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{{Short description|Deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli}}
{{about||the album by Benestrophe|Sensory Deprivation (album)}}
'''Sensory deprivation''' or '''perceptual isolation'''<ref>Donald Olding Hebb, Essay on Mind, Psychological Press, 1980</ref> is the deliberate reduction or removal of [[stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] from one or more of the senses. Simple devices such as [[blindfold]]s or [[Hood (headgear)|hoods]] and [[earmuff]]s can cut off sight and hearing, while more complex devices can also cut off the sense of smell, [[Somatosensory system|touch]], taste, thermoception (heat-sense), and the [[Vestibular system|ability to know which way is down]]. Sensory deprivation has been used in various [[alternative medicine]]s and in [[psychology|psychological]] experiments (e.g. with an [[isolation tank]]). When deprived of sensation, the brain attempts to restore sensation in the form of [[Hallucination|hallucinations]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Purves |first1=Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwY7kAEACAAJ |title=Neuroscience |last2=Augustine |first2=George |last3=Fitzpatrick |first3=David |last4=Hall |first4=William C. |last5=LaMantia |first5=Anthony |last6=Mooney |first6=Richard |last7=White |first7=Leonard E. |date=2018-07-04 |publisher=Sinauer |isbn=978-1-60535-380-7 |language=en}}</ref>▼
Short-term sessions of sensory deprivation are described as relaxing and conducive to [[meditation]]; however, extended or forced sensory deprivation can result in extreme [[anxiety]], [[hallucination]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sireteanu |first1=R |last2=Oertel |first2=V |last3=Mohr |first3=H |last4=Linden |first4=D |last5=Singer |first5=W |year=2008 |title=Graphical illustration and functional neuroimaging of visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding: A comparison to visual imagery |journal=Perception |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=1805–1821 |doi=10.1068/p6034 |pmid=19227374 |s2cid=12013790}}</ref> [[Delusion|bizarre thoughts]]
▲'''Sensory deprivation''' or '''perceptual isolation'''<ref>Donald Olding Hebb, Essay on Mind, Psychological Press, 1980</ref> is the deliberate reduction or removal of [[stimulus (physiology)|stimuli]] from one or more of the senses. Simple devices such as [[blindfold]]s or [[Hood (headgear)|hoods]] and [[earmuff]]s can cut off sight and hearing, while more complex devices can also cut off the sense of smell, [[Somatosensory system|touch]], taste, thermoception (heat-sense), and the [[Vestibular system|ability to know which way is down]]. Sensory deprivation has been used in various [[alternative medicine]]s and in [[psychology|psychological]] experiments (e.g. with an [[isolation tank]]).
▲Short-term sessions of sensory deprivation are described as relaxing and conducive to [[meditation]]; however, extended or forced sensory deprivation can result in extreme [[anxiety]], [[hallucination]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sireteanu |first1=R |last2=Oertel |first2=V |last3=Mohr |first3=H |last4=Linden |first4=D |last5=Singer |first5=W |year=2008 |title=Graphical illustration and functional neuroimaging of visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding: A comparison to visual imagery |journal=Perception |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=1805–1821 |doi=10.1068/p6034 |pmid=19227374 |s2cid=12013790}}</ref> [[Delusion|bizarre thoughts]], temporary senselessness, and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]<ref>{{Bullet list|Harold I. Schwartz, [http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/33/2/153 Death Row Syndrome and Demoralization: Psychiatric Means to Social Policy Ends] [https://archive.ph/v9TJl Archive.] J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 33:2:153-155 (2005)|Karen Franklin [http://www.karenfranklin.com/topix11-segregation.html Segregation Psychosis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005140616/http://www.karenfranklin.com/topix11-segregation.html |date=2010-10-05 }}|Haney [http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/49/1/124 Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and "Supermax" Confinement], [[Crime Delinquency]]. 2003; 49: 124-156|{{Cite journal |last=Matthews |first=Daryl |date=September 2009 |title=Physicians' Obligation to Speak Out for Prisoners' Health |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/12794.html |journal=Ethics Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=6 |pages=1 |via=[[American Medical Association|AMA]]}}|Stuart Grassian [http://www.prisoncommission.org/statements/grassian_stuart_long.pdf Psychiatric effects of solitary confinement](PDF) This article is a redacted, non-institution- and non-inmate-specific version of a declaration submitted in September 1993 in Madrid v. Gomez, 889F.Supp.1146.|}}</ref>
A related [[phenomenon]] is perceptual deprivation, also called the [[Ganzfeld effect]]. In this case a constant uniform stimulus is used instead of attempting to remove the stimuli; this leads to effects which have similarities to sensory deprivation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wackermann |first1=J |last2=Pütz P |last3=Allefeld C |date=Jun 2008 |title=Ganzfeld-induced hallucinatory experience, its phenomenology and cerebral electrophysiology |journal=Cortex |volume=44 |issue=10 |pages=1364–78 |doi=10.1016/j.cortex.2007.05.003 |pmid=18621366 |s2cid=18683890}}</ref>
Sensory deprivation techniques were developed by some of the armed forces within [[NATO]], as a means of interrogating prisoners within [[International human rights law|international treaty obligations]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Jeffery |first=Keith |title=The Divided province: the troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-1985 |year=1985 |page=58 |edition=illustrated |publisher=Orbis |isbn=0-85613-799-5}}</ref> The [[European Court of Human Rights]] ruled that the use of the [[five techniques]] by British security forces in [[Northern Ireland]] amounted to a practice of [[inhuman and degrading treatment]].
It was also used in prisons such as [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo]].<ref>{{Cite news |
==Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST)==
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Chamber REST affects psychological functioning (thinking, perception, memory, motivation, and mood) and psychophysiological processes.
===
{{main|Isolation tank}}
[[Image:Flotation tank SMC.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Flotation tank with flip top lid opened]]
In flotation REST, the room contains a tank or pool. The flotation medium consists of a skin-temperature solution of water and [[Epsom salts]] at a specific gravity that allows for the patient to float supine without the worry of safety. In fact, to turn over while in the solution requires "major deliberate effort." Fewer than 5% of the subjects tested leave before the session duration ends, which is usually around an hour for flotation REST.<ref name=suedREST/>
===Chamber versus flotation REST===
Several differences exist between flotation and chamber REST. For example, with the presence of a medium in flotation REST, the subject has reduced tactile stimulation while experiencing weightlessness. The addition of Epsom salts to attain the desired specific gravity may have a therapeutic effect on [[hypertonic]] muscles. Since one of the main results of chamber REST is a state of relaxation, the effects of chamber REST on arousal are less clear-cut, which can be attributed to the nature of the solution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ballard |first=Eric |year=1986 |title=Flow of consciousness in restricted environmental stimulation |journal=Imagination, Cognition and Personality |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=219–230 |doi=10.2190/V7AR-88FT-MUTL-CJP5 |s2cid=145501620}}</ref>
Also, due to the inherent immobilization that is experienced in flotation REST (by not being able to roll over), which can become uncomfortable after several hours, the subject is unable to experience the session durations of chamber REST. This may not allow the subject to experience the changes in attitudes and thinking that are associated with chamber REST.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wallbaum |first1=Andrew |last2=Rzewnicki |first2=R |last3=Steele |first3=H |last4=Suedfeld |first4=P |year=1991 |title=Progressive muscle relaxation and Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy for chronic tension headache: A pilot study |journal=International Journal of Psychosomatics |volume=38 |issue=1–4 |pages=33–39 |pmid=1778683}}</ref> Additionally, the research questions asked between each technique are different. Chamber REST questions stemmed from research that began in the 1950s and explored a variety of questions about the need for stimulation, the nature of arousal and its relationship with external stimulation. Practitioners in this area have explored its utility in the treatment of major psychiatric dysfunctions such as substance abuse. In contrast, flotation REST was seen more as a recreational tool and was tested primarily for use with stress-related disorders, pain reduction, and insomnia.<ref name="suedREST" />
Numerous studies have debated which method is a more effective treatment process
However, Flotation REST has the advantage of a lower duration required (45 minutes as opposed to 24 hours).
== Sensory deprivation as a philosophical thought experiment ==
Sensory deprivation has been used to help support arguments by philosophers on how minds work. One example is the [[Floating man|floating man]] [[Philosophical argument|argument]] proposed by [[Avicenna|Ibn Sīnā]], whose primary objective is to affirm the existence of the human soul.
=== Floating man argument ===
[[Avicenna|Ibn Sīnā]], one of the most important philosophers of the medieval period, investigated the existence of the self and explored the self's nature. Like many others, he proposed an argument to support his claim regarding the relationship between the mind and the body. He based his investigation on the Floating Man argument where, he proposes, a man floating in the air or a vacuum where he cannot perceive anything, not even the substance of air.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Alwishah |first=Ahmed |date=2013 |title=Ibn Sīnā on Floating Man Arguments |url=https://pzacad.pitzer.edu/aalwisha/pdfs/Ibn_Sina_on_Floating_Man_Arguments.pdf |journal=Journal of Islamic Philosophy |volume=9 |pages=49–71|doi=10.5840/islamicphil201395 }}</ref> This man is unable to see anything external; his arms and legs are separated from the rest of his body; they do not meet or touch.<ref name=":0" /> In other words, the man is experiencing extreme sensory deprivation in order to separate what physical body and any perception of stimuli that a person can experience from what consciousness might be in Ibn Sīnā's [[thought experiment]]. The man later reflects on his existence. He will not question that he exists, but he will not be able to affirm if his legs, arms, or internal organs exist. He guarantees that his essence exists, but he will not have awareness of the length or depth of himself. Therefore, in the thought experiment, what the man can affirm to exist is the man's self and what he cannot affirm does not make part of his essence, like an arm or a toe.<ref name=":0" /> The argument concludes then that since the man can affirm his existence while being subjected to extreme sensory deprivation, his soul is something different from his physical body.<ref name=":0" /> His soul is then said to be an immaterial substance separate from his body. This is considered a dualist argument in the philosophy of mind as it separates the mind from the body to affirm the existence of oneself.
==== Dualism ====
[[Mind–body dualism|Dualism]] presupposes that the world is made up of physical (perceived through the senses), and immaterial (not perceived through the senses) substances.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kind |first=Amy |title=Philosophy of Mind: The Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-138-80782-2 |location=Abingdon Oxon; New York, NY |pages=22–47}}</ref>
[[René Descartes]] was the philosopher who proposed [[Mind–body dualism|Cartesian dualism]], also called substance dualism, since it claims the existence of two kinds of “substances”: mental states and material stuff that takes up space. For Descartes, the mind is an entity, different from a physical entity since the mind, in Descartes' point of view, can exist independently, that is, without a physical body. For this reason, he concluded that the mind is a substance.<ref name=":1" />
==Other uses==
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Sensory deprivation has been used to disorientate subjects during [[interrogation]], [[brainwashing]], and [[torture]]. In particular, the five techniques of ''wall-standing; hooding; subjection to noise; deprivation of sleep; deprivation of food and drink'' were used by the security forces in [[Northern Ireland]] in the early 1970s. After the Parker Report of 1972, these techniques were formally abandoned by the United Kingdom as aids to the interrogation of paramilitary suspects.
The Irish government on behalf of the men who had been subject to the five methods took a case to the [[European Commission of Human Rights]] (''Ireland v. United Kingdom'', 1976 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on Hum. Rts. 512, 748,
In their judgment<ref name="Ireland.v.UK_96">[http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-57506 Ireland v. the United Kingdom (1978)], paragraph 96</ref> the court states that:
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==See also==
* [https://www.paradatemporal.com/2019/04/the-big-bang-theory-12x19-inspiration.html The Big Bang Theory (The Inspiration Motivation) E19 : T12]
* [https://tv.apple.com/br/episode/jovens-desaparecidas/umc.cmc.4zzalje3w013avx68h3ookz3a?showId=umc.cmc.6cljvkfmjijnip1z2ju685tkg Criminal Minds (North Mammon) E7 : T2]
* ''[[Altered States]]'' (film)
* [[Apophenia]]
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* {{Cite book |last=Lilly |first=John C. |title=The Deep Self: Profound Relaxation and the Tank Isolation Technique |edition=1st |year=1977 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-671-22552-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/deepselfprofound00lill |url-access=registration}} [Reprinted 1981, Warner Books, {{ISBN|978-0-446-33023-7}}; 2006, Gateways Books & Tapes, {{ISBN|978-0-89556-116-9}}].
* {{Cite book |last=Suedfeld |first=P. |year=1980 |title=Restricted environmental stimulation: Research and clinical applications |publisher=Wiley Interscience}}
* Vernon, Jack C. (1963) ''Inside the black room: studies in sensory deprivation.'' C. N. Potter.
* {{Cite journal |last=Zuckerman |first=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Experimental and subject factors determining responses to perceptual and social isolation |journal=J. Abnorm. Psychol. |year=1968 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=183–194|doi=10.1037/h0025748 |pmid=5658514 }}
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