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{{Short description|Fur tribute from indigenous peoples of Siberia to Russian state}}
'''''Yasak''''' or '''''yasaq''''', sometimes '''''iasak''''', ({{lang-ru|ясак}}; akin to [[Yassa]]) is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] word for "tribute" that was used in [[Imperial Russia]] to designate fur tribute exacted from the [[indigenous peoples of Siberia]].▼
{{More footnotes|date=May 2021}}
[[File:Sbor Yasaka.jpg|thumb|{{center|Yasak}}]]
▲'''''Yasak''''' or '''''yasaq''''', sometimes '''''iasak''''', ({{
== Origin ==
The origins of yasak can be traced to a tax collected from native, primarily non-Turkic populations in the [[Golden Horde]]. The word yasaq is a Russian variation of the Qazaq/Turk word 'Zhasaq', which has two meanings:
▲Second is ten-men troop, who were the smallest cell in the army, who also came to collect the tribute of 1/10 of profits in favour of the Altyn Orda (Golden Horde), and their name became the shadow of the tribute and in return stayed in European languages under associative name rather than real definition.
The earliest mention of the tax is found in a letter sent by [[Ismail of the Nogai|Ismail]] (a ruler of the [[Nogai Horde]] and ancestor of the [[Yusupov]] family) to Tsar Ivan IV in 1559, three years after Ivan's conquest of the [[Volga Delta]] and [[Astrakhan]]. The border between the two polities was not yet established, and Ismail complained that Ivan's governor of Astrakhan demanded yasak from those inhabitants of the delta that Ismail considered his subjects
▲There is much uncertainty as to the time when the concept of yasak was introduced in [[Muscovy]]. It appears likely that the tax was inherited by Muscovy from the [[Volga]] khanates of [[Khanate of Kazan|Kazan]] and [[Khanate of Astrakhan|Astrakhan]] - two fragments of the Golden Horde that were subjugated by [[Ivan IV]] in the 1550s. These territories were settled by a range of non-Christian peoples who were expected to pay yasak either in kind or cash. The late French scholar of Eurasian history, Renee Grousset, traces "yasaq" (Regulations) back still further in his classic work, ''The Empire of the Steppes'', to the moral code imposed by Genghis Khan on his original horde. The Yasaq continued to be practiced by Mongol hordes until they came under Yellow Church Buddhist (Mongolia, China) and Muslim influences (Golden Horde, Persia, Central Asia) in successive centuries.
▲The earliest mention of the tax is found in a letter sent by [[Ismail of the Nogai|Ismail]] (a ruler of the [[Nogai Horde]] and ancestor of the [[Yusupov]] family) to Tsar Ivan IV in 1559, three years after Ivan's conquest of the [[Volga Delta]] and [[Astrakhan]]. The border between the two polities was not yet established, and Ismail complained that Ivan's governor of Astrakhan demanded yasak from those inhabitants of the delta that Ismail considered his subjects, "in grain from those who farm and in fish from those who fish".<ref name="Khodor">Quoted from: Khodarkovsky, Michael. ''Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800''. Indiana University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-253-21770-9}}. Pages 61-63.</ref>
== Nature ==
{{stack|[[File:IstSib008 1.jpg|thumb|''[[Mansi people|Voguls]]'' delivering a tribute of fur to [[Yermak Timofeyevich]].]]}}
''Yasak'' was gradually introduced in North Asia in the 17th century as a consequence of Russia's [[conquest of Siberia]]. The Tsar's relationship with natives was based on
When the Tsar failed to deliver due compensation or his presents were deemed insufficient or too cheap, the ''yasak''-payers would voice their discontent. According to one 17th-century report, not only the yasak-gatherers were beaten, but the natives proceeded to: {{blockquote|"...throw the sovereign's presents, and tie them onto dog's necks, and throw them into the fire, and they pay yasak with no courtesy, they kick it with their feet and throw it to the ground and
== Collection ==
Yasak collection procedures were not strictly regulated and varied considerably from [[District#Russia|ulus]] to ulus. A [[census]] was required to determine the numbers of yasak-payers, with results recorded in a list of yasak-payers, or "yasak-book", of which more than 1,700 survive from the 17th century alone. Each male yasak-payer between the ages of 18 and 50 was expected to take a ''shert'', or an oath of allegiance to the Tsar.
Most peoples of Siberia paid tribute on a house-to-house basis, but the [[Yakut people]] delivered it based on the number of cattle in each household, while the [[Bashkir people]] paid yasak on the basis of a land census. Yasak was payable in [[sable]]s, red [[fox]]es, [[beaver]]s, [[marten]]s; cattle was also allowed as payment in some circumstances. Yasak payments formed the basis for Russia's [[fur trade]] with [[Western Europe]].
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== References ==
{{reflist|1}}▼
==Bibliography==
* {{efron|wstitle=Ясак}}
* {{GSEncyclopedia}}
* Forsyth, James (1992). ''A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581-1990''. Cambridge University Press, 1992.
▲{{reflist}}
[[Category:Economy of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Taxation in Russia]]
[[Category:Economic history of Russia]]
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