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{{Short description|Taxonomic rank subordinate to species}}
{{About|the biological term|the film series|Subspecies (film series){{!}}''Subspecies'' (film series)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Biological classification}}
{{
|image1=Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_(female)_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg |caption1=Ceylon paradise flycatcher (''Terpsiphone paradisi ceylonensis''), an [[Indian paradise flycatcher]] subspecies native to Sri Lanka
|image2=
|image3=Sumatran Tiger 4 (6964676168).jpg |caption3=[[Sunda Island tiger]] (''P. tigris sondaica''), a [[tiger]] subspecies native to the [[Sunda islands]]<ref name="Catsg2017"/>
}}
In [[Taxonomy (biology)|biological classification]],
In [[zoology]], under the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]], the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. In [[botany]] and [[mycology]], under the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]], other [[infraspecific name|infraspecific ranks]], such as [[variety (botany)|variety]], may be named. In [[bacteriology]] and [[virology]], under standard [[International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes|bacterial nomenclature]] and [[virus classification|virus nomenclature]], there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks.
A taxonomist decides whether to recognize a subspecies. A common criterion for recognizing two distinct populations as subspecies rather than full species is the ability of them to [[interbreeding|interbreed]] even if some male offspring may be sterile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Species – Speciation|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/species-taxon|access-date=
==Nomenclature==
The [[scientific name]] of a species is a [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]] or binomen, and comprises two [[Latin]] words, the first denoting the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] and the second denoting the species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Linné |first1=C. |year=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive, Regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |location=Lugduni Batavorum |publisher=Theodor Haak |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002972252/page/n1}}</ref> The scientific name of a subspecies is formed slightly differently in the different nomenclature codes. In zoology, under the
|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/scientific-nomenclature
|access-date=20 January 2021
▲ |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]
}}</ref>
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In [[botany]], subspecies is one of many ranks below that of species, such as [[Variety (botany)|variety]], [[Subvariety (botany)|subvariety]], [[form (botany)|form]], and subform. To identify the rank, the subspecific name must be preceded by "subspecies" (which can be abbreviated to "subsp." or "ssp."), as in [[Totora (plant)|''Schoenoplectus californicus'' subsp. ''tatora'']].<ref>{{cite
In [[Microbiology|bacteriology]], the only rank below species that is regulated explicitly by the code of nomenclature is ''subspecies'', but infrasubspecific taxa are extremely important in bacteriology; Appendix 10 of the code lays out some recommendations that are intended to encourage uniformity in describing such taxa. Names published before 1992 in the rank of ''variety'' are taken to be names of subspecies<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=icnb&part=A185 "International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria: Bacteriological Code, 1990 Revision. - Chapter 3: Rules of Nomenclature with Recommendations"]. [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]]. Retrieved 17 January
===Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms===
{{anchor|Nominate subspecies|Autonymous subspecies|Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms|reason=previous section names, and term anchors}}
In [[zoological nomenclature]], when a species is split into subspecies, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subspecies"<ref>[
The subspecies name that repeats the species name is referred to in [[botanical nomenclature]] as the subspecies "[[Autonym (botany)|autonym]]", and the subspecific taxon as the "autonymous subspecies".<ref name=ICN>{{cite book |last1=McNeill |first1=J. |last2=Barrie |first2=F. R. |last3=Buck |first3=W. R. |last4=Demoulin |first4=V. |last5=Greuter |first5=W. |last6=Hawksworth |first6=D. L. |last7=Herendeen |first7=P. S. |last8=Knapp |first8=S. |last9=Marhold |first9=K. |last10=Prado |first10=J. |last11=Prud'homme Van Reine |first11=W.F. |last12=Smith |first12=G. F. |last13=Wiersema |first13=J. H. |last14=Turland |first14=N. J. |date=2012 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 |publisher=A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG |isbn=978-3-87429-425-6 |url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title }}</ref>
===Doubtful cases===
When zoologists disagree over whether a certain population is a subspecies or a full species, the species name may be written in parentheses. Thus ''Larus (argentatus) smithsonianus'' means the [[American herring gull]]; the notation within the parentheses means that some consider it a subspecies of a larger [[European herring gull|herring gull]] species and therefore call it ''Larus argentatus smithsonianus'', while others consider it a full species and therefore call it ''Larus smithsonianus'' (and the user of the notation is not taking a position).<ref>{{
==Criteria==
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==Monotypic and polytypic species==
[[File:One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg|thumb|The [[Indian rhinoceros]] (''Rhinoceros unicornis'') is a [[monotypic]] species.]]
In biological terms, rather than in relation to nomenclature, a [[Polytypic taxon|polytypic]] species has two or more genetically and phenotypically divergent subspecies, [[Race (biology)|races]], or more generally speaking, [[population]]s that differ from each other so that a separate description is warranted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayr |first1=E. |author-link=Ernst Mayr |title=Populations, Species, and Evolution: An Abridgment of Animal Species and Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/populationsspeci00mayr |url-access=registration |year=1970 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674690103 }}</ref> These distinct groups do not interbreed as they are isolated from another, but they can interbreed and have fertile offspring, e.g. in captivity. These subspecies, races, or populations, are usually [[scientific description|described]] and [[Scientific name|named]] by zoologists, botanists and microbiologists.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
In a [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] species, all populations exhibit the same genetic and phenotypical characteristics. Monotypic species can occur in several ways:{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
* All members of the species are very similar and cannot be sensibly divided into biologically significant subcategories.
* The individuals vary considerably, but the variation is essentially random and largely meaningless so far as genetic transmission of these variations is concerned.
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== See also ==
{{Portal|Biology}}
* [[Breed]]
* [[Cultivar]] in botany
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== References ==
=== Citations ===
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[[Category:Biology terminology]]
[[Category:Botanical nomenclature]]
[[Category:Plant taxonomy
[[Category:Zoological nomenclature|rank25]]
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