Turkey–Yugoslavia relations: Difference between revisions

{{shortInfobox description|Bilateralbilateral relations between |Yugoslav–Turkish|Turkey and |Yugoslavia|filetype=png}}

Large parts of Yugoslavia were at one time or the other parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The region experienced protracted Ottoman retreat combined with [[Habsburg Empire|Habsburg expansion]] or [[Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire|national liberation]] which some authors compared to the earlier experience of [[Reconquista]] in [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name="Balkan Reconquista">{{cite book |author=William H. Holt |date=2019 |title=Balkan Reconquista and the End of Turkey-in-Europe: Massacre and Migration, Memory and Forgetting, 1877-1878 |url= |language= |location= |publisher=[[University of Utah Press]] |isbn=9781607816966}}</ref> [[Slovenia]], [[Old Montenegro]], [[Republic of Ragusa]], [[Venetian Dalmatia]] and northwestern parts of [[Croatia proper]] were never under protracted Ottoman rule. [[Slavonia]] and [[Vojvodina]] were liberated via 1699 [[Treaty of Karlowitz]], [[Serbia]] in the time of the 1804–1833 [[Serbian Revolution]], [[Bosnia]] and [[Sandžak]] at the time of 1908–09 [[Bosnian Crisis]], while [[Kosovo]], the southernmost parts of [[Central Serbia]] and [[Northern Macedonia]] were liberatedannexed only in 1912–1913 via the [[First Balkan War]].

The [[Turkish War of Independence]] slowed down the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between newly founded countries of the [[Republic of Turkey]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]].<ref name="Župančić">{{cite journal |title=Посланство Краљевине Југославије у Турској–Цариград, Анкара 1919-1945 (1890-1945)|url=http://www.arhivyu.gov.rs/active/sr-cyrillic/home/glavna_navigacija/izdanja/casopis_arhiv_v01/dosadasnji_brojevi/casopis_arhiv_godina_5_brojevi_1_i_2/casopis_arhiv_godina_5_br_2.html |language=sr |journal=Часопис Архив |year= 2004|volume= 5 |issue= 2 |pages= 9-25|doi= 9–25|access-date=22 November 2020|last1= Župančić|first1= Tonka}}</ref> The government of the new kingdom refused to sign the [[Treaty of Sèvres]] as it was unwilling to inherit part of the [[Ottoman public debt]] as one of the [[successor states]].<ref name="Župančić"/> On 18 April 1924 Yugoslavia accepted its share of 5.25% or 5,435,597 [[Turkish lira]] of the total Ottoman debt.<ref name="Župančić"/> Two countries finally signed their peace and friendship agreement 28 October 1925 and it was ratified on 1 February 1926.<ref name="Župančić"/>

[[File:Prijem ministra inostranih poslova Turske.jpg|thumb|[[İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil]] <small>(third from the left)</small> with [[Josip Broz Tito]] <small>(fourth from the left)</small> in [[Belgrade]] in 1967. [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yugoslavia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia]] [[Marko Nikezić]] <small>(second from the left).</small>]]

In the initial years after the end of [[World War II in Yugoslavia]] the new communist authorities continued to support Muslim population emigration to Turkey. In the period between 1951 and 1956 some 86,380 Muslims, mostly from Kosovo and Macedonia, emigrated to Turkey, out of them 67,236 Turks, 4,394 Albanians, 13,926 Pomaks and 224 others.<ref name="Jovanović">{{cite journal |title=Iz FNRJ u Tursku |url=https://pescanik.net/iz-fnrj-u-tursku/ |language= |journal=Peščanik |year= 2013 |access-date=22 November 2020|last1= Jovanović |first1= Vladan}}</ref> This hovewerhowever did not affect the relations between the two governments in any negative way as Turkey was willing to receive the new settlers. The 1948 [[Tito–Stalin split]] represented the major rupture in relations between Yugoslavia and the [[East Bloc]] after which [[Belgrade]] reoriented its foreign policy towards new allies. Despite the ideological contradictions Yugoslavia firstly cooperated closely with [[West Bloc]] nations before conditions for the development of relations with neutral and ultimately Non-aligned countries were created. Rather than to achieve the full membership in [[NATO]] Yugoslavia preferred closer cooperation with Greece and Turkey as the two NATO member states which were themselves fearing potential Soviet military intervention.<ref name=" Turkey and the Balkan Countries">{{cite journal |title=Relations between Turkey and the Balkan Countries as in a Function of Improving the Regional Peace and Stability |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/147388 |language= |journal=ADAM AKADEMİ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi = Adam Academy Journal of Social Science |year= 2014|volume= 4|issue= 2|pages= 59-76|doi= 59–76|access-date=22 November 2020|last1= Tahirovic|first1= Mehmed}}</ref> In 1953 three countries organized the first threepartitetripartite talks which ended in the signing of a memorandum stated thatwhich stated that aggression against one of the three countries threatens the defense of others.<ref name=" Turkey and the Balkan Countries"/> On 28 February 1953 three countries established the [[Balkan Pact (1953)|Balkan Pact]] while on 20 April of the same year Ankara and Belgrade signed a number of agreements including the one on the [[dual citizenship]].<ref name=" Turkey and the Balkan Countries"/> While Greece and Turkey strongly pushed for the full Yugoslav membership in NATO, after the death of Stalin Belgrade decided to normalize its ties with Soviet Union ([[Belgrade declaration]]) and to formulate the non-aligned foreign policy. In 1961 Yugoslav writer [[Ivo Andrić]] was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] for his historical novel [[The Bridge on the Drina]] revolves around the [[Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge]] in [[Višegrad]]. In 1971 Slavic [[Muslims (ethnic group)|Muslims (as an ethnic group)]] (modern [[Bosniaks]]) were recognized as one of the constituent peoples of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1982 [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatian]] architect Andrija Mutnjaković used blending of Byzantine and Islamic architectural forms when he designed the current building of the [[National Library of Kosovo]]. Turkish and Yugoslav cities which become sister cities during the time of Socialist Yugoslavia include [[Sarajevo]]-[[Bursa]] (1979) and [[Skopje]]-[[Manisa]] (1985) with many to follow after the breakup of the country.

While [[Yugoslav Wars]] were bearing a religious connotations and there was a perception of Turkish solidarity with Muslim communities, official Ankara pursued a very cautious policy.<ref name="Balkanologie">{{cite web |url=https://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/517 |title=Turkish policy towards the conflict in Kosovo: the preeminence of national political interests |date=June 2004 |website= |publisher=Balkanologie |access-date=22 November 2020 |quote=}}</ref> Careful of potential reaction among other often suspicious Balkan states and Turkish allies, Turkish government closely followed western policies and avoided any unilateral moremove.<ref name="Balkanologie"/> At the same time [[Bosnian War]] caused strong uproar domestically among the Turkish citizens.<ref name="Balkanologie"/> Turkey tried not to antagonize [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)|Serbia]] and did not cut off relations with the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] ([[Serbia and Montenegro]]) which were kept at the [[chargé d'affaires]] level once Belgrade recalled it'sits ambassador in January 1992 and Ankara in May of the same year.<ref name="Balkanologie"/> Turkey notably refused to actively participate in military interventions related to the Bosnian War including it'sits absence from the [[Operation Deliberate Force]].<ref name="Balkanologie"/> It will however subsequently join the 1999 [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia]] despite significantly decreased public interest in [[Kosovo War]] compared to Bosnia.<ref name="Balkanologie"/> Conflict in former Yugoslavia and absence of strong official response, similarly to earlier experience of persecution of Muslims during the 1912-1913 [[First Balkan War]], strengthened support for [[Islamism|Islamist]] and [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish nationalist]] political forces.

**[[Turks in Croatia]]

{{Foreign relations of Turkey |expanded=Bilateral}}

[[Category{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkey–YugoslaviaTurkey-Yugoslavia relations]]}}

[[Category:BilateralTurkey–Yugoslavia relations of Yugoslavia|*]]

[[Category:Bilateral relations of Yugoslavia|Turkey]]