Content deleted Content added
→Description: Removed text with {{Citation needed|date=July 2018}} |
Remove redundant links and extraneous "Dog" |
||
| (46 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|Dog-wolf hybrid}}
{{Distinguish|Wolfhound (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
Line 10 ⟶ 11:
}} <!-- End Infobox -->
A '''wolfdog''' is a [[Canis|canine]] produced by the [[Canine reproduction|mating]] of a domestic [[
==Admixture==
[[File:F1 wolf-dog hybrids from Wildlife Park Kadzidlowo, Poland.png|thumb|Hybrids in eastern Poland in the Wildlife Park [[Kadzidłowo]]. To the left: Parents: female wolf and male [[Gończy Polski]]; right: parents: female wolf and male [[West Siberian Laika]].]]
There are a range of experts who believe that they can tell the difference between a wolf, a dog, and a wolfdog, but they have been proven to be incorrect when providing their evidence before courts of law.<ref
[[Genetic admixture|Admixture]] between domestic dogs and [[Subspecies of Canis lupus|other subspecies of gray wolves]] are the most common wolfdogs since dogs and gray wolves are considered the same species, are genetically very close and have shared vast portions of their ranges for millennia. Such admixture in the wild have been detected in many populations scattered throughout Europe and North America, usually occurring in areas where wolf populations have declined from human impacts and persecutions.<ref name=Randi-Hulva-Fabbri-etal-2014/><ref name=Vila-Wayne-2001-12-24-Hybdzn/>
At the same time, wolfdogs are also often bred in captivity for various purposes. A mixture of dogs and two other North American wolf species have also occurred historically in the wild, although it is often difficult for biologists to discriminate the dog genes in the eastern timber and red wolves from the gray wolf genes also present in these wolf species due to their historical overlaps with North American gray wolves as well as with coyotes, both of which have introgressed into the eastern timber and red wolf gene pools.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Great Lakes-boreal wolf
|website=Wolf.nrdpfc.ca
|url=http://wolf.nrdpfc.ca/greatlakeswolf.htm
|access-date=2016-04-06
|archive-date=2020-02-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222165757/http://wolf.nrdpfc.ca/greatlakeswolf.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
At the same time, because many isolated populations of the three wolf species in North America have also mixed with coyotes in the wild,<ref name=Hailer-Leonard-2008-10-08-coywolf/>
it has been speculated by some biologists that some of the [[coywolf|coywolf hybrids]] in the northeastern third of the continent may also have both [[coydog]]s and wolfdogs in their gene pool.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Mysteries That Howl and Hunt
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|date=27 September 2010
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/28/science/28coyotes.html
|access-date=2016-04-06
|last1=Yoon
|first1=Carol Kaesuk
}}
</ref>
Hybrids between dogs and Ethiopian wolves discovered in the [[Ethiopian Highlands]] likely originated from past interactions between free-roaming feral dogs and Ethiopian wolves living in isolated areas.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1 = Gottelli |first1 = D. |last2 = Sillero-Zubiri |first2 = C.
|last3 = Applebaum |first3 = G.D. |display-authors=etal
|date=2015-09-28
|title=Molecular genetics of the most endangered canid: the Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis
|journal=[[Mol. Ecol.]]
|volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=301–12
|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.1994.tb00070.x
|s2cid=25976335 |pmid=7921357
}}
</ref>
Recognized wolfdog breeds by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale|FCI]] are the [[Czechoslovakian Wolfdog]] and the [[Saarloos wolfdog|Saarloos Wolfdog]].
==History==
[[Whole genome sequencing]] has been used to study [[gene flow]] between wild and domestic species. There is evidence of widespread gene-flow from dogs into wolf populations, and very few deliberate crossings of wolves with dogs, such as the [[Sarloos wolfdog|Saarloos Wolfdog]]. However, the global dog population forms a genetic cluster with little evidence for gene flow from wolves into dogs. Ancient DNA shows that dogs from Europe over 5,000
===Prehistoric wolfdogs===
A 1982 study of canine skulls from Wyoming dating back 10,000 years ago identified some that match the morphology of wolfdogs.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Walker |first1=D.N.
|last2=Frison |first2=G.C.
|year=1982
|title=Studies on Amerindian dogs 3: Prehistoric wolf / dog hybrids from the northwestern plains
|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science
|volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=125–172
|doi=10.1016/0305-4403(82)90047-4
}}
</ref>
This study was rebutted as not providing convincing evidence four years later.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last1=Morey |first1=Darcy F.
|year=1986
|title=Studies on Amerindian dogs: Taxonomic analysis of canid crania from the northern plains
|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science
|volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=119–145
|doi=10.1016/0305-4403(86)90003-8
}}
</ref>
===Teotihuacan wolfdogs===
In 2010, archeologists
{{cite news
|title=Experts: Ancient Mexicans crossbred wolf-dogs
|newspaper=Boston.com
|url=http://archive.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/12/16/experts_ancient_mexicans_crossbred_wolf_dogs/
|access-date=2018-07-02
}}
</ref>
===New World black wolves===
[[File:Blacklupus.jpg|thumb|Genetic research has shown that [[Black wolf|wolves with black pelts]] owe their coloration to a mutation that first arose in domestic dogs.]]
Genetic research
{{cite news
|title=New world wolves and coyotes owe debt to dogs
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|date=5 February 2009
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/science/06wolves.html
|access-date=2014-03-04
|last1=Derr
|first1=Mark
}}
</ref>
[[Adolph Murie]] was among the first wolf biologists to speculate that the wide color variation in wolves was due to interbreeding with dogs;<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Adolph Murie speculated on dog-wolf hybridization as the source of unusual color
|date=2013-08-27
|publisher=Retrieverman.wordpress.com
|url=http://retrieverman.wordpress.com/2009/02/08/adolph-murie-speculated-on-dog-wolf-hybridization-as-the-source-of-unusual-color/
|access-date=2013-12-16
}}
</ref>
{{
In 2008, it was discovered that a gene [[mutation]] responsible for the [[protein]] [[beta-defensin 3]] is responsible for the black coat color in dogs.<ref name="solved">
{{cite web
|title=Black Wolf Mystery Solved
|date=2009-02-06
|website=Redorbit.com
|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1635213/black_wolf_mystery_solved/index.html
|access-date=2013-12-16
}}
</ref>
The same mutation was responsible for black wolves in North America and the [[Italy|Italian]] [[Apennines]], with the mutation having arisen in dogs 13,000 to 120,000 years ago, with a preferred date of 47,000 years ago after comparing large sections of wolf, dog, and [[coyote]] [[genome]]s.<ref name="black"/> Robert K. Wayne, a canine evolutionary biologist, stated that he believed that dogs were the first to have the mutation. He further stated that even if it originally arose in Eurasian wolves, it was passed on to dogs who, soon after their arrival, brought it to the New World and then passed it to wolves and coyotes.<ref name="legacy">
{{cite web
|author=Maugh, Thomas H., II
|title=The big black wolf is a legacy from dogs, study finds
|newspaper=Los Angeles Times
|date=2009-02-07
|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-wolves7-2009feb07,0,6843380.story
|access-date=2013-12-16
}}
</ref>
Black wolves with recent dog ancestry tend to retain black pigment longer as they age.<ref name="diff">
{{cite web
| first= Monty |last=Sloan
| orig-year=1999 |year=2000
| website = Wolf Park
| series = Wolfdog: America's other controversial canine, the wolf hybrid
| title = Identification
| url = http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_section1.html
| access-date = <!-- 2007-05-11 --> 2021-09-10 |url-status=dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070303000105/http://www.wolfpark.org/wolfdogs/Poster_section1.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->
|archive-date = 2007-03-03
}}
</ref>
===North American gray wolf-domestic dog admixture===
As of 1999 in the United States, over 100,000 wolfdogs exist.<ref>
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199903)21:3<247::AID-BIES9>3.0.CO;2-Z
|pmid=10333734
|title=Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog
|journal=BioEssays
|volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=247–57
|year=1999
|last1=Wayne |first1=Robert K.
|last2=Ostrander |first2=Elaine A.
|s2cid=5547543
}}
</ref>
In first-generation wolfdogs, [[Wolf|gray wolves]] are most often crossed with wolf-like dogs (such as [[German Shepherd|German Shepherd Dog]]s, [[Siberian Husky|Siberian Huskies]], and [[Alaskan Malamute]]s) for an appearance most appealing to owners desiring an [[exotic pet]].<ref name="DEFRA">{{cite web
| url = http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/pdf/protection/dwa-wolfdogs.pdf
| title = The Keeping of Wolf-Hybrids in Great Britain
| publisher = [[RSPCA]]
| access-date = 2008-06-11
| archive-date = 2008-12-06
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081206062712/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/pdf/protection/dwa-wolfdogs.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
==Documented breeding==
[[File:Menagerieclupus.jpg|thumb|
The first record of wolfdog breeding in [[Great Britain]] comes from the year 1766 when what is thought was a male wolf mated with a dog identified in the language of the day as a "Pomeranian", although it may have differed from the modern [[Pomeranian (dog)|Pomeranian]] breed. The union resulted in a litter of nine pups. Wolfdogs were occasionally purchased by English noblemen, who viewed them as a scientific curiosity. Wolfdogs were popular exhibits in British menageries and zoos.<ref name="DEFRA" />
Line 51 ⟶ 183:
[[File:Saarloos.jpg|thumb|left|A Saarloos Wolfdog]]
In 1932, [[Netherlands|Dutch]] breeder [[Leendert Saarloos]] crossed a male [[German Shepherd]] dog with a female [[European wolf]]. He then bred the female offspring back with the male German Shepherd
{{cite web |url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/saarloosewolfdog |title=United Kennel Club Breed Standard: Saarloosewolfdog |website=Ukcdogs.com |date=2006-07-01 |access-date=2018-07-02 }} </ref> The [[Dutch Kennel Club]] recognized the breed in 1975. To honor its creator they changed the name to "Saarloos Wolfdog". In 1981, the breed was recognized by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] (FCI). === The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog ===
[[File:Czechoslovakian-wolfdog-profile big.jpg|thumb|A [[Czechoslovakian Wolfdog]]]]
In the 1950s, the [[Czechoslovakian Wolfdog]] was also created to work on border patrol in the countries now known as [[Slovakia]] and the [[Czech Republic]]. It was originally bred from lines of
=== Volkosob ===
The Volkosob ({{Langx|ru|Волкособ}}, plural: {{Langx|ru|Волкособы|translit=Volkosoby|label=none}}) was initially developed in the 1990s after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet Union]]. Russian [[border guard]]s wanted a dog that would possess the trainability and pack mentality of the German Shepherd, combined with the strength, superior senses and cold-resistance of a wild wolf, able to cope in the harsh conditions of the vast Russian borders. In 2000, a [[Steppe wolf|Caspian Steppe Wolf]], noted for being unusually friendly and cooperative towards humans, was bred with German Shepherds of an [[East European Shepherd]] line, until an F3 generation was standardised. Unlike the previous hybrids, the Volkosob was the only breed that was an effective border guardian as they are renowned for not being too shy.
==Livestock guardian dogs==
A 2014 study found that 20% of wolves and 37% of dogs shared the same [[Mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] [[haplotype]]s in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. More than 13% of the studied wolves had detectable dog ancestry and more than 10% of the dogs had detectable wolf ancestry. The results of the study suggest that admixture between wolves and dogs is a common event in the areas where large [[livestock guardian dog]]s are held in a traditional way, and that gene flow between dogs and gray wolves was an important force influencing gene pool of dogs for millennia since early domestication events.<ref
==Wolfdogs in the wild==
Hybridization between wolves and dogs typically occurs when the wolf population is under strong hunting pressure and its structure is disrupted due to a high number of [[free-ranging dog]]s. Wolves typically display aggressiveness toward dogs, but a wolf can change its behaviour and become playful or submissive when it becomes socially isolated.
Admixture in the wild usually occurs near human habitations where wolf density is low and dogs are common.<ref name="WOLVES">
{{cite book
|first1=L. David |last1=Mech
|first2=Luigi |last2=Boitani
|title=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation
|year=2001
|page= 448
|isbn= 978-0-226-51696-7
}}
</ref>
However, there were several reported cases of wolfdogs in areas with normal wolf densities in the former Soviet Union.<ref>
{{cite book
|first1=Dmitrij, Prof. Dr. |last1=Iwanowitsch
|year=1990
|title=Der Wolf |language=de
|trans-title=The Wolf <!-- Bibikow Moskau, 2. -->
|publisher=Auflage; A. Ziemsen Verlag
|place=Wittenberg Lutherstadt
|isbn=3-7403-0155-4
}}
</ref>
Wild wolfdogs were occasionally hunted by European aristocracy, and were termed ''lycisca'' to distinguish them from common wolves.<ref name=Rousseau-2006-Anth-duLoup/>
Noted historic cases (such as the [[Beast of Gévaudan]]) of large wolves that were abnormally aggressive toward humans, may be attributable to wolf-dog mating.<ref name=Willems-1994-AWIC/>
In Europe, unintentional mating of dogs and wild wolves have been confirmed in some populations through [[genetic testing]]. As the survival of some Continental European wolf packs is severely threatened, scientists fear that the creation of wolfdog populations in the wild is a threat to the continued existence of European wolf populations.<ref name=Rincon-2004-04-08-BBC-N/>
However, extensive admixture between wolf and dog is not supported by morphological evidence, and analyses of [[mtDNA]] sequences have revealed that such mating are rare.<ref name="WOLVES"/>
In 1997, during the [[Wolf reintroduction#In Arizona|Mexican Wolf Arizona Reintroduction]], controversy arose when a captive pack at [[Carlsbad Caverns National Park|Carlsbad]] designated for release was found by Roy McBride to be largely composed of
In 2018, a study compared the sequences of 61,000
In 2019, in the [[Osogovo]] mountainous region along the border between Bulgaria and North Macedonia a putative grey wolf was recorded by camera to be living with a pack of 10
== Breed-specific legislation ==
The wolfdog has been the center of controversy for much of its history, and most [[breed-specific legislation]] is either the result of the animal's perceived danger or its categorization as protected native wildlife.<ref name="defra.gov.uk"/>
The [[Humane Society of the United States]], the [[RSPCA]], [[Ottawa Humane Society]], the [[Dogs Trust]], and the Wolf Specialist Group of the [[IUCN Species Survival Commission]] consider wolfdogs to be wild animals and therefore unsuitable as pets, and support an international ban on the private possession, breeding, and sale of wolfdogs.<ref name="DEFRA"/><ref name=Ottawa-Humane-c2013/><ref name=Humane-Soc-c2007/>
According to the National Wolfdog Alliance, 40 U.S. states effectively forbid the ownership, breeding, and importation of wolfdogs, while others impose some form of regulation upon ownership.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.wolfdogalliance.org/legislation/statelaws.html
|title=NWA
|publisher=Wolfdogalliance.org
|access-date=2013-12-16
}}
</ref>
In Canada, the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island prohibit wolfdogs as pets.<ref name=Bruch-2007-Almanac/>
Most European nations have either outlawed the animal entirely or put restrictions on ownership.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.wolfdogalliance.org/legislation/statelaws.html
|title=National Wolf Dog Alliance
|publisher=Wolfdogalliance.org
|access-date=2013-12-16
}}
</ref>
Wolfdogs were among the breeds banned from the [[U.S. Marine Corps]] base at [[Camp Pendleton]] and elsewhere after a fatal dog attack by a [[pit bull]] on a child.<ref name=Perry-2009-10-09-LANow/>
==Description==
[[File:Wolfhybridskeleton.jpg|thumb|left|Skeleton of a wolf-dog hybrid from the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]]]]
The physical characteristics of an animal created by breeding a wolf to a dog are not predictable, similar to that of [[mixed-breed dog]]s. In many cases the resulting adult wolfdog may be larger than either of its parents due to the genetic phenomenon of [[heterosis]] (commonly known as ''hybrid vigor'').<ref name=
Doris Feddersen-Petersen, Hundepsychologie, 4. Auflage, 2004, Franck-Kosmos-Verlag 2004 </ref> Wolfdogs display a wide variety of appearances, ranging from a resemblance to dogs without wolf blood to animals that are often mistaken for full-blooded wolves. A lengthy study by [[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|DEFRA]] and the [[RSPCA]] found several examples of misrepresentation by breeders and indeterminate levels of actual wolf pedigree in many animals sold as wolfdogs. The report noted that uneducated citizens misidentify dogs with wolf-like appearance as wolfdogs.<ref name="DEFRA" /> Wolfdogs tend to have somewhat smaller heads than pure wolves, with larger, pointier ears that lack the dense fur commonly seen in those of wolves. Fur markings also tend to be very distinctive and not well blended. Black-colored wolfdogs tend to retain black pigment longer as they age, compared to black wolves.<ref name="diff"
In some cases, the presence of [[dewclaw]]s on the hind feet is considered a useful, but not absolute, indicator of dog gene contamination in wild wolves. Dewclaws are the vestigial first toes, which are common on the hind legs of domestic dogs but thought absent from pure wolves, which only have four hind toes.<ref name= Observations on wild wolfdogs in the former [[Soviet Union]] indicate that in a wild state these may form larger packs than pure wolves, and have greater endurance when chasing prey.<ref name=
Tests undertaken in the Perm Institute of Interior Forces in Russia demonstrated that high wolf-content wolfdogs took 15–20
The scientific evidence to support the claims by wolfdog researchers is minimal, and more research has been called for.<ref name=Hall-Protopopova-Wynne-2016/>
== Health ==
Wolfdogs are generally said to be naturally healthy animals, and are affected by fewer inherited diseases than most breeds of dog. Wolfdogs are usually healthier than either parent due to [[heterosis]].<ref name=
Wolfdog owners and breeders purport that the lack of official approval is a political move to prevent condoning wolfdog ownership.<ref name=WfDgPrj-c2009/>
==Temperament and behavior==
Wolfdogs are a mixture of genetic traits, which results in less predictable behavior patterns compared to either the wolf or dog.<ref name=
Due to the variability inherent to their admixture,<ref name=
The view that aggressive characteristics are inherently a part of wolfdog temperament has been contested in recent years by wolfdog breeders and other advocates of wolfdogs as pets.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.inetdesign.com/wolfdunn/wolfdogfaq/pets.html |title=The Wolf Dunn's Wolfdog FAQ - Question #1 |publisher=Inetdesign.com |access-date=2013-12-16 | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819140650/http://www.inetdesign.com/wolfdunn/wolfdogfaq/pets.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="The Wolf Is At The Door, Inc">
{{cite web
|title=The Wolf is at the Door, Inc
|publisher=Wolf-to-wolfdog.org
|url=http://www.wolf-to-wolfdog.org/index1.htm
|access-date=2014-03-04
}}
</ref>
==In popular culture==
* [[Jed (wolfdog)|Jed]] was a Canadian timber wolf-Alaskan Malamute and animal actor, known for his roles in such movies as [[White Fang (1991 film)|''White Fang'']] (1991), ''[[White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf]]'' (1994), ''[[The Journey of Natty Gann]]'' (1985), and [[The Thing (1982 film)|''The Thing'']] (1982); he was born in 1977 and died in June 1995, aged 18.
* Balto, Aleu and Kodi are fictitious wolfdogs in the animated films ''[[Balto (film)|Balto]]'' (1995), ''[[Balto II: Wolf Quest]]'' (2002) and ''[[Balto III: Wings of Change]]'' (2004), respectively. The actual [[Balto]] was not a wolfdog but instead a [[Siberian Husky]].
* [[White Fang]] is the titular character of [[Jack London]]'s eponymous [[White Fang|1906 novel]], first serialized in [[Outing (magazine)|''Outing'' magazine]], that details the wild wolfdog's journey to domestication in the [[Yukon Territory]] and the [[Northwest Territories]] during the 1890s [[Klondike Gold Rush]].
* ''[[The Wolf Dog]]'' (1933) is an American [[Pre-code Hollywood|Pre-Code]] Mascot film serial starring Frankie Darro and [[Rin Tin Tin
* ''[[Wolf Dog]]'' (1958), also known as ''A Boy and His Dog'', is a Northwestern movie, directed and produced by Sam Newfield, and produced by Regal Films
* ''Wolfdogs Magazine'' self-describes as a progressive "community based publication for wolfdog enthusiasts".<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://www.wolfdogsmagazine.org |title=Wolfdogs Magazine |access-date=2009-08-23
|archive-date=2013-07-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721115110/http://wolfdogsmagazine.org/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| |author2=Miller, Andrew |title=Between Dog and Wolf: Understanding the }}{{full citation needed|date=September 2021|reason=publisher, publ. date, ISBN}}
* {{cite book
|author=Prendergast, Dorothy |title=Above Reproach: A guide for wolf hybrid owners
}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2021|reason=publisher, publ. date, ISBN}}
* {{cite book
|author=Prendergast, Dorothy
|title=The Wolf Hybrid
}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2021|reason=publisher, publ. date, ISBN}}
* {{cite book
|author=Wilde, Nicole
|title=Living with Wolfdogs
}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2021|reason=publisher, publ. date, ISBN}}
* {{cite book
|author=Wilde, Nicole
|title=Wolfdogs A-Z: Behavior, training & more
}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2021|reason=publisher, publ. date, ISBN}}
==See also==
{{Commons category|Wolf-dog hybrid}}{{Portal|Dogs
}}
* [[Black wolf]]
* [[Canid hybrid]]
* [[Coydog]]
* [[Coywolf]]
* [[Dingo-dog hybrid]]
* [[Dogxim]]
* [[Jackal–dog hybrid]]
* [[Wolves as pets and working animals]]
Line 126 ⟶ 358:
==References==
{{Reflist|
<ref name=Bruch-2007-Almanac>
{{cite book
|last=Bruch |first=Robert H.
|title=The Wolf Almanac
|year=2007
|publisher=The Lyons Press
|isbn=978-1-59921-069-8
|page=185
}}
</ref>
<ref name="defra.gov.uk">
{{cite web
|title=Wolfdogs
|website=defra.gov.uk
|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/wolfdogs/wolfdogs.pdf
|series=Wildlife / Countryside
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215025632/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/wolfdogs/wolfdogs.pdf
|archive-date=15 December 2006
}}
</ref>
<ref name=DEFRA-RSPCA-2013-01-23>{{cite web
|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/wolfdogs/wolfdogs.pdf
|title=RSPCA report on wolfdogs
|publisher=DEFRA
|date=2013-01-23
|access-date=2013-12-16
|archive-date=2006-12-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215025632/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/wolfdogs/wolfdogs.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Frantz-Larson-2018-ch-1>
{{cite book
|last1=Frantz |first1=Laurent A.F.
|last2=Larson |first2=Greger
|year=2018
|chapter=Chapter 1. A genetic perspective on the domestication continuum
|pages=23–38
|editor1-last=Stépanoff |editor1-first=Charles
|editor2-last=Vigne |editor2-first=Jean-Denis
|title=Hybrid communities: Biosocial approaches to domestication and other trans-species relationships
|edition=1
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|isbn=9781351717984
|chapter-url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=bQxpDwAAQBAJ}}
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Ottawa-Humane-c2013>{{cite web
|title=Ottawa Humane
|website=Ottawahumane.ca
|url=http://www.ottawahumane.ca/wolfdoghybrids.html
|access-date=2013-12-16
|archive-date=2013-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216043033/http://www.ottawahumane.ca/wolfdoghybrids.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Humane-Soc-c2007>
{{cite web
|title=Wolf and wolf-dog hybrid
|website=Humane Society of the U.S. (hsus.org)
|url=http://www.hsus.org/press_and_publications/press_releases/wolf_and_wolf-dog_hybrid.html
|url-status=dead |access-date=2021-09-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181505/http://www.hsus.org/press_and_publications/press_releases/wolf_and_wolf-dog_hybrid.html
|archive-date=September 30, 2007
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Graves-2007-Wlf-RU>
{{cite book
| author = Graves, Will
| year = 2007
| title = Wolves in Russia: Anxiety throughout the ages
| isbn = 978-1-55059-332-7
| url = http://www.wolvesinrussia.com/
}}
</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2018}}
<ref name=Hall-Protopopova-Wynne-2016>
{{cite book
|first1=N.J. |last1=Hall
|first2=A. |last2=Protopopova
|first3=C.D.L. |last3=Wynne |author-link3=Clive Wynne
|year=2016
|title=Canine Olfaction Science and Law: Advances in forensic science, medicine, conservation, and remedial conservation
|publisher=Taylor & Francis
|editor1-last=Jezierski |editor1-first=T.
|editor2-last=Ensminger |editor2-first=J.
|editor3-last=Papet |editor3-first=L.E.
|chapter=Chapter 6. Olfacation in Wild Canids and Russian Canid Hybrids
|pages=63–64
|chapter-url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=VOsbDAAAQBAJ |page=63}}
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Hailer-Leonard-2008-10-08-coywolf>
{{cite journal
|last1=Hailer |first1=Frank
|last2=Leonard |first2=Jennifer A.
|date=2008-10-08
|title=Hybridization among three native North American ''canis'' species in a region of natural sympatry
|journal=[[PLoS One]]
|volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=e3333
|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003333
|pmid=18841199 |pmc=2556088
|bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3333H
|doi-access=free
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Kopaliani-Shakarashvili-Gurielidze-etal-2014-03-12-Gene-flow>
{{cite journal
|last1=Kopaliani |first1=Natia |last2=Shakarashvili |first2=Maia
|last3=Gurielidze |first3=Zurab |last4=Qurkhuli |first4=Tamar
|last5=Tarkhnishvili |first5=David
|date=12 March 2014
|title=Gene flow between wolf and shepherd dog populations in Georgia (Caucasus)
|journal=Heredity
|volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=345–353
|doi=10.1093/jhered/esu014 |pmid=24622972
|doi-access=
}}
</ref>
<ref name=McBryde-Parsons-etal-c1997-04>
{{cite web
|first1=Roy |last1=McBryde
|first2=David R. |last2=Parsons
|display-authors=etal
|orig-date=1997-06-02 |date=1997-07-23
|type=open letters
|title=The courts were wrong: These wolves are hybrids
|url=http://wolfcrossing.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/the-courts-were-wrong-these-wolves-are-hybrids.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617162853/http://wolfcrossing.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/the-courts-were-wrong-these-wolves-are-hybrids.pdf
|archive-date=June 17, 2009
}}
— The archived documents are two open letters, the June 1997 from R. McBryde to D.R. Parsons, and his letter in reply, July 1997. At issue is the use of known wolf-dog hybrids derived from the Ghost Ranch, formerly on display at the 'Living Deseart Zoo' in Carlsbad, NM, in the Mexican Wolf Recovery Program. The two letters are followed by more extensive reports of the status of three [[Mexican Wolf]] lines, as believed in late 1996.
</ref>
<ref name=MacCormick-2003-wolf-inside-dogs>
{{citation
| year=2003
| chapter=The wolf inside every dog
| title = The Mammoth Book of Maneaters
| editor1=MacCormick, Alex
| publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers
| isbn=978-0-7867-1170-3
}}
</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2021}}
<ref name=Perry-2009-10-09-LANow>
{{cite news
|first=Tony |last=Perry
|title=Marine Corps bans pit bulls, Rottweilers at Camp Pendleton, other bases
|newspaper=L.A. Now
|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]
|date=9 October 2009
|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/10/my-entry.html
}}
</ref>
<ref name="Pierotti-Fogg-2017-co‑evld">
{{cite book
|last1=Pierotti |first1=R. |last2=Fogg |first2=B.
|title=The First Domestication: How wolves and humans co‑evolved
|publisher=Yale University Press
|year=2017
|pages=225–237
|isbn=978-0-300-22616-4
|url={{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=aq88DwAAQBAJ}}
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Pilot-Greco-Vonholdt-etal-2018-admxt>
{{cite journal
|last1=Pilot |first1=Małgorzata |last2=Greco |first2=Claudia
|last3=Vonholdt |first3=Bridgett M. |last4=Randi |first4=Ettore
|last5=Jędrzejewski |first5=Włodzimierz |last6=Sidorovich |first6=Vadim E.
|last7=Konopiński |first7=Maciej K. |last8=Ostrander |first8=Elaine A.
|last9=Wayne |first9=Robert K.
|year=2018
|title=Widespread, long-term admixture between grey wolves and domestic dogs across Eurasia and its implications for the conservation status of hybrids
|journal=Evolutionary Applications
|volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=662–680
|pmid=29875809 |pmc=5978975
|doi=10.1111/eva.12595
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Popova-Zlatanova-2019-Mam>
{{cite journal
|last1 = Popova |first1 = Elitsa
|last2 = Zlatanova |first2 = Diana
|year=2019
|title = Living a dog's life: a putative gray wolf in a feral dog group
|journal = Mammalia
|doi = 10.1515/mammalia-2019-0010
|volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=115–120
|doi-access=free
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Randi-Hulva-Fabbri-etal-2014>
{{cite journal
|last1=Randi |first1=Ettore |last2=Hulva |first2=Pavel
|last3=Fabbri |first3=Elena |last4=Galaverni |first4=Marco
|last5=Galov |first5=Ana |last6=Kusak |first6=Josip
|last7=Bigi |first7=Daniele |last8=Bolfíková |first8=Barbora Černá
|last9=Smetanová |first9=Milena |last10=Caniglia |first10=Romolo
|year = 2014
|title= Multilocus detection of wolf × dog hybridization in Italy, and guidelines for marker selection
|journal=[[PLOS ONE]]
|volume=9 |issue=1 |page=e86409
|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0086409
|pmid=24466077 |pmc=3899229
|bibcode=2014PLoSO...986409R
|doi-access=free }}
</ref>
<ref name=Rincon-2004-04-08-BBC-N>
{{cite news
| first = Paul |last = Rincon
| date=2004-04-08
| title = Claws reveal wolf survival threat
| publisher =[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
| website= BBC online
| location=London, UK
| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3602741.stm
| access-date = 2007-05-11
| quote=Wolves with an extra toe on their hind legs are the products of cross-mating between wolves and domestic dogs, scientists in Italy have confirmed.
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Rousseau-2006-Anth-duLoup>
{{cite book
| author= Rousseau, Élise
| title=Anthologie du Loup
| year=2006
| page= 319
| isbn= 978-2-603-01335-9
|language=fr
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Sudakov-2006-04-25-Prvda>
{{cite web
|first=Dmitry |last=Sudakov
|title=Russian police employ wolves for service
|date=2006-04-25
|publisher=English.pravda.ru
|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/25-04-2006/79498-wolf-0
|access-date=2013-12-16
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Vila-Wayne-2001-12-24-Hybdzn>
{{cite journal
|last1 = Vila |first1 = Carles
|last2 = Wayne |first2 = Robert K.
|date=2001-12-24
|title=Hybridization between wolves and dogs
|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97425.x
|volume=13 |pages=195–198
|journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]]
|s2cid = 85011290
}}
</ref>
<ref name=WfDgPrj-c2009>
{{cite web
|title=The WolfDog Project Q-and-A
|date=2009-10-27
|url=http://geocities.com/wolfdogproject/rabies.html
|access-date=2013-12-16
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027130231/http://geocities.com/wolfdogproject/rabies.html
|archive-date=October 27, 2009
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Willems-1994-AWIC>{{cite web
|first = Robert A.
|last = Willems
|title = The wolf-dog hybrid: An overview of a controversial animal
|date = Winter 1994–1995
|orig-date = 1994
|periodical = AWIC Newsletter
|volume = 5
|number = 4
|pages = 3–7
|issn = 1050-561X
|lccn = 90002352
|place = Beltsville, MD
|department = Animal Welfare Information Center / National Agricultural Library
|publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
|url = http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n4/5n4wille.htm
|access-date = <!-- 2008-05-17 --> 2021-09-10
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221144425/http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n4/5n4wille.htm
|archive-date = 2014-12-21
}}</ref>
}} <!-- end "refs=" -->
==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://texx-wolf-tails.webs.com |title=Wolf-dog Education|website=texx-wolf-tails.webs.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://kyrawolfdog.webs.com |title=Wolfdog Education: the Basics|website=kyrawolfdog.webs.com}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.renokeo.com/wrr.html
{{Mammal hybrids}}
{{Dog nav}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolf-Dog Hybrid}}
| |||