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=== January–March ===
* [[January 2]] – The astronomer [[Urbain Le Verrier]] announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet [[Vulcan (hypothetical planet)|Vulcan]]
| first=Georges | last=Dumézil | author-link=Georges Dumézil
* [[January 10]] – The [[Pemberton Mill]] in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]] collapses, killing 146 workers. ▼
| others=trans. Philip Krapp
| title=Archaic Roman Religion: Volume One | orig-year=1966
| date=1996 | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]
| location=Baltimore | isbn=978-0-8018-5482-8
| pages=320–321 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Proctor|first1=Richard A.|title=Leverrier and the Discovery of Neptune|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1877/09/30/archives/leverrier-and-the-discovery-of-neptune-tune.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 30, 1877}}</ref>
▲* [[January 10]] – The [[Pemberton Mill]] in [[Lawrence, Massachusetts]] collapses, killing
* [[January 13]] – [[Battle of Tétouan]], [[Morocco]]: Spanish troops under General [[Leopoldo O'Donnell]], 1st Duke of Tetuan defeat the Moroccan Army.
* [[January 20]] – [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] is recalled as Prime Minister of [[Piedmont-Sardinia]].
* [[February 20]] – Canadian Royal Mail steamer {{SS|Hungarian}} (1859) is wrecked on [[Cape Sable Island]], [[Nova Scotia]], on passage from the British Isles to the United States with all 205 onboard lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://novascotia.ca/museum/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=2197|title=SS Hungarian - 1860|work=On the Rocks|publisher=Maritime Museum of the Atlantic|date=2007-10-05
|access-date=2021-05-18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713102225/http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mma/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=2197|archive-date=2007-07-13}}</ref>
* [[February 26|February 27]] – [[Abraham Lincoln]] makes his [[Cooper Union speech|Cooper Union]] speech in New York that is largely responsible for his election to the presidency.
* [[March 17]] – The [[First Taranaki War]] begins at [[Waitara, New Zealand]], when [[Māori people|Māori]] refuse to sell land to British settlers.
* [[March 22]] – The [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] is annexed to the newly formed [[Kingdom of Italy]].
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* [[July 2]] – [[Vladivostok]] is founded in Russia.
* [[July 11]] – Mutsuhito (the future [[Emperor Meiji]]) becomes [[Crown Prince]] of Japan.
* [[July 20]] – [[Battle of Milazzo (1860)|Battle of Milazzo]]: The forces of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.[[File:Giuseppe Garibaldi
*[[August 13]] – [[José Ignacio Pavón]] (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim [[President of Mexico]], replacing [[Miguel Miramón]]. Two days later Miramón becomes president again.<ref>{{cite web|title=José Ignacio Pavón|url=https://presidentes.mx/jose-ignacio-pavon|website=Presidentes.mx|language=es|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191703/https://presidentes.mx/jose-ignacio-pavon|archive-date=June 8, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[August 22]] – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.
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* [[December 1]] – [[Charles Dickens]] publishes the first installment of ''[[Great Expectations]]'' in his magazine ''[[All the Year Round]]''.
* [[December 7]] – After a fiercely contested campaign, [[Monier Monier-Williams]] [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860|is elected]] as the new [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit]], at Oxford University.
* [[December 20]] – [[American Civil War]]: [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]] becomes the first state to secede from the United States.
*[[December 24]] – Mexico's interim president [[Miguel Miramón]] flees the country after being defeated in battle.<ref name="miramon">{{cite web|title=Miguel Miramón|url=https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon|website=Presidentes.mx|language=es|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608191655/https://presidentes.mx/miguel-miramon|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[December 29]] – The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured [[battleship]], the (British) [[HMS Warrior (1860)|HMS ''Warrior'']], is launched.
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[[File:Anton Chekhov 1889.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anton Chekhov]]]]
[[File:Carl G. Barth.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Carl Georg Barth]]]]
* [[January 3]]
**[[Kato Takaaki]], 24th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1926]]) **[[Yashiro Rokurō]], Japanese admiral and politician (d. [[1930]])
* [[January 8]] – [[Emma Booth (The Salvation Army)|Emma Booth]], fourth child of [[William Booth|William]] and [[Catherine Booth]] (d. [[1903]])
* [[January 17]] – [[Douglas Hyde]], 1st President of Ireland (d. [[1949]])
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* [[February 29]] – [[Herman Hollerith]], American businessman, inventor (d. [[1929]])
* [[March 2]] – [[Susanna M. Salter]], first woman mayor in the United States (d. [[1961]])
* [[March 5]] – [[Sam Thompson (outfielder)|Sam Thompson]], American baseball player (d. [[1922]])
* [[March 13]] – [[Hugo Wolf]], Austrian composer (d. [[1903]])
* [[March 19]] – [[William Jennings Bryan]], American politician (d. [[1925]])
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* [[April 2]] – [[Zheng Xiaoxu]], Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher, first [[Prime Minister of Manchukuo]] (d. [[1938]])
* [[April 7]] – [[Will Keith Kellogg]], American industrialist, founder of the [[Kellogg Company]] (d. [[1951]])
* [[April 23]] – [[Archibald Murray]], British general (d. [[1945]])<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=35155 |title=Sir Archibald Murray|last1=Edmonds|first1=, J.|last2=Bunton|first2= M. |date=3 January 2008}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] – [[Theodor Herzl]], Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d. [[1904]])
* [[May 7]] – [[Tom Norman]], English freak [[showman]] (d. [[1930]])
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