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{{featured article}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| halloffame = 1978
| image = Jacques plante.jpg
| caption = Plante with the [[Quebec Citadelles#Other teams with the same name|Quebec Citadelles]] in 1948
| birth_date = {{birth date|1929|1|17}}
| birth_place = [[Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel, Quebec]], Canada
| death_date = {{death date and age|1986|2|27|1929|1|17}}
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| career_end = 1965 {{ubl|1968–1973|1974–1975}}
}}
'''Joseph Jacques Omer Plante''' ({{IPA
Plante retired in 1965 but was persuaded to return to the [[National Hockey League]] to play for the expansion [[St. Louis Blues]] in 1968. He was later traded to the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] in 1970 and to the [[Boston Bruins]] in 1973. He joined the [[World Hockey Association]] as a coach and general manager for the [[Quebec Nordiques]] in 1973–74. He then played goal for the [[Edmonton Oilers]] in 1974–75, ending his professional career with that team.
Plante was the first NHL goaltender to wear a [[goaltender mask]] in regulation play on a regular {{nowrap|basis.<ref name=srapsnn>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KEIVAAAAIBAJ&pg=7507%2C3637776 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title=Masks for goalies gain acceptance |date=November 23, 1969 |page=7, sports }}</ref>}} {{nowrap|He developed}} and tested many versions of the mask (including the forerunner of today's mask/helmet combination) with the assistance of other experts. Plante was the first NHL goaltender to regularly play the puck outside his [[crease (hockey)|crease]] in support of his team's [[defenceman (ice hockey)|defencemen]], and he often instructed his teammates from behind the play. Plante was inducted into the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] in 1978, was chosen as the goaltender of the Canadiens' "dream team" in 1985, and was inducted into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994. The Montreal Canadiens retired Plante's jersey, #1, the following year. Plante ranks seventh among NHL goalies for all-time career wins with 437.
==
[[File:Jacques Plante 1944-1945.jpg|Jacques Plante in the 1944–1945 season, aged 15 or 16|thumb|left|alt=A teenage Plante assumes the traditional goaltender stance, slightly crouched with legs together, wearing goaltender pads on his legs, his team sweater, and holding a goaltender stick in his right hand with the blade of the stick in front of his feet]]
Plante was born on a farm near [[Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel, Quebec|Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel]], in [[Mauricie]], Quebec, the first of 11 children born to Palma and Xavier Plante.<ref name="Thirteen">Plante, R., p. 13.</ref> The family moved to [[Shawinigan|Shawinigan Falls]], where his father worked in one of the local factories. In 1932, Plante began to play hockey, skateless and with a tennis ball, using a goaltender's hockey stick his father had carved from a tree root.<ref name="1on1" /> When he was five years old, Plante fell off a ladder and broke his hand. The fracture failed to heal properly and affected his playing style during his early hockey career; he underwent successful corrective surgery as an adult.<ref name="OneNineEight">Plante, R., p. 198.</ref><ref name = "FortySeven" /> Plante suffered from asthma starting in early childhood. This prevented him from skating for extended periods, so he gravitated to playing goaltender.<ref name="Fourteen">Plante, R., p. 14.</ref> As his playing progressed, Jacques received his first regulation goaltender's stick for [[Christmas]] of 1936.<ref name="Thirteen" /> His father made Plante's first pads by stuffing potato sacks and reinforcing them with wooden panels.<ref name="Thirteen" /> As a child, Plante played hockey outdoors in the bitterly cold Quebec winters. His mother taught him how to knit his own [[Knit cap#Canadian tuque|tuques]] to protect him from the cold. Plante continued knitting and embroidering throughout his life and wore his hand-knitted tuques while playing and practicing until entering the National Hockey League (NHL).<ref name="Thirteen" />
Plante's first foray into organized hockey came at age 12. He was watching his school's team practice
Two years later, Plante was playing for five different teams — the local factory team, and teams in the midget, juvenile, junior, and intermediate categories.<ref name="Eighteen">Plante, R., p. 18.</ref> Plante demanded a salary from the factory team's coach after his father told him that the other players were being paid
In 1949, he married Jacqueline Gagné; they had two sons, Michel and Richard.<ref>Plante, R., pp. 203–205</ref>
==Playing career==
===Minor leagues===
[[File:Citadellesdequebec.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|Plante, seated in front in [[tuque]], with the [[Quebec Citadelles#Other teams with the same name|Quebec Citadelles]]]]
Jacques joined the [[Quebec Citadelles#Other teams with the same name|Quebec Citadelles]] in 1947. While playing for Quebec, Plante started to play the puck outside his crease,<ref name="TwentyFour">Plante, R., p. 24.</ref> a technique he developed when he recognized that the team's defense was performing poorly. Fans found Plante's unconventional playing style to be exciting,<ref name="TwentyThree">Plante, R., p. 23.</ref> but it angered his managers, who believed that a goaltender should stay in the net and let his players recover the puck.<ref name="TwentyFour"/> Plante had
In January 1953, Plante was called up to play for the Canadiens. [[Bill Durnan]], the goaltender who played for Montreal when Plante first began, had retired, and [[Gerry McNeil]], their top goaltender, had fractured his jaw.<ref name="1on1"/> Plante played three games, but in that short time, he generated controversy. Coach [[Dick Irvin|Dick Irvin, Sr.]] did not wish his players to stand out by any addition to their regular uniforms.<ref name="ThirtyEight">Plante, R., p. 38.</ref> Plante always wore one of his tuques while playing hockey, and after an argument with Irvin, all of Plante's tuques had vanished from the Montreal locker room.<ref name="ThirtyNine">Plante, R., p. 39.</ref> Even without his good luck charm,<ref name="ThirtyEight"/> Plante gave up only four goals in the three games he played, all of them wins.<ref name="ThirtyNine"/>
Later during the [[1952–53 NHL season]], Plante played in the playoffs against the [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]]. He won his first playoff game with a shutout.<ref name="Irvin94">Irvin (1991), p. 94.</ref> Montreal won that series and eventually, the Stanley Cup, and Plante's name was engraved on the Cup for the first time.<ref name="Irvin94"/>
At the beginning of 1953, McNeil was still the starting goaltender for the Canadiens.<ref name="mcneil">{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?player=18623|title=Gerry George McNeil|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame|access-date=March 12, 2008}}</ref> Selke assigned Plante to the [[Buffalo Bisons (AHL)|Buffalo Bisons]] of the [[American Hockey League]] so fans in the United States would get to know him.<ref name="Forty">Plante, R., p. 40.</ref> Plante was instantly successful; Fred Hunt, the general manager of the Bisons, told [[Kenny Reardon]], Montreal's recruiting manager, "he's <nowiki>[Plante]</nowiki> the biggest attraction since the good old days of [[Terry Sawchuk]]."<ref name="Forty"/>
===Montreal Canadiens===
By the end of the [[1953–54 NHL season|1953–54 season]], Plante was well-entrenched within the NHL.<ref>Adrahtas, p. 52.</ref> In the spring of 1954, he underwent surgery to correct his left hand, which he had broken in his childhood. He could not move
On February 12, 1954, Plante was called up to the Canadiens and established himself as their starting goaltender – he did not return to the minor leagues for many years.<ref name="Hunter118">Hunter, D., p. 118.</ref> Plante was the Canadiens' number one goaltender at the beginning of the [[1954–55 NHL season]]. On March 13, 1955, with only four games left in the season, an on-ice brawl resulted in the suspension of Montreal's leading scorer, [[Maurice Richard]], for the rest of the season and the playoffs. Four nights later, playing in Montreal in front of an angry crowd, Plante was witness to the [[Richard Riot|riot]] that followed. The Canadiens subsequently lost to the [[Detroit Red Wings]] in the finals.<ref>Irvin (1991), p. 125.</ref>
For the [[1955–56 NHL season|1955–56 season]], Plante was the unchallenged starting goaltender of the Canadiens; [[Gerry McNeil]] had not played the previous season and was sent to the [[Royal Montreal Hockey Club|Montreal Royals]]. [[Charlie Hodge (ice hockey)|Charlie Hodge]], Plante's backup the previous season, was sent to the [[Seattle_Totems#Seattle_Americans_(1955–58)|Seattle Americans]], a Canadiens' farm team.<ref name="SixtyTwo">Plante, R., p. 62.</ref> Later that season, Montreal won the Stanley Cup, the first of what would be five consecutive Stanley Cup championship seasons.<ref>Irvin (1991), p. 130.</ref> For his part, Plante won the first of five consecutive [[Vezina Trophy|Vezina Trophies]].<ref>Plante, R., pp. 205–207</ref> The [[1956–57 NHL season|next season]], Plante missed most of November because of chronic [[bronchitis]], a consequence of
====Goalie mask====
[[File:Plante Mask.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Plante's original fibreglass mask|alt=the mask is white and of solid construction with egg-sized oval cutouts for the eyes and a rectangular cutout from the base of the nose to below the lower lip]]
During the [[1959–60 NHL season|1959–60 season]], Plante wore a [[goaltender mask]] for the first time in a regular season game. Although Plante had used his mask in practice since 1956 after missing 13 games because of a [[sinusitis]] operation,<ref name="Legends HHOF"/> head coach [[Toe Blake]] was afraid it would impair his vision and would not permit him to wear it during regulation play.<ref name="Fischler27">Fischler, S., pp. 27–28.</ref> However, on November 1, 1959, Plante's nose was broken when he was hit by a shot fired by [[Andy Bathgate]] three minutes into a game against the [[New York Rangers]], and he was taken to the dressing room for stitches. When he returned, he was wearing the crude
Plante subsequently designed his own and other goaltenders' masks.<ref name="TwoZeroFive">Plante, R., p. 205.</ref> He was not the first NHL goaltender known to wear a face mask. [[Montreal Maroons]]' [[Clint Benedict]] wore a crude leather version in 1930 to protect a broken nose, but Plante introduced the mask as everyday equipment, and it is now mandatory [[Ice hockey goaltending equipment|equipment for goaltenders]].<ref>{{cite web
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===Trade to New York and first retirement===
Hampered by terrible pain in his left knee<ref name="NineSix">Plante, R., p. 96.</ref> during the [[1960–61 NHL season]], Plante was sent down to the minor league Montreal Royals. Torn cartilage was found in his knee, and the knee was surgically repaired during the summer of 1961.<ref name="OneZeroFive">Plante, R., p. 105.</ref> The [[1961–62 NHL season|next season]], Plante became the fourth goaltender to win the [[Hart Memorial Trophy]], while winning the [[Vezina Trophy]] for the sixth time.<ref name="TwoZeroEight">Plante, R. p. 208.</ref> The [[1962–63 NHL season|1962–63 season]] was unsettling for Plante.<ref name="OneOneSeven">Plante, R., p. 117.</ref> His asthma had worsened, and he missed most of the early season.<ref name="OneOneSeven"/> His relationship with his coach, [[Toe Blake]], continued to deteriorate because of Plante's persistent health problems.<ref name="OneOneSeven"/> Later, Plante was at the center of a major controversy when he claimed that net sizes in the NHL were not uniform, thus giving a statistical advantage to goaltenders playing for the [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]], [[Boston Bruins]], and [[New York Rangers]].<ref name="OneOneEight">Plante, R., p. 118.</ref> His claim was later confirmed as the result of a manufacturing error.<ref name="OneOneNine">Plante, R., p. 119.</ref>
After the Canadiens were eliminated for the third straight year in the first playoff round during the spring of 1963, there was mounting pressure for change from their fans and media.<ref name="IIV"/> Growing tension between Plante and Blake because of Plante's inconsistent work ethic and demeanor caused Blake to declare that for the 1963–64 season either he or Plante must go.<ref name="IIV"/> On June 4, 1963, Plante was traded to the New York Rangers, with [[Phil Goyette]] and [[Donnie Marshall|Don Marshall]] in exchange for [[Gump Worsley]], [[Dave Balon]], [[Leon Rochefort]], and [[Len Ronson]].<ref name="IIV">Adrahtas, p. 115.</ref> Plante played for the Rangers for one full season and part of a second. He retired in 1965 while playing for the Rangers' [[American Hockey League|AHL]] affiliate, the [[Baltimore Clippers]]. His wife was ill at the time, and he required surgery on his right knee.<ref>Adrahtas, p. 180.</ref>
Upon retirement, Plante took a job with [[Molson]] as a sales representative but remained active in the NHL. In 1965, [[Scotty Bowman]] asked Plante to play for the Montreal Jr. Canadiens in a game against the Soviet National Team. Honoured to represent his country, Plante agreed, and after receiving permission from both the Rangers (who owned his rights) and Molson, he began practicing. The Canadiens won 2–1, and Plante was named first star of the game.<ref name="OneFourNine">Plante, R., p. 149.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ncQtAAAAIBAJ&pg=4700%2C3740158|title=Jacques Plante Accorded Greatest Forum Ovation|access-date=August 27, 2012|work=[[The Montreal Gazette]]|date=December 16, 1965|page=42}}</ref>
===Comeback to professional hockey===
At the beginning of the [[1967–68 NHL season]], Plante received a call from his ex-teammate [[Bert Olmstead]] seeking some help coaching the expansion [[Oakland Seals]].<ref name="OneEightOneII">Adrahtas, p. 181.</ref> Plante coached mainly by example, and after the three-week training camp, he returned home to Montreal. Plante also played an exhibition game with the Seals. Rumours swirled that Plante was planning a comeback.<ref name="OneEightOneII"/><ref name="OneFiveFive">Plante, R., p. 155.</ref>
In June 1968, Plante was selected in an [[1968 NHL Intra-League Draft|intraleague draft]] by the [[St. Louis Blues]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/draft/nhl1968i.html|title=1968 NHL Intraleague Draft|publisher=hockeydb.com|access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> and signed for $35,000 for the [[1968–69 NHL season|1968–69 season]].<ref name="Hunter120">Hunter, D., p. 120.</ref> In his first season with the Blues, Plante split the goaltending duties with [[Glenn Hall]]. He won the Vezina Trophy that season for the seventh time, surpassing [[Bill Durnan]]'s record.<ref name = "Hunter121"/> While playing for the Blues in the 1969–70 playoffs against the Boston Bruins, a shot fired by [[Fred Stanfield]] and redirected by [[Phil Esposito]] hit Plante in the forehead, knocking him out and breaking his fibreglass mask. The first thing Plante said after he regained consciousness at the hospital was that the mask saved his life.<ref>Adrahtas, p. 206.</ref> That game proved to be his last for the Blues, and he was traded in the summer of 1970 to the Toronto Maple Leafs.<ref>Adrahtas, p. 212.</ref> He led the NHL with the lowest [[goals against average]] (GAA) during his first season with the Maple Leafs. That season, he also tied a Leafs franchise record, winning 9 straight games.<ref>{{cite news |title=Campbell ties franchise record as Maple Leafs down Flames |url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/campbell-ties-franchise-record-maple-leafs-flames/ |access-date=April 6, 2021 |work=Sportsnet |agency=Canadian Press |date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> At season's end, he was named to the NHL's second All-Star team, his seventh such honour.
Plante accepted a $1 million, 10-year contract to become coach and general manager of the [[Quebec Nordiques]] of the [[World Hockey Association]] in 1973.<ref name="TwoThirteen">Plante, R., p. 213.</ref> He was highly dissatisfied with his and the team's performance and resigned at the end of the 1973–74 season.<ref name="OneEightFive">Plante, R., p. 185.</ref> Coming out of retirement once more, Plante played 31 games for the [[Edmonton Oilers]] of the WHA in the 1974–75 season.<ref name="Hunter121"/> Plante retired during the Oilers' training camp in 1975–76 after receiving news that his youngest son had died.<ref name="Hunter121"/>
==Hockey analysis and coaching==
Plante had a well-earned reputation for his ability to analyse the game of hockey. He began shouting directions to his teammates during games in his first stint in the minor leagues (the goaltender usually has the best view of the game). He kept extensive notes on opposing players and teams throughout his career.<ref>Irvin (1995), p. 124.</ref> He made his debut in the broadcasting booth during his first retirement in the 1960s as a colour commentator for broadcasts of [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League#History|Quebec Junior League]] games alongside [[Danny Gallivan]] of [[Hockey Night in Canada]] fame.<ref>Irvin (1991), p. 299.</ref> [[Télévision de Radio-Canada|Radio Canada]], the French language branch of the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], brought Plante aboard as an on-air analyst for its television broadcasts of the [[Summit Series|1972 Summit Series]] between the national team of the [[Soviet Union]] and a Canadian team made up of professional players from the NHL. Plante was one of the few North American analysts who dissented from the widely held belief in the superiority of the Canadian team.<ref>Plante, R., p. 174.</ref>
Plante also wrote extensively on hockey. He wrote hockey columns starting early in his career and was published in ''La Voix de Shawinigan'', ''Le Samedi'', and ''Sport Magazine.''<ref>Plante, R., p. 180.</ref> He alienated local reporters<ref>Plante, R., p. 184.</ref> by writing a column for the local paper during his time as coach of the Quebec Nordiques. His seminal work, ''On Goaltending'', was published in 1972 in English, with the French edition (entitled ''Devant le filet'') published in 1973. In his book, Plante outlined a program of goaltender development that included off-ice exercises, choice of equipment, styles of play, and game-day preparation. He also advised on best coaching methods for both young and advanced goaltenders.<ref>Plante, J., p. 5.</ref> His book remained popular with coaches and players and was reprinted in both French and English in 1997, 25 years after it was first published.<ref>Plante, J., p. 4.</ref>
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Plante was one of the first goaltenders to skate behind the net to stop the puck.<ref name="Legends HHOF">{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/LegendsMember.jsp?mem=P197802&type=Player&page=bio&list=ByName#photo|title=Jacques Plante Biography|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame|access-date=March 30, 2008}}</ref><ref>Adrahtas, p. 51.</ref> He also was one of the first to raise his arm on an [[icing (hockey)|icing]] call to let his defencemen know what was happening.<ref name="Legends HHOF" /> He perfected a stand-up, positional style, cutting down the angles; he became one of the first goaltenders to write a how-to book about the position.<ref name="Legends HHOF" /> He was a pioneer of stickhandling the puck; before that time, goaltenders passively stood in the net and simply deflected pucks to defencemen or backchecking forwards.<ref name="1on1">{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/spot_oneononep197802.htm|title=One on One with Jacques Plante|publisher=Hockey Hall of Fame|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512090143/http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/spot_oneononep197802.htm|archive-date=May 12, 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=February 12, 2008}}</ref>
Plante was inducted into the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] in 1978,<ref name="Legends HHOF" /> [[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]] in 1981,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada Sports Hall of Fame {{!}} Hall of Famers Search |url=http://www.sportshall.ca/hall-of-famers/hall-of-famers-search.html?proID=43&catID=all&lang=EN |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=www.sportshall.ca}}</ref> and into the Quebec Sports Pantheon in 1994.<ref name="TwoOneSix" /> His no. 1 jersey was retired in 1995 by the Montreal Canadiens.<ref name="Canadiens">{{cite web|url=http://canadiens.nhl.com/history/retired/plante.htm|title=Jacques Plante Biography|publisher=Montreal Canadiens|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229021419/http://canadiens.nhl.com/history/retired/plante.htm|archive-date=February 29, 2008|access-date=March 30, 2008}}</ref> The [[Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy]] was established in his honour as an award to the top goaltender in the [[Quebec Major Junior Hockey League]].<ref name="TwoOneSix" /> The [[Jacques Plante Trophy]] was established in Switzerland after Plante's death; it is given out annually to the top Swiss goaltender.<ref name="OneNineTwo">Plante, R., p. 192.</ref> The former arena in Shawinigan, where Plante grew up and played his first organized games,<ref name=RPCQ>{{cite web|url=http://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=195132&type=bien#.VLMjslqJI68|title= Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec: Aréna Jacques-Plante|trans-title=Directory of the cultural heritage of Quebec: Jacques Plante Arena|publisher=Quebec [[Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec)|Ministry of Culture and Communications]]|access-date=January 15, 2023|date=2013}}</ref> was renamed to [[Aréna Jacques Plante]].
His injury and subsequent donning of a mask
==Career statistics==
===Regular season and playoffs===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="width:
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |
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! 112 !! 71 !! 36 !! 6,646 !! 235 !! 14 !! 2.12 !! —
|}
==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:
|-
! rowspan="2"|Team !! rowspan="2"|
|-
! G !! W !! L !! T !! Pts !!Finish !! Result
|-
! [[Quebec Nordiques|QUE]] !! [[1973–74 WHA season|1973–74]]
| 78 || 38 || 36 || 4 || 80 || 5th in WHA East || Did not qualify▼
▲| 78 || 38 || 36 || 4 || 80
|}
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| [[1956-57 NHL season|1957]], [[1957-58 NHL season|1958]], [[1959-60 NHL season|1960]], [[1970-71 NHL season|1971]]
|-
| [[Stanley Cup]] champion
| [[1953 Stanley Cup Finals|1953]], [[1956 Stanley Cup Finals|1956]], [[1957 Stanley Cup Finals|1957]], [[1958 Stanley Cup Finals|1958]], [[1959 Stanley Cup Finals|1959]], [[1960 Stanley Cup Finals|1960]]
|-
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[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian inventors]]
[[Category:Baltimore Clippers players]]
[[Category:Boston Bruins players]]
[[Category:Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players]]
[[Category:Canadian emigrants to Switzerland]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States]]▼
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey coaches]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players]]
[[Category:Hart Memorial Trophy winners]]
[[Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from
[[Category:Montreal Canadiens players]]
[[Category:Montreal Junior Canadiens players]]
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[[Category:Quebec Nordiques coaches]]
[[Category:Quebec Nordiques executives]]
[[Category:Shawinigan-Falls Cataracts (QSHL) players]]▼
[[Category:St. Louis Blues players]]
▲[[Category:Shawinigan-Falls Cataracts (QSHL) players]]
[[Category:Stanley Cup champions]]
[[Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players]]
[[Category:Vezina Trophy winners]]
▲[[Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States]]
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