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{{Short description|Substance applied to the body to prevent or mask body odour}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2016}}
A '''deodorant''' is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask [[body odor]] caused by bacterial breakdown of [[perspiration]], for example in the [[armpit]]s, [[groin]], or [[feet]]. A subclass of deodorants, called '''antiperspirants''', prevents sweating itself, typically by blocking [[sweat gland]]s. Antiperspirants are used on a wider range of body parts, at any place where sweat would be inconvenient or unsafe, since unwanted sweating can interfere with comfort, [[human sight|vision]], and grip (due to slipping). Other types of deodorant allow sweating but prevent [[bacteria]]l action on sweat, since human sweat only has a noticeable smell when it is decomposed by bacteria.
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The first commercial deodorant, [[Mum (deodorant)|Mum]], was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an [[inventor]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Edna Murphey]].<ref name="Joey Green"/> The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the US.<ref name="Joey Green"/> The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was [[patent]]ed by [[Jules Montenier]] on January 28, 1941.<ref name="Jules Montenier"/> This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s".<ref name="Time"/>
Use of deodorant with [[aluminium]] compounds has been suspected of being linked to breast cancer, but research has not proven any such link.<ref name=sbm/><ref name=namer/>
== Overview ==
The human body produces [[perspiration]] (sweat) via two types of [[sweat gland]]: [[eccrine sweat gland]]s which cover much of the [[Human skin|skin]] and produce watery odourless sweat, and [[apocrine sweat gland]]s in the [[armpit]]s and [[groin]], which produce a more oily "heavy" sweat containing a proportion of waste [[protein]]s, [[fatty acid]]s and [[carbohydrate]]s, that can be [[metabolization|metabolized]] by bacteria to produce compounds that cause [[body odor]]. In addition, the [[vagina]] produces [[Vagina#Secretions|secretions]] which are not a form of sweat but may be undesired and also masked with deodorants.
Human perspiration of all types is largely odorless until its organic components are [[Fermentation (biochemistry)|fermented]] by [[bacteria]] that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and [[sweat gland]]s readily provide moisture containing a fraction of organic matter, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with [[alkaline]] pH soap, the skin loses its protective [[acid mantle]] (pH 4.5–6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuehl BL, Fyfe KS, Shear NH |title=Cutaneous cleansers |journal=Skin Therapy Lett |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=1–4 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12858234}}</ref> Many bacteria are adapted to the slightly alkaline environment within the human body, so they can thrive within this elevated pH environment.<ref name="Stenzaly-Achtert"/> This makes the skin more than usually susceptible to bacterial colonization.<ref name="Stenzaly-Achtert">{{cite journal |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002087.x |vauthors=Stenzaly-Achtert S, Schölermann A, Schreiber J, Diec KH, Rippke F, Bielfeldt S |title=Axillary pH and influence of deodorants |journal=Skin Res Technol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=87–91 |date=May 2000 |pmid=11428948|s2cid=20923074 }}</ref> Bacteria on the skin feed on the waste proteins and fatty acids in the sweat from the [[apocrine sweat gland|apocrine glands]] and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing [[Trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid|''trans''-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid]] in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor.<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1093/chemse/20.4.401 |author1=Pierce JD Jr |author2=Zeng XN |author3=Aronov EV |author4=Preti G |author5=Wysocki CJ |title=Cross-adaptation of sweaty-smelling 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid by a structurally similar, pleasant-smelling odorant |journal=Chem Senses |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=401–11 |date=August 1995 |pmid=8590025}}</ref>
[[Underarm hair]] wicks the moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore reduces bacterial odor.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Marc Paye |author2=Howard I. Maibach |author3=André O Barel |page=703; 869 |title=Handbook of cosmetic science and technology |edition=3 |publisher=Informa Health Care |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4200-6963-1}}</ref> The apocrine sweat glands are inactive until [[puberty]], which is why body odor often only becomes noticeable at that time.
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==History ==
===Modern deodorants===
In 1888, the first modern commercial deodorant, [[Mum (deodorant)|Mum]], was developed and patented by a U.S. [[inventor]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Edna Murphey]]
In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/How-Advertisers-Convinced-Americans-They-Smelled-Bad-164779646.html#ixzz2Z49wDhld|title=How Advertisers Convinced Americans They Smelled Bad|access-date=July 14, 2013|archive-date=July 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718223349/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/How-Advertisers-Convinced-Americans-They-Smelled-Bad-164779646.html#ixzz2Z49wDhld|url-status=live}}</ref> The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by [[Jules Montenier]] on January 28, 1941.<ref name="Jules Montenier">{{Cite patent|country=US|number=2230084|pubdate=1941-01-28|title=Astringent preparation|inventor1-last=Montenier|inventor1-first=Jules B.}}</ref> This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble [[nitrile]] or a similar compound.<ref name="Jules Montenier"/> This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which [[Time (magazine)|''Time
Between 1942 and 1957, the market for deodorants increased 600 times to become a $70 million market. Deodorants were originally marketed primarily to women, but by 1957 the market had expanded to male users, and estimates were that 50% of men were using deodorants by that date. The Ban Roll-On product led the market in sales.<ref name=nyt1957>{{cite news|title=Newest Forms for Deodorants Spur Sales to the Male Market|last=Hammer|first=Alexander R. News|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/11/23/90856988.html?pageNumber=33|access-date=June 12, 2015|work=New York Times|date=November 23, 1957}}</ref>
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==Classification==
=== Deodorant ===
In the United States, deodorants are classified and regulated as [[cosmetics]] by the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)<ref name="fda-cosmetics">[https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/CosmeticsQA/ucm136560.htm Cosmetics Q&A: "Personal Care Products"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321074500/http://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/CosmeticsQA/ucm136560.htm |date=March 21, 2014 }}. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.</ref> and are designed to eliminate odor. Deodorants are often [[ethanol|alcohol]]
Over-the-counter products, often labeled as "natural deodorant crystal", contain the chemical [[rock crystal]]s [[potassium alum]] or [[ammonium alum]], which prevents bacterial action on sweat. These have gained popularity as an alternative health product, in spite of concerns about possible risks related to aluminum (see below – all alum salts contain aluminum in the form of [[aluminum sulphate]] [[salt (chemistry)|salts]]) and contact dermatitis.<ref name="Gallego"/>
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=== Deodorant antiperspirant ===
[[File:BlueSand Picture.jpg|thumb|
In the United States, deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as [[drugs]] by the FDA.<ref name="fda-cosmetics"/> Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce the moist climate in which bacteria thrive. [[Aluminium chloride]], [[aluminium chlorohydrate]], and [[aluminium]]-[[zirconium]] compounds, most notably [[aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly]] are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants.<ref name="Lukacs">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lukacs VA, Korting HC |title=Antitranspirantien und Deodorantien – Wirkstoffe und Bewertung |trans-title=Antiperspirants and deodorants – ingredients and evaluation |language=de |journal=Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=53–57 |year=1989 |pmid=2656175}}</ref> Aluminium-based complexes react with the [[electrolyte]]s in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural [[Desquamation|sloughing]] of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminium salts interact with the keratin fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching the skin's surface. Aluminium salts also have a slight [[astringent]] effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Draelos ZD |title=Antiperspirants and the hyperhidrosis patient |journal=Dermatol Ther |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=220–224 |date=September 2001 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8019.2001.01028.x|s2cid=70403655 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person. [[Hexamethylenetetramine|Methenamine]] in the form of cream or spray is effective in the treatment of excessive sweating and attendant odor. Antiperspirants are usually best applied before bed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/antiperspirant-mistake_n_5701736.html|title=The Common Mistake People Make When Applying Antiperspirant (VIDEO)|first=Lynn|last=Okura|date=August 28, 2014|access-date=April 3, 2018|via=Huff Post|archive-date=February 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214042412/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/08/28/antiperspirant-mistake_n_5701736.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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== Health effects ==
After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an [[allergic]], axillary [[granuloma]] response.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kleinhans D, Knoth W |title=[Granulomas of axillae (zirconium?) (author's transl)] |journal=Dermatologica |volume=152 |issue=3 |pages=161–7 |date=July 1976 |pmid=939343|doi=10.1159/000251243 }}</ref> Antiperspirants with [[propylene glycol]], when applied to the [[axilla]]e, can cause irritation and may promote sensitization to other ingredients in the antiperspirant.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Agren-Jonsson S, Magnusson B |title=Sensitization to propantheline bromide, trichlorocarbanilide and propylene glycol in an antiperspirant |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=79–80 |year=1976 |pmid=1017183 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02989.x|s2cid=41917164 }}</ref> Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made [[potassium alum]] were found to be a weak [[Irritation|irritant]] to the skin.<ref name="Gallego">{{cite journal |author=Gallego H, Lewis EJ, Crutchfield CE 3rd |title=Crystal deodorant dermatitis: irritant dermatitis to alum-containing deodorant |journal=Cutis |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=65–6 |date=July 1999 |pmid=10431678}}</ref> Unscented deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the [[synthetic musk]] [[galaxolide]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hutter HP, Wallner P, Hartl W, Uhl M, Lorbeer G, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V, Kundi M |title=Higher blood concentrations of synthetic musks in women above fifty years than in younger women |journal=Int J Hyg Environ Health |volume=213 |issue=2 |pages=124–30 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20056483 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.12.002|bibcode=2010IJHEH.213..124H }}</ref>
=== Aluminum ===
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The [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|US Food and Drug Administration]], in a 2003 paper discussing deodorant safety, concluded that "despite many investigators looking at this issue, the agency does not find data from topical and inhalation chronic exposure animal and human studies submitted to date sufficient to change the monograph status of aluminum containing antiperspirants", therefore allowing their use and stating they will keep monitoring the scientific literature.<ref name="FDA Register Vol 68 No 110"/> Members of the [[Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety]] (SCCS) of the [[European Commission]] concluded similarly in 2015, that "due to the lack of adequate data on dermal penetration to estimate the internal dose of aluminium following cosmetic uses, risk assessment cannot be performed."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety|title=OPINION ON the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products|url=http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_153.pdf|access-date=August 2, 2015|archive-date=August 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807095822/http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_153.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the light of new data in 2020 the SCCS considered aluminium compounds safe up to 6.25% in non-spray deodorants or non-spray antiperspirants and 10.60% in spray deodorants or spray antiperspirants.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety|author-link=Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety|date=2020-03-03|title=Opinion on the safety of aluminium in cosmetic products Submission II (SCCS/1613/19)|url=https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_235.pdf|access-date=2020-07-15|archive-date=August 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820232331/https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_235.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
==== Myths and claims related to aluminium compounds in deodorants====
Common myths and marketing claims for aluminium in deodorants (including aluminum in alum products) include claims:
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=== Breast cancer ===
The claim that breast cancer is believed to be linked with deodorant use has been widely circulated and appears to originate from a [[Spamming|spam]] email sent in 1999;<ref name=sbm>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/cutting-the-other-breast-off-does-not-improve-breast-cancer-survival/ |title=Breast cancer myths: No, antiperspirants do not cause breast cancer |work=Science-Based Medicine |author=Gorski D |author-link=David Gorski |date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=October 9, 2014 |archive-date=October 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008154148/http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/cutting-the-other-breast-off-does-not-improve-breast-cancer-survival/ |url-status=live }}</ref> however, there is no evidence to support the existence of such a link.<ref name=namer>{{cite journal |vauthors=Namer M, Luporsi E, Gligorov J, Lokiec F, Spielmann M |title=L'utilisation de déodorants/antitranspirants ne constitue pas un risque de cancer du sein |trans-title=The use of deodorants/antiperspirants does not constitute a risk factor for breast cancer|language=fr |journal=Bulletin du Cancer |volume=95 |issue=9 |pages=871–80 |date=September 2008 |pmid=18829420 |doi=10.1684/bdc.2008.0679 |type=Comprehensive literature review|doi-broken-date=
* ''Antiperspirants block the "purging" of toxins which build up in the body and cause breast cancer:'' As sweat glands simply do not have this function, the claim is scientifically implausible.<ref name=sbm /> Perspiration from the [[eccrine sweat gland]]s is 99% water, with some [[salt]] (sodium chloride) and only trace amounts of [[lactic acid]] (almost entirely [[Cori cycle|processed]] in the [[liver]]), [[urea]] (almost entirely excreted by the [[kidney]]s), and only very small amounts of all other components. Perspiration from the [[apocrine sweat gland]]s (those in the armpits and groin, which are more responsible for body odor) also include waste [[protein]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, and [[fatty acid]]s <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carpelotion.com/what-sweat-is-made-of.html |title=What Sweat Is Made Of {{!}} Carpe Lotion |website=www.carpelotion.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051612/https://www.carpelotion.com/what-sweat-is-made-of.html |archive-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> which would otherwise be processed by other organs such as the liver.
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The [[National Cancer Institute]] states that "no scientific evidence links the use of these products to the development of breast cancer" and that "no clear evidence {{nowrap|show[s]}} that the use of aluminum-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of breast cancer", but also concludes that {{nowrap|"[b]ecause}} studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research would be needed to determine whether a relationship exists".<ref name="cancer.gov_factsheet" />
Another constituent of deodorant products that has given cause for concern are [[paraben]]s, a chemical additive
=== Kidney dysfunction ===
The FDA has "acknowledge[d] that small amounts of
=== Aerosol burns and frostbite ===
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