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{{Short description|Dog-wolf hybrid}}
{{Distinguish|Wolfhound (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
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[[Genetic admixture|Admixture]] between domestic dogs and [[Subspecies of Canis lupus|other subspecies of gray wolves]] are the most common wolfdogs since dogs and gray wolves are considered the same species, are genetically very close and have shared vast portions of their ranges for millennia. Such admixture in the wild have been detected in many populations scattered throughout Europe and North America, usually occurring in areas where wolf populations have declined from human impacts and persecutions.<ref name=Randi-Hulva-Fabbri-etal-2014/><ref name=Vila-Wayne-2001-12-24-Hybdzn/>
At the same time, wolfdogs are also often bred in captivity for various purposes.
|title=Great Lakes-boreal wolf
|website=Wolf.nrdpfc.ca
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{{Blockquote|"I suppose that some of the variability exhibited in these wolves could have resulted from crossings in the wild with dogs. Such crosses in the wild have been reported and the wolf in captivity crosses readily with dogs. Some years ago at Circle, Alaska, a wolf hung around the settlement for some time and some of the dogs were seen with it. The people thought that the wolf was a female attracted to the dogs during the breeding period. However, considerable variability is probably inherent in the species, enough perhaps to account for the variations noted in the park and in skins examined. The amount of crossing with dogs has probably not been sufficient to alter much the genetic composition of the wolf population."|{{cite book |title=The Wolves of Mount McKinley |first=Adolph |last=Murie |year=1944 |isbn=0-295-96203-8 |postscript=,}} {{ISBN|978-0-295-96203-0}}.}}
In 2008, it was discovered that a gene [[mutation]] responsible for the [[protein]] [[beta-defensin 3]] is responsible for the black coat color in dogs.<ref name="solved">
{{cite web
|title=Black Wolf Mystery Solved
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[[File:Saarloos.jpg|thumb|left|A Saarloos Wolfdog]]
In 1932, [[Netherlands|Dutch]] breeder [[Leendert Saarloos]] crossed a male [[German Shepherd]] dog with a female [[European wolf]]. He then bred the female offspring back with the male German Shepherd
{{cite web
|url=https://www.ukcdogs.com/saarloosewolfdog
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=== The Czechoslovakian Wolfdog ===
[[File:Czechoslovakian-wolfdog-profile big.jpg|thumb|A [[Czechoslovakian Wolfdog]]]]
In the 1950s, the [[Czechoslovakian Wolfdog]] was also created to work on border patrol in the countries now known as [[Slovakia]] and the [[Czech Republic]]. It was originally bred from lines of
===
The Volkosob
==Livestock guardian dogs==
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Wild wolfdogs were occasionally hunted by European aristocracy, and were termed ''lycisca'' to distinguish them from common wolves.<ref name=Rousseau-2006-Anth-duLoup/>
Noted historic cases (such as the [[Beast of Gévaudan]]) of large wolves that were abnormally aggressive toward humans, may be attributable to wolf-dog mating.<ref name=Willems-1994-AWIC/>
In Europe, unintentional mating of dogs and wild wolves have been confirmed in some populations through [[genetic testing]]. As the survival of some Continental European wolf packs is severely threatened, scientists fear that the creation of wolfdog populations in the wild is a threat to the continued existence of European wolf populations.<ref name=Rincon-2004-04-08-BBC-N/>
However, extensive admixture between wolf and dog is not supported by morphological evidence, and analyses of [[mtDNA]] sequences have revealed that such mating are rare.<ref name="WOLVES"/>
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}}
</ref>
In Canada, the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island prohibit wolfdogs as pets.<ref name=Bruch-2007-Almanac/>
Most European nations have either outlawed the animal entirely or put restrictions on ownership.<ref>
{{cite web
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==In popular culture==
* [[Jed (wolfdog)|Jed]] was a Canadian timber wolf-Alaskan Malamute and animal actor, known for his roles in such movies as [[White Fang (1991 film)|''White Fang'']] (1991), ''[[White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf]]'' (1994), ''[[The Journey of Natty Gann]]'' (1985), and [[The Thing (1982 film)|''The Thing'']] (1982); he was born in 1977 and died in June 1995, aged 18.
* Balto, Aleu and Kodi are fictitious wolfdogs in the animated films ''[[Balto (film)|Balto]]'' (1995), ''[[Balto II: Wolf Quest]]'' (2002) and ''[[Balto III: Wings of Change]]'' (2004), respectively. The actual [[Balto]] was not a wolfdog but instead a [[Siberian Husky]]
* [[White Fang]] is the titular character of [[Jack London]]'s eponymous [[White Fang|1906 novel]], first serialized in [[Outing (magazine)|''Outing'' magazine]], that details the wild wolfdog's journey to domestication in the [[Yukon Territory]] and the [[Northwest Territories]] during the 1890s [[Klondike Gold Rush]].
* ''[[The Wolf Dog]]'' (1933) is an American [[Pre-code Hollywood|Pre-Code]] Mascot film serial starring Frankie Darro and [[Rin Tin Tin]] Jr.
* ''[[Wolf Dog]]'' (1958), also known as ''A Boy and His Dog'', is a Northwestern movie, directed and produced by Sam Newfield, and produced by Regal Films
* ''Wolfdogs Magazine'' self-describes as a progressive "community based publication for wolfdog enthusiasts".<ref>{{cite book
|url=http://www.wolfdogsmagazine.org/▼
▲ |url=http://www.wolfdogsmagazine.org
|title=Wolfdogs Magazine
|access-date=2009-08-23
}}▼
|archive-date=2013-07-21
</ref>▼
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
==Further reading==
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==See also==
{{Commons category|Wolf-dog hybrid}}{{Portal|Dogs
▲}}
* [[Black wolf]]
* [[Canid hybrid]]
* [[Coydog]]
* [[Coywolf]]
* [[Dingo-dog hybrid]]
* [[Dogxim]]
* [[Jackal–dog hybrid]]
* [[Wolves as pets and working animals]]
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</ref>
<ref name=DEFRA-RSPCA-2013-01-23>{{cite web
|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/wolfdogs/wolfdogs.pdf
|title=RSPCA report on wolfdogs
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|date=2013-01-23
|access-date=2013-12-16
|archive-date=2006-12-15
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061215025632/http://www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/gwd/wolfdogs/wolfdogs.pdf
▲</ref>
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Frantz-Larson-2018-ch-1>
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</ref>
<ref name=Ottawa-Humane-c2013>{{cite web
|title=Ottawa Humane
|website=Ottawahumane.ca
|url=http://www.ottawahumane.ca/wolfdoghybrids.html
|access-date=2013-12-16
|archive-date=2013-12-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216043033/http://www.ottawahumane.ca/wolfdoghybrids.html
▲</ref>
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Humane-Soc-c2007>
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|volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=345–353
|doi=10.1093/jhered/esu014 |pmid=24622972
|doi-access=
}}
</ref>
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</ref>
<ref name=Willems-1994-AWIC>{{cite web
|first = Robert A.
|
|title = The wolf-dog hybrid: An overview of a controversial animal
|date = Winter 1994–1995
|orig-date = 1994 |periodical = AWIC Newsletter
|volume
|number = 4
|issn=1050-561X▼
|pages = 3–7
▲ |issn = 1050-561X
|place=Beltsville, MD ▼
|lccn = 90002352
|department=Animal Welfare Information Center / National Agricultural Library▼
|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]▼
▲ |department = Animal Welfare Information Center / National Agricultural Library
|url= http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n4/5n4wille.htm▼
▲ |publisher = [[United States Department of Agriculture]]
▲ |url = http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n4/5n4wille.htm
▲ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/CAT10401495018/page/n1/mode/2up
|
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141221144425/http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/newsletters/v5n4/5n4wille.htm
▲</ref>
|archive-date = 2014-12-21
▲}}</ref>
}} <!-- end "refs=" -->
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