|✓
|
|Argos
|*
|-
|[[Axenus (mythology)|Axenus]] or [[Axius (mythology)|Axius]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Paeonia and Macedonia
|
|-
|[[Baphyras]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 326 ⟶ 334:
|
|
|Pieria
|
|-
|[[Borysthenes]]
|✓
|
|
Line 335 ⟶ 345:
|
|
|''Antoninus''
|Scythia
|*
|-
|[[Brychon]]
|✓
|
|
Line 347 ⟶ 357:
|
|
|''Lycophron''
|Chersonnese
|*
|-
|[[Caanthus]]
|✓
|
|
Line 358 ⟶ 368:
|
|
|✓
|
|
|✓
|-
|[[Caicinus (mythology)|Caicinus]]
|✓
|
|
Line 374 ⟶ 380:
|
|
|✓
|
|Bruttium
|*
|-
|[[Caicus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Teuthrania, Mysia
|
|-
|[[Cayster]]
|
|
|
Line 395 ⟶ 404:
|
|
|
|
|Lydia
|*
|-
|[[Cebren]]
|
|
|✓
|✓
|
|
|
|''Parthenius''
|Troad
|*
|-
|[[Cephissus (mythology)|Cephissus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|✓
|✓
|
|Phocis, Attica, Argos
|✓
|-
|[[Chremetes]]
|✓
|
|
Line 435 ⟶ 441:
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|Libya
|*
|-
|[[Cladeus]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
|Elis
|*
|-
|[[Clitumnus]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 459 ⟶ 466:
|
|
|Umbria
|*
|-
|[[Cocytus]]
|✓
|
|
Line 467 ⟶ 477:
|
|
|''Oppian''
|Underworld and Thesprotia
|*
|-
|[[Cratais (mythology)|Cratais]]
|✓{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
|
|*
|-
|[[Crinisus]]
|✓
|
|
|
|
|✓
|
|''Virgil, Lycophron, Servius, Aelian''
|Sicily
|*
|-
|[[Cydnos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 507 ⟶ 513:
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|Cilicia
|*
|-
|[[Cytheros]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 518 ⟶ 524:
|
|
|✓
|
|Elis
|*
|-
|[[Elisson (mythology)|Elisson]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 531 ⟶ 537:
|
|
|''Statius''
|Achaea
|*
|-
|[[Enipeus (mythology)|Enipeus]]
|
|
|✓
|✓
|
|
|
|
|Thessaly
|*
|-
|[[Erasinus (mythology)|Erasinus]]
|
|
|
Line 551 ⟶ 560:
|
|
|
|
|Argos
|*
|-
|[[
|
|
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
|Attica
|✓
|-
|[[
|✓
|✓
|
|
Line 574 ⟶ 585:
|
|
|''Virgil, Nonnus''
|Hyperborea,
|✓
|-
|[[Erymanthus (person)|Erymanthus]]
|✓
|
|
Line 579 ⟶ 596:
|
|
|✓
|''Aelian''
|Attica
|*
|-
|[[Euphrates]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Assyria
|
|-
|[[Eurotas]]
|''✓ River named after''
|
|
|✓
|✓
|
|✓
|
|Laconia
|son of [[Lelex]] and [[Cleocharia]] or of Myles
|-
| rowspan="2" |✓
|
|
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Aetolia
| rowspan="2" |✓ ; some accounts, a mortal son of Ares and either Demodice or Stratonice who flung himself to the river Lycormas
|-
|[[Lycormas]]
|
|
Line 625 ⟶ 645:
|-
|[[Ganges]]
|✓
|
|✓
|
|✓
|
|
|
|India
|*
|-
|[[Granicus River|Granicus]]
|
|
|
|
|
Line 645 ⟶ 665:
|
|
|Troad
|
|-
|[[Haliacmon]]
|
|
|
|
Line 658 ⟶ 677:
|
|
|Macedonia
|✓
|-
|[[Halys (mythology)|Halys]]
|✓
|
|
Line 671 ⟶ 688:
|
|
|''Apollonius, Valerius Flaccus''
|Paphlygonia and Pontos
|*
|-
|[[Maritsa|Hebrus]]
|✓
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
|''Lucian''
|Ciconia, Thrace
|*
|-
|[[Heptaporus]]
|
|
|
|
Line 693 ⟶ 713:
|
|
|Troad
|
|-
|[[Hermus]]
|
|
|
|
Line 707 ⟶ 725:
|
|
|Lydia
|*
|-
|[[Hydaspes]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|India
|✓; son of [[Thaumas]] and [[Electra (Oceanid)|Electra]]
|-
|[[Ilissos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 727 ⟶ 748:
|
|
|''Plato''
|Attica
|*
|-
|[[Imbrasos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 743 ⟶ 760:
|
|
|''Athenaeus''
|Samos
|*
|-
|[[Inachus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Argos
|
|-
|[[Indus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|India or Caria
|
|-
|[[Inopos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 779 ⟶ 796:
|
|
|''Callimachus''
|Delos
|*
|-
|[[Ismenus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Boeotia
|
|-
|[[Istrus (mythology)|Istrus]] or Ister
|
|
|
|
Line 801 ⟶ 821:
|
|
|Scythia
|
|-
|[[Ladon River|Ladon]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Arcadia
|
|-
|[[Lamus (mythology)|Lamos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 827 ⟶ 844:
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|Cilicia or Boeotia
|✓
|-
|[[Marsyas]]
|''River named after''
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
|
|Phrygia
|a satyr; son of Hyagnis and either Olympus or Oeagrus
|-
|[[Meander (mythology)|Maeander]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Caria
|
|-
|[[Meles (mythology)|Meles]]
|✓
|
|
Line 863 ⟶ 880:
|
|
|''Hellanicus, Eugaeon''
|Lydia
|*
|-
|[[Mincius (mythology)|Mincius]]
|✓
|
|
Line 875 ⟶ 892:
|
|
|''Virgil''
|Gallia, Italy
|*
|-
|[[Nestos (river)|Nestos]] or [[Nessus (Greek myth)|Nessus]]
|✓
|✓
|
|
Line 883 ⟶ 905:
|
|
|Bistonia, Thrace
|✓
|-
|[[Nilus (mythology)|Nilus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Egypt
|
|-
|[[Numicius]]
|
|
|✓
|
|
Line 923 ⟶ 929:
|
|
|Latium, Italy
|*
|-
|[[Nymphaeus]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 934 ⟶ 940:
|
|
|''Quintus Smyrnaeus''
|Bithynia and Paphlagonia
|
|-
|[[Orontes (mythology)|Orontes]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Syria
|
|-
|[[Pactolus]]
|✓
|
|
|
|✓
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|Lydia
|*
|-
|[[Parthenius (mythology)|Parthenius]]
|
|
|
|
Line 970 ⟶ 977:
|
|
|Paphlagonia
|✓
|-
|[[Phasis (mythology)|Phasis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Colchis
|
|-
|[[Phlegethon]] or Pyriphlegethon
|✓
|
|
Line 991 ⟶ 1,000:
|
|
|''Virgil, Statius''
|Underworld
|son of Cocytus
|-
|[[Phyllis (river god)|Phyllis]]
|✓
|
|
Line 1,003 ⟶ 1,012:
|
|
|''Apollonius''
|Thynia, Anatolia
|*
|-
|[[Peneus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Thessaly
|
|-
|[[Pleistos (mythology)|Pleistos]]
|✓
|
|
Line 1,031 ⟶ 1,036:
|
|
|''Apollonius''
|Phocis
|*
|-
|[[Porpax (mythology)|Porpax]]
|✓
|
|
Line 1,043 ⟶ 1,048:
|
|
|''Aelian''
|Sicily
|*
|-
|[[Rhesus (mythology)|Rhesus]]
|
|
|
|
Line 1,054 ⟶ 1,061:
|
|
|'''Rhesus''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Ῥῆσος / ''Rhẽsos'', [[Latin]]; ''Rhesus'') was a river in [[Bithynia]],<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Rhesus |chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=rhesus-bio-1 |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
|author=William Smith |author2=William Wayte |author3=G. E. Marindin |location=Albemarle Street, London |publisher=John Murray | year=1890| access-date=2023-01-23 |via=[[www.perseus.tufts.edu]]}}</ref> [[Troad]], Anatolia (modern-day [[Hisarlik]], [[Çanakkale Province|Çanakkale]], [[Turkey]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Homer |title=The Iliad of Homer |date=2011 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |others=Richmond Lattimore, Richard P. Martin |isbn=978-0-226-47048-1 |location=Chicago |chapter=12 |oclc=704121276 |quote=[After the Greeks had departed from Troy :] Poseidon and Apollon took counsel to wreck the wall [of the Greeks], letting loose the strength of rivers upon it, all the rivers that run to the sea from the mountains of Ida, Rhesos (Rhesus) and Heptaporos, Karesos (Caresus) and Rhodios, Grenikos (Granicus) and Aisepos (Aesepus), and immortal Skamandros (Scamander) and Simoeis (. . .).}}</ref> Per the ''[[Barrington Atlas]]'', the Rhesus is likely Karaath Çay, a tributary of the [[Biga Çayı]] (known to antiquity as the Granicus).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huxley |first=George |date=2002 |title=Review of Parthenius of Nicaea. The poetical fragments and the ᾽Ερωτικὰ Παθήματα |journal=Hermathena |issue=172 |pages=110–117 |jstor=23041295 |issn=0018-0750}}</ref> The Rhesus is alternately called the '''Rhedas''', and was said to flow into the "[[Thracians|Thracian]] [[Bosporus|Bosphorus]] at [[Chalcedon]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhBTAEKpfNMC&dq=rhesus+river+god&pg=PA681 |title=A Classical Manual: Being a Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil |date=1833 |publisher=J. Murray |location=London |page=216 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
|✓
|-
|[[Rhine]]
|✓
|
|
Line 1,063 ⟶ 1,073:
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|[[Switzerland]]/[[Germany]]/[[France]]/[[Netherlands]]
|*
|-
|[[Rhodius (mythology)|Rhodius]]
|
|
|
|
Line 1,077 ⟶ 1,086:
|
|
|Troad
|
|-
|[[Rhyndacus]]
|✓
|
|
Line 1,087 ⟶ 1,097:
|
|
|''Nonnus''
|Phrygia and Bithynia
|*
|-
|[[Sangarius (mythology)|Sangarius]] or Sagaris
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Phrygia
|
|-
|[[Satnioeis]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 1,114 ⟶ 1,121:
|
|
|''Homer''
|Troad
|
|-
|[[Scamander]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Troad
|
|-
|[[Selemnus (mythology)|Selemnus]]
|?{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}
|
|
Line 1,134 ⟶ 1,144:
|
|
|✓
|
|Achaea
|
|-
|[[Simoeis]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|✓
|Troad
|
|-
|[[Spercheios|Spercheus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Malis
|
|-
|[[Strymon (mythology)|Strymon]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Symaethus]]
|✓
|
|✓
|
|
Line 1,183 ⟶ 1,194:
|
|
|Sicily
|*
|-
|[[Tanais]]
|✓
|
|
|
|✓
|✓
|
|
|Scythia
|✓
|-
|[[Telmessus (mythology)|Telmessus]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|''Aelian''
|Sicily
|*
|-
|[[Termessus]]
|✓
|
|
Line 1,206 ⟶ 1,228:
|
|
|✓
|
|Boeotia
|*
|-
|[[Thermodon]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Pontos and Assyria
|
|-
|[[Tiberinus (god)|Tiberinus]]
|✓
|
|
Line 1,231 ⟶ 1,253:
|
|
|''Virgil''
|Latium, Italy
|*
|-
|[[Tigris]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Assyria
|
|-
|Titaressus<ref>Homer,Iliad</ref>
|?
|
|
Line 1,258 ⟶ 1,277:
|
|
|''Homer, Strabo, Seneca''
|Thessaly
|
|-
!89
!26
!18
!17
!26
!22
!18
!
!
!40 (+50*)
|}
==See also==
* [[List of Oceanids]]
* [[Kawa-no-Kami]] - the god of River in Japanese mythology.
* [[Hebo]] - the god of the Yellow River.
==Notes==
Line 1,281 ⟶ 1,303:
==References==
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge,
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge,
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge,
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De astronomica|Astronomica]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873).
* [[H. J. Rose|Rose, Herbert J. ]]; ''Gods and heroes of the Greeks'', London (1957).
==External links==
* [http://www.theoi.com/Potamos/Potamoi.html "Potamoi"] at Theoi.com
{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Potamoi| ]]
[[Category:Deities in classical mythology]]
[[Category:Sea and river gods]]
[[ru:Древнегреческие речные боги]]
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