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The character Sherlock Holmes first appeared in print in 1887's ''[[A Study in Scarlet]]''. His popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in ''[[The Strand Magazine]]'', beginning with "[[A Scandal in Bohemia]]" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling [[Canon of Sherlock Holmes|four novels and 56 short stories]]. All but one{{Efn|"[[His Last Bow (short story)|His Last Bow: The War Service of Sherlock Holmes]]"}} are set in the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] or [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] eras between 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer, [[Dr. Watson|Dr. John H. Watson]], who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of [[221B Baker Street]], London, where many of the stories begin.
Though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best-known.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/arthur-conan-doyle-the-creator-of-sherlock-holmes-the-worlds-most-famous-literary-detective |title=Sherlock Holmes, the world's most famous literary detective |last=Sutherland |first=John |publisher=British Library |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628192901/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/arthur-conan-doyle-the-creator-of-sherlock-holmes-the-worlds-most-famous-literary-detective |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the 1990s, over 25,000 stage adaptations, films, television productions, and publications
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Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real-life figure of [[Joseph Bell]], a surgeon at the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]], whom Conan Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lycett |first=Andrew |title=The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle |publisher=Free Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7432-7523-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/manwhocreatedshe00lyce/page/53 53–54, 190] |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhocreatedshe00lyce/page/53 }}</ref> However, he later wrote to Conan Doyle: "You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it".<ref>{{cite book|last=Barring-Gould |first=William S. |title=The Annotated Sherlock Holmes|publisher=Clarkson N. Potter, Inc.|isbn=0-517-50291-7|page=8|year=1974 }}</ref> Sir [[Henry Littlejohn]], Chair of [[Medical Jurisprudence]] at the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School]], is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, provided Conan Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doyle |first=A. Conan |title=The Boys' Sherlock Holmes, New & Enlarged Edition |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1961 |page=88}}</ref>
Other possible inspirations have been proposed, though never acknowledged by Doyle, such as ''Maximilien Heller'', by French author Henry Cauvain. In this 1871 novel (sixteen years before the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes), Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed, anti-social, opium-smoking [[polymath]] detective, operating in Paris.<ref>{{cite book|title = Peter D. O'Neill, foreword to ''Maximilien Heller''|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dAhVcqVyDeAC&pg=PA3|access-date = 10 November 2015|isbn = 9781901414301|last1 = Cauvain|first1 = Henry|year = 2006|publisher = Glen Segell Publishers|archive-date = 19 February 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240219042323/https://books.google.com/books?id=dAhVcqVyDeAC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=¿Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio?|url=http://www.abc.es/cultura/20150223/abci-polemica-sobre-sherlock-holmes-201502211944.html|newspaper=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|date=22 February 2015|access-date=10 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033314/http://www.abc.es/cultura/20150223/abci-polemica-sobre-sherlock-holmes-201502211944.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''Maximilien Holmes. How Intertextuality Influences Translation'', by Sandro Maria Perna, Università degli Studi di Padova 2013/14|url=http://tesi.cab.unipd.it/46778/1/TESI_COMPLETA_UNIPD.pdf|access-date=10 November 2015|archive-date=3 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103230818/http://tesi.cab.unipd.it/46778/1/TESI_COMPLETA_UNIPD.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is not known if Conan Doyle read the novel, but he was fluent in French.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=France|title=France|website=The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623005023/https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=France|url-status=live}}</ref>
= ===Family and early life===
[[File:A Study in Scarlet from Beeton's Christmas Annual 1887.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Magazine cover featuring ''A Study in Scarlet'', with drawing of a man lighting a lamp|The cover page of the 1887 edition of ''[[Beeton's Christmas Annual]]'', which contains Holmes's first appearance (''[[A Study in Scarlet]]'')]]
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=== Practice ===
Holmes' clients vary from the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe, to wealthy [[Aristocracy|aristocrats]] and [[industrialist]]s, to impoverished [[pawnbroker]]s and [[governess]]es. He is known only in select professional circles at the beginning of the first story, but is already collaborating with [[Scotland Yard]]. However, his continued work and the publication of Watson's stories raise Holmes's profile, and he rapidly becomes well known as a detective; so many clients ask for his help instead of (or in addition to) that of the police<ref>"[[The Adventure of the Reigate Squire|The Reigate Squires]]" and "[[The Adventure of the Illustrious Client]]" are two examples.</ref> that, Watson writes, by 1887 "Europe was ringing with his name"<ref>"The Reigate Squires"</ref> and by 1895 Holmes has "an immense practice".<ref>Klinger II, p. 976—"[[The Adventure of Black Peter]]"</ref> Police outside London ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby.<ref>Klinger I, pp. 561-562—"The Reigate Squires"</ref> A [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|
==={{anchor|"Great Hiatus"}}The Great Hiatus===
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[[File:Sherlock Holmes - The Man with the Twisted Lip (colored).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Holmes in a blue bathrobe, reclining against a pillow and smoking his pipe|1891 Paget portrait of Holmes smoking his pipe for "[[The Man with the Twisted Lip]]"]]
Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs, especially in the absence of stimulating cases.<ref>Klinger III, pp. 213-214—''The Sign of Four''</ref> He sometimes used [[morphine]] and sometimes [[cocaine]], the latter of which he injects in a seven-per cent solution; both drugs [[Drug policy of the United Kingdom#History|were legal]] in 19th-century England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/doyle/addiction.html|title=Sherlock Holmes's Addictions|last=Diniejko|first=Andrzej|date=13 December 2013|website=The Victorian Web|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227043831/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/doyle/addiction.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/science/addiction/addiction2.html|title=Victorian Drug Use|last=Diniejko|first=Andrzej|date=7 September 2002|website=The Victorian Web|access-date=27 December 2019|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202222702/http://www.victorianweb.org/victorian/science/addiction/addiction2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Dalby, J. T. |title= Sherlock Holmes's Cocaine Habit |journal= Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine |year= 1991 |volume= 8 |pages= 73–74 |url= http://bakerstreetdozen.com/coca.html |doi= 10.1017/S0790966700016475 |s2cid= 142678530 |access-date= 24 September 2007 |archive-date= 16 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716225106/http://www.bakerstreetdozen.com/coca.html |url-status= live |issn = 2051-6967}}</ref> As a physician, Watson strongly disapproves of his friend's cocaine habit, describing it as the detective's only vice, and concerned about its effect on Holmes's [[mental health]] and intellect.<ref>Klinger III, pp. 215-216—''The Sign of Four''</ref><ref>Klinger II, p. 450—"[[The Adventure of the Yellow Face|The Yellow Face]]"</ref> In "[[The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter]]", Watson says that although he has "weaned" Holmes from drugs, the detective remains an addict whose habit is "not dead, but merely sleeping".<ref>Klinger II, p. 1124—"The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter"</ref>
Watson and Holmes both use tobacco, smoking cigarettes, cigars, and [[smoking pipe (tobacco)|pipes]]. Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes's smoking a vice ''per se'', Watson—a physician—does criticise the detective for creating a "poisonous atmosphere" in their confined quarters.<ref>Klinger III, p. 423—''The Hound of the Baskervilles''. See also Klinger II, pp. 950, 1108-1109.</ref><ref>Klinger II, p. 1402—"The Adventure of the Devil's Foot"</ref>
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====Irene Adler====
[[Irene Adler]] is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in "[[A Scandal in Bohemia]]". Although this is her only appearance, she is one of only a handful of people who
{{Blockquote|To Sherlock Holmes she is always ''the'' woman. I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name. In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex. It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler. ... And yet there was but one woman to him, and that woman was the late Irene Adler, of dubious and questionable memory.<ref>Klinger I, pp. 5-6—"A Scandal in Bohemia"</ref>}}
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A number of London streets are associated with Holmes. York Mews South, off Crawford Street, was renamed Sherlock Mews, and Watson's Mews is near Crawford Place.<ref>[http://www.lurotbrand.co.uk/images/mewsnews/MN%2002%20Summer%20web.pdf Mews News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185828/http://www.lurotbrand.co.uk/images/mewsnews/MN%2002%20Summer%20web.pdf |date=27 September 2013 }}. ''Lurot Brand''. Published Summer 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2013.</ref> [[The Sherlock Holmes]] is a [[public house]] in Northumberland Street in London which contains a large collection of memorabilia related to Holmes, the original collection having been put together for display in [[Baker Street]] during the [[Festival of Britain]] in 1951.<ref name=Sherlock>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherlockology.com/locations/northumberland-street|title=Northumberland Street|publisher=Sherlockology|access-date=6 June 2014|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221002041/http://www.sherlockology.com/locations/northumberland-street|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Book>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nhEnHQAACAAJ|last=Thomson|first=Henry Douglas|title= The Sherlock Holmes Catalogue of the Collection in the Bars and the Grill Room and in the Reconstruction of Part of the Living Room at 221 B Baker Street|year=1958|publisher=Whitbread}}</ref>
In 2002, the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] bestowed an honorary fellowship on Holmes for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature, making him (as of
There are multiple statues of Sherlock Holmes around the world. The first, sculpted by [[John Doubleday (sculptor)|John Doubleday]], was unveiled in [[Meiringen]], Switzerland, in September 1988. The second was unveiled in October 1988 in [[Karuizawa]], Japan, and was sculpted by Yoshinori Satoh. The third was installed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1989, and was sculpted by [[Gerald Laing]].<ref name="Redmond 301">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3OIoRbJFhAC&pg=PA301 |title=Sherlock Holmes Handbook: Second Edition |year=2009 |last=Redmond |first=Christopher |page=301 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=9781770705920}}</ref> In 1999, a [[Statue of Sherlock Holmes, London|statue of Sherlock Holmes]] in London, also by John Doubleday, was unveiled near the fictional detective's address, 221B Baker Street.<ref>{{cite news|last=Reid|first=T. R.|author-link=T. R. Reid|title=Sherlock Holmes honored with statue near fictional London home|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xA8hAAAAIBAJ&pg=2790,5166715&dq=statue+sherlock-holmes+london&hl=en|access-date=6 January 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=22 September 1999|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109122558/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xA8hAAAAIBAJ&pg=2790%2C5166715&dq=statue%20sherlock-holmes%20london&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2001, a sculpture of Holmes and Arthur Conan Doyle by [[Irena Sedlecká]] was unveiled in a statue collection in Warwickshire, England.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://issuu.com/mallams/docs/the_franta_belsky_and_irena_sedleck |magazine=The Atelier Sale of Franta Belsky and Irena Sedlecka |publisher=Mallams |location=Oxford |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=6 August 2020 |last=Cannon-Brookes |first=Peter |page=33 |title=Irena Sedlecka |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020063753/https://issuu.com/mallams/docs/the_franta_belsky_and_irena_sedleck |url-status=live }}</ref> A sculpture depicting both Holmes and Watson was unveiled in 2007 in Moscow, Russia, based partially on [[Sidney Paget]]'s illustrations and partially on the actors in ''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ethnoworld.ru/en/projects/projects-in-russia/monument-to-sherlock-holmes-and-dr-watson/ |title=Monument to Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson |website=Dialogue of Cultures - United World |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130358/https://ethnoworld.ru/en/projects/projects-in-russia/monument-to-sherlock-holmes-and-dr-watson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, a sculpture of Holmes by [[Jane DeDecker]] was installed in the police headquarters of [[Edmond, Oklahoma|Edmond]], Oklahoma, United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.southwestart.com/featured/edmond-oct2017 |website=Southwest Art |title=A small Oklahoma town finds community through public art |last=Gangelhoff |first=Bonnie |date=15 September 2017 |access-date=6 August 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114002326/https://www.southwestart.com/featured/edmond-oct2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, a statue of Holmes was unveiled in [[Chester, Illinois|Chester]], Illinois, United States, as part of a series of statues honouring cartoonist [[E. C. Segar]] and his characters. The statue is titled "Sherlock & Segar", and the face of the statue was modelled on Segar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baskervilleproductions.com/statue|title=December 7, 2019: First Permanent Granite Tribute to Sherlock Holmes erected in the Americas|last=McClure|first=Michael|date=7 December 2019|website=Baskerville Productions|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726123951/https://www.baskervilleproductions.com/statue|url-status=live}}</ref>
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For the 1951 [[Festival of Britain]], Holmes's [[living room]] was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition, with a collection of original material. After the festival, items were transferred to [[The Sherlock Holmes]] (a London pub) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in [[Lucens]], Switzerland, by the author's son, [[Adrian Conan Doyle|Adrian]]. Both exhibitions, each with a Baker Street sitting-room reconstruction, are open to the public.<ref name="Swissinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/two-sherlock-holmes-museums-in-switzerland--elementary-/14590|title=Two Sherlock Holmes museums in Switzerland? Elementary!|website=Swissinfo|date=9 August 2001|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025154941/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/two-sherlock-holmes-museums-in-switzerland--elementary-/14590|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 1969, the [[Toronto Reference Library]] began a collection of materials related to Conan Doyle. Stored today in Room 221B, this vast collection is accessible to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/books-video-music/specialized-collections/literature-genre-doyle.jsp|title=Arthur Conan Doyle Collection|website=Toronto Public Library|language=en|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104113832/https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/books-video-music/specialized-collections/literature-genre-doyle.jsp
In 1990, the [[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] opened on Baker Street in London, followed the next year by a museum in [[Meiringen]] (near the Reichenbach Falls) dedicated to the detective.<ref name="Swissinfo" /> A private Conan Doyle collection is a permanent exhibit at the [[Portsmouth City Museum]], where the author lived and worked as a physician.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/conandoyle|title=Conan Doyle Collection|website=www.visitportsmouth.co.uk|access-date=31 December 2019|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231065342/https://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/conandoyle|url-status=live}}</ref>
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The Sherlock Holmes stories have been scrutinized by a few academics for themes of empire and colonialism.
Susan Cannon Harris claims that themes of contagion and containment are common in the Holmes series, including the metaphors of Eastern foreigners as the root cause of "infection" within and around Europe.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Susan Cannon|date=2003|title=Pathological Possibilities: Contagion and Empire in Doyle's Sherlock Holmes Stories|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25058636|journal=Victorian Literature and Culture|volume=31|issue=2|pages=447–466|doi=10.1017/S1060150303000238|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |jstor=25058636|s2cid=162476755|issn=1060-1503|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=29 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529015806/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25058636|url-status=live}}</ref> Lauren Raheja, writing in the Marxist journal ''Nature, Society, and Thought'', claims that Doyle used these characteristics to paint eastern colonies in a negative light, through their continually being the source of threats. For example, in one story, Doyle makes mention of the [[Sumatra]]n cannibals (also known as [[Batak]]) who throw poisonous darts
==Adaptations and derived works==
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Adaptations have seen the character taken in radically different directions or placed in different times or even universes. For example, Holmes falls in love and marries in [[Laurie R. King]]'s [[Mary Russell (character)|Mary Russell]] series, is re-animated after his death to fight future crime in the animated series ''[[Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century]]'', and is meshed with the setting of [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]] in [[Neil Gaiman]]'s "[[A Study in Emerald]]" (which won the 2004 [[Hugo Award]] for Best Short Story). An especially influential pastiche was [[Nicholas Meyer]]'s ''[[The Seven-Per-Cent Solution]]'', a 1974 ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' bestselling novel (made into the 1976 [[The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (film)|film of the same name]]) in which Holmes's cocaine addiction has progressed to the point of endangering his career. It served to popularize the trend of incorporating clearly identified and contemporaneous historical figures (such as [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Aleister Crowley]], [[Sigmund Freud]], or [[Jack the Ripper]]) into Holmesian pastiches, something Conan Doyle himself never did.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/movies/how-the-seven-per-cent-solution-reinvented-sherlock-holmes.html|title=The Holmes Behind the Modern Sherlock|last=Hale|first=Mike|date=25 January 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=27 December 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=27 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227203039/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/26/movies/how-the-seven-per-cent-solution-reinvented-sherlock-holmes.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Alternative Sherlock Holmes|last1=Ridgway Watt|first1=Peter|last2=Green|first2=Joseph|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7546-0882-0|pages=2, 92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20100118/41642-the-return-of-sherlock-holmes.html|title=The Return of Sherlock Holmes|last=Picker|first=Lenny|date=18 January 2010|website=Publishers Weekly|language=en|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219042733/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/20100118/41642-the-return-of-sherlock-holmes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Another common pastiche approach is to create a new story fully detailing an otherwise-passing canonical reference (such as an aside by Conan Doyle mentioning the "[[giant rat of Sumatra]], a story for which the world is not yet prepared" in "[[The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire]]").<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Alternative Sherlock Holmes|last1=Ridgway Watt|first1=Peter|last2=Green|first2=Joseph|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=0-7546-0882-4|pages=3–4}}</ref>
The first translation of a Sherlock Holmes story into a Chinese variety was done by ''Chinese Progress'' in 1896. That publication rendered the name as 呵爾唔斯, which would be 呵尔唔斯 in [[Simplified Chinese]] and Hē'ěrwúsī in [[Modern Standard Mandarin]]
===Related and derivative writings===
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In addition to the [[Canon of Sherlock Holmes|Holmes canon]], Conan Doyle's 1898 "[[The Lost Special]]" features an unnamed "amateur reasoner" intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers. The author's explanation of a baffling disappearance argued in Holmesian style poked fun at his own creation. Similar Conan Doyle short stories are "[[The Field Bazaar]]", "The Man with the Watches", and 1924's "[[How Watson Learned the Trick]]", a [[parody]] of the Watson–Holmes breakfast-table scenes. The author wrote other material featuring Holmes, especially plays: 1899's ''[[Sherlock Holmes (play)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' (with [[William Gillette]]), 1910's ''[[The Speckled Band (play)|The Speckled Band]]'', and 1921's ''The Crown Diamond'' (the basis for "[[The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone]]").<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Theatrical Sherlock Holmes|last=Hayes|first=Paul Stuart|publisher=Hidden Tiger|year=2012|isbn=978-1-291-26421-0|pages=6–12}}</ref> These non-canonical works have been collected in several works released since Conan Doyle's death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ihearofsherlock.com/2014/06/classics-of-sherlockiana-apocrypha-of.html|title=Classics of Sherlockiana: the Apocrypha of Sherlock Holmes|last=O'Leary|first=James C.|date=4 June 2014|website=I Hear of Sherlock Everywhere|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102200751/https://www.ihearofsherlock.com/2014/06/classics-of-sherlockiana-apocrypha-of.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In terms of writers other than Conan Doyle, authors as diverse as [[Agatha Christie]], [[Anthony Burgess]], [[Neil Gaiman]], [[Dorothy B. Hughes]], [[Stephen King]], [[Tanith Lee]], [[A. A. Milne]], and [[P. G. Wodehouse]] have all written Sherlock Holmes [[pastiches]]. Contemporary with Conan Doyle, [[Maurice Leblanc]] directly featured Holmes in his popular series about the [[gentleman thief]], [[Arsène Lupin]], though legal objections from Conan Doyle forced Leblanc to modify the name to "Herlock Sholmes" in reprints and [[Arsène Lupin versus Herlock Sholmes|later stories]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Maurice_Leblanc|title=Maurice Leblanc|website=The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807062600/https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=Maurice_Leblanc|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1944, American mystery writers Frederic Dannay and Manfred B. Lee (writing under their joint pseudonym [[Ellery Queen]]) published ''[[The Misadventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'', a collection of thirty-three pastiches written by various well-known authors.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/scriblio_test_044/mode/2up |title=The misadventures of Sherlock Holmes |publisher=Little Brown |year=1944 |editor-last=Queen |editor-first=Ellery}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nevins |first=Francis M. |title=Ellery Queen: The Art of Detection: The story of how two fractious cousins reshaped the modern detective novel. |publisher=Perfect Crime Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-935797-47-0 |language=English}}</ref> Mystery writer [[John Dickson Carr]] collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle's son, [[Adrian Conan Doyle]], on ''[[The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes]]'', a pastiche collection from 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=The_Exploits_of_Sherlock_Holmes|title=The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes|website=The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807131215/https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php?title=The_Exploits_of_Sherlock_Holmes|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, [[Anthony Horowitz]] published a Sherlock Holmes novel, ''[[The House of Silk]]'', presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle's work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/27/house-silk-anthony-horowitz-sherlock-holmes|title=The House of Silk by Anthony Horowitz – review|last=Sansom|first=Ian|date=27 October 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=31 December 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807054817/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/oct/27/house-silk-anthony-horowitz-sherlock-holmes|url-status=live}}</ref> a follow-up, ''[[Moriarty (novel)|Moriarty]]'', appeared in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Flood|first1=Alison|title=Sherlock Holmes returns in new Anthony Horowitz book, Moriarty|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/10/anthony-horowitz-new-sherlock-holmes-book-moriarty|access-date=9 August 2014|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=10 April 2014|newspaper=Guardian|archive-date=11 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811005406/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/10/anthony-horowitz-new-sherlock-holmes-book-moriarty|url-status=live}}</ref> The "MX Book of New Sherlock Holmes Stories" series of pastiches, edited by David Marcum and published by MX Publishing, has reached over
Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes. Anthologies edited by [[Michael Kurland]] and [[George Mann (writer)|George Mann]] are entirely devoted to stories told from the perspective of characters other than Holmes and Watson. [[John Gardner (British writer)|John Gardner]], Michael Kurland, and [[Kim Newman]], amongst many others, have all written tales in which Holmes's nemesis [[Professor Moriarty]] is the main character. [[Mycroft Holmes]] has been the subject of several efforts: ''Enter the Lion'' by [[Michael P. Hodel]] and Sean M. Wright (1979),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/michael-p-sean-m-wright-hodel/enter-the-lion-a-posthumous-memoir-of-mycroft-h/|title=Enter the Lion: A Posthumous Memoir of Mycroft Holmes|date=1 July 1979|website=Kirkus Reviews|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219042818/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/michael-p-sean-m-wright-hodel/enter-the-lion-a-posthumous-memoir-of-mycroft-h/|url-status=live}}</ref> a four-book series by [[Quinn Fawcett]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/|title=Quinn Fawcett|website=Macmillan Publishers|language=en-US|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105025352/https://us.macmillan.com/author/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2015's ''[[Mycroft Holmes (novel)|Mycroft Holmes]]'', by [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]] and Anna Waterhouse.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/kareem-abdul-jabbar-returns-to-his-other-passion-sherlock-holmes/2018/10/02/e1564636-c591-11e8-9b1c-a90f1daae309_story.html|title=Review {{!}} Kareem Abdul-Jabbar returns to his other passion: Sherlock Holmes|last=Dirda|first=Michael|date=3 October 2018|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003124607/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/kareem-abdul-jabbar-returns-to-his-other-passion-sherlock-holmes/2018/10/02/e1564636-c591-11e8-9b1c-a90f1daae309_story.html|archive-date=3 October 2018|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> [[M. J. Trow]] has written a series of seventeen books using [[Inspector Lestrade]] as the central character, beginning with ''The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade'' in 1985.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mjtrow.co.uk/lestrade/|title=The Lestrade Series|last=Trow|first=M.J.|website=M. J. Trow, Author and Lecturer|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701151145/http://www.mjtrow.co.uk/lestrade/|archive-date=1 July 2016|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> [[Carole Nelson Douglas]]' Irene Adler series is based on "the woman" from "A Scandal in Bohemia", with the first book (1990's ''Good Night, Mr. Holmes'') retelling that story from Adler's point of view.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carolenelsondouglas.com/book-series/irene-adler/|title=The Irene Adler Series|website=Carole Nelson Douglas|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226200647/http://carolenelsondouglas.com/book-series/irene-adler/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Martin Davies (writer)|Martin Davies]] has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper [[Mrs. Hudson]] is the protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://martindaviesauthor.com/the-holmes-%26-hudson-series|title=The Holmes & Hudson Series|website=Martin Davies|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910123913/http://www.martindaviesauthor.com/the-holmes-%26-hudson-series|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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''[[The Final Solution (novel)|The Final Solution]]'', a 2004 novella by [[Michael Chabon]], concerns an unnamed but long-retired detective interested in [[beekeeping]] who tackles the case of a missing parrot belonging to a Jewish refugee boy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/feb/26/fiction.arthurconandoyle|title=Review: The Final Solution by Michael Chabon|last=Thompson|first=Sam|date=26 February 2005|work=The Guardian|access-date=26 December 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226200647/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/feb/26/fiction.arthurconandoyle|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mitch Cullin]]'s novel ''[[A Slight Trick of the Mind]]'' (2005) takes place two years after the end of the [[Second World War]] and explores an old and frail Sherlock Holmes (now 93) as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/mitch-cullin/a-slight-trick-of-the-mind/|title=A Slight Trick of the Mind|date=1 February 2005|website=Kirkus Reviews|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=20 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220224907/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/mitch-cullin/a-slight-trick-of-the-mind/|url-status=live}}</ref> this was also adapted into a film, 2015's ''[[Mr. Holmes]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/movies/review-for-ian-mckellens-mr-holmes-retirement-is-afoot.html|title=Review: For Ian McKellen's 'Mr. Holmes,' Retirement Is Afoot|last=Scott|first=A. O.|date=16 July 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=2 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102195925/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/movies/review-for-ian-mckellens-mr-holmes-retirement-is-afoot.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the 2004–2012 [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]'s show ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'', the titular character [[Gregory House]] is an adaptation of Sherlock Holmes in a medical drama setting. The two characters share [[Gregory House#Parallels to Sherlock Holmes|many parallels]] and House's name is a play on Holmes' one.<ref name="Holmes">{{Cite news |last=O'Hare |first=Kate |date=January 5, 2005 |title=Builder keeps adding on to 'House' for Fox |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/builder-keeps-adding-on-to-house-for-fox/ |access-date=February 20, 2016 |periodical=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref><ref name="House-Holmes">{{cite news |date=January 2006 |title=House and Holmes parallels |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/house/house-and-holmes-parallels/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909035454/http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/house/house-and-holmes-parallels/ |archive-date=September 9, 2009 |work=Radio Times |publisher=[[BBC Magazines]] |page=57}}</ref>▼
There have been many scholarly works dealing with Sherlock Holmes, some working within the bounds of the Great Game, and some written from the perspective that Holmes is a fictional character. In particular, there have been three major annotated editions of the complete series. The first was William Baring-Gould's 1967 ''The Annotated Sherlock Holmes''. This two-volume set was ordered to fit Baring-Gould's preferred chronology, and was written from a Great Game perspective. The second was 1993's ''The Oxford Sherlock Holmes'' (general editor: [[Owen Dudley Edwards]]), a nine-volume set written in a straight scholarly manner. The most recent is [[Leslie S. Klinger|Leslie Klinger's]] ''[[The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes]]'' (2004–05), a three-volume set that returns to a Great Game perspective.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/dec/04/classics.arthurconandoyle|title=Review: The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes edited by Leslie S Klinger|last=Hickling|first=Alfred|date=4 December 2004|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 January 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605213836/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/dec/04/classics.arthurconandoyle|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/30/books/case-of-the-lawyer-with-a-sherlock-holmes-bent.html|title=Case of the Lawyer With a Sherlock Holmes Bent|last=Weingarten|first=Marc|date=30 December 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=4 January 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021033828/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/30/books/case-of-the-lawyer-with-a-sherlock-holmes-bent.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
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[[Jeremy Brett]] played the detective in [[Sherlock Holmes (1984 TV series)|''Sherlock Holmes'']] for [[Granada Television]] from 1984 to 1994. Watson was played by [[David Burke (British actor)|David Burke]] (in the first two series) and [[Edward Hardwicke]] (in the remainder).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tillerson |first=Bethany |date=2022-06-03 |title='Sherlock Holmes': 8 Things That Make The 1984 TV Show The Best Adaptation |url=https://collider.com/sherlock-holmes-eighties-tv-show-best-adaptation/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en}}</ref> Brett and Hardwicke also appeared on stage in 1988–89 in ''The Secret of Sherlock Holmes'', directed by [[Patrick Garland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php/The_Secret_of_Sherlock_Holmes|title=The Secret of Sherlock Holmes|website=The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214440/https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php/The_Secret_of_Sherlock_Holmes|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲In the 2004–2012 [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]'s show ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'', the titular character [[Gregory House]] is an adaptation of Sherlock Holmes in a medical drama setting. The two characters share [[Gregory House#Parallels to Sherlock Holmes|many parallels]] and House's name is a play on Holmes' one.<ref name="Holmes">{{Cite news |last=O'Hare |first=Kate |date=January 5, 2005 |title=Builder keeps adding on to 'House' for Fox |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/builder-keeps-adding-on-to-house-for-fox/ |access-date=February 20, 2016 |periodical=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref><ref name="House-Holmes">{{cite news |date=January 2006 |title=House and Holmes parallels |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/house/house-and-holmes-parallels/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909035454/http://www.radiotimes.com/content/show-features/house/house-and-holmes-parallels/ |archive-date=September 9, 2009 |work=Radio Times |publisher=[[BBC Magazines]] |page=57}}</ref>
The 2009 film ''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' earned [[Robert Downey Jr.]] a [[Golden Globe Award]] for his portrayal of Holmes and co-starred [[Jude Law]] as Watson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/year/2009/ |title=HFPA – Nominations and Winners |publisher=Goldenglobes.org |access-date=10 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311184059/http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/year/2009/ |archive-date=11 March 2010 }}</ref> Downey and Law returned for a 2011 sequel, ''[[Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows]]''.
[[Benedict Cumberbatch]] plays a modern version of the detective and [[Martin Freeman]] as a modern version of John Watson in the [[BBC One]] TV series ''[[Sherlock (TV series)|Sherlock]]'', which premiered
The 2015 film ''[[Mr. Holmes]]'' starred [[Ian McKellen]] as a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex, in 1947, who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman. The film is based on [[Mitch Cullin]]'s 2005 novel ''[[A Slight Trick of the Mind]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/18/mr-holmes-review-peter-bradshaw-film-of-the-week-ian-mckellen|title=Mr Holmes review – Ian McKellen gets more fascinating with age|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|date=18 June 2015|website=The Guardian|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-date=3 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603215546/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/18/mr-holmes-review-peter-bradshaw-film-of-the-week-ian-mckellen|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/mr-holmes-every-generation-gets-a-sherlock-it-deserves/article25533399/|title=Mr. Holmes: Every generation gets a Sherlock it deserves|last=Atkinson|first=Nathalie|date=17 July 2015|work=The Globe and Mail|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807070802/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/mr-holmes-every-generation-gets-a-sherlock-it-deserves/article25533399/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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[[Category:Edwardian era]]
[[Category:Fictional beekeepers]]
[[Category:Fictional British detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional chemists]]
[[Category:Fictional cocaine users]]
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