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I think it has to mention the three constituents of the Tipiṭaka right at the beginning. It makes sense. Tags: Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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{{Short description|Buddhist canonical collection}}
{{Redirect|Tipitaka|the character in the Journey to the West|Tang Sanzang}}
{{about|various forms of Tripiṭaka found in various Buddhist schools|the Pali Tipiṭaka of Theravāda|Pali Canon}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Buddhist term
|title = ''Tipiṭaka''
|pi = Tipiṭaka
|my = {{lang|my|ပိဋကတ် သုံးပုံ}} <br> {{IPA|my|pḭdəɡaʔ θóʊɴbòʊɴ|}}
|si = තිපිටකය
|si-Latn = Tipitakaya
|ne = त्रिपिटक
|sa = त्रिपिटक ({{IPA|sa|trɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ|lang}})
|zh = 三藏
|zh-Latn = Sānzàng
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[[File:Bhutanese calligrapher writing gold Kangyur.jpg|thumb|Kangyur writing with gold]]
'''''Tipiṭaka''''' ({{IPA|pi|tɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ|lang}}) or '''''Tripiṭaka''''' ({{IPA|sa|trɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ|lang}}) , meaning "Triple Basket",<ref name="Keown 2004">{{cite book |editor-last=Keown |editor-first=Damien |editor-link=Damien Keown |year=2004 |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |contribution=Tripiṭaka |contribution-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001/acref-9780198605607-e-1892 |contribution-url-access=subscription |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001 |isbn=9780191726538 |access-date=2021-09-23 |archive-date=2021-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923175651/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001/acref-9780198605607-e-1892 |url-status=live }}</ref> is
While ''Tripiṭaka'' has become
The [[Pāli Canon]] maintained by the [[Theravada|Theravāda tradition]] in [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], the [[Chinese Buddhist canon|Chinese Buddhist Canon]] maintained by the [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian Buddhist tradition]], and the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|Tibetan Buddhist Canon]] maintained by the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist tradition]] are
▲The [[Pāli Canon]] maintained by the [[Theravada|Theravāda tradition]] in [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], the [[Chinese Buddhist canon|Chinese Buddhist Canon]] maintained by the [[East Asian Buddhism|East Asian Buddhist tradition]], and the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|Tibetan Buddhist Canon]] maintained by the [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist tradition]] are some of the most important ''Tripiṭaka'' in contemporary Buddhist world.<ref name="British Library" />
▲''Tripiṭaka'' has become a term used for many schools' collections, although their general divisions do not match a strict division into three piṭakas.<ref name=":0">Mizuno, ''Essentials of Buddhism'', 1972, English version by Ritik Bhadana, Tokyo, 1996</ref>
== Etymology ==
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==Chinese Buddhist Canon==
[[File:Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka Koreana-04.jpg|thumb|Print blocks of the [[Tripitaka Koreana]]]]
{{Main|Chinese Buddhist canon}}
The [[Chinese Buddhist canon|Chinese Buddhist Canon]] is the ''Tripiṭaka''
Wu and Chia state that emerging evidence, though uncertain, suggests that the earliest written Buddhist Tripiṭaka texts may have arrived in China from India by the 1st century BCE.<ref name="WuChia2015">{{cite book|author1=Jiang Wu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ|title=Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon|author2=Lucille Chia|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-231-54019-3|pages=111–123|access-date=2016-10-20|archive-date=2022-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020124912/https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> An organised collection of Buddhist texts began to emerge in the 6th century CE, based on the structure of early bibliographies of Buddhist texts. However, it was the 'Kaiyuan Era Catalogue' by [[Zhisheng]] in 730 that provided the lasting structure. Zhisheng introduced the basic six-fold division with sutra, vinaya, and abhidharma belonging to Mahāyāna, Pratyekabuddhayana and Sravakayana .<ref>Storch 2014: 125</ref> It is likely that Zhisheng's catalogue proved decisive because it was used to reconstruct the Canon after the persecutions of 845 CE; however, it was also considered a "perfect synthesis of the entire four-hundred-year development of a proper Chinese form of the Canon."<ref>Storch 2014: 123.</ref>
One of the most well known preserved edition of the Chinese Canon is the [[Woodblock printing|woodblock]] edition of the [[Tripitaka Koreana]]. These woodblocks became the basis for the modern edition of the Japanese [[Taishō Tripiṭaka]], the most widely used and digitized edition for modern scholarship. The Taishō Daizōkyō is the standard modern edition as systematized by Japanese scholars, published in Japan from 1924 to 1929.<ref name=":1">Harvey, Peter (2013), ''An Introduction to Buddhism (Second ed.),'' Cambridge University Press, Appendix 1: Canons of Scriptures.</ref>
While still referred to by the traditional term "Tripiṭaka", it is actually divided into many more textual categories, including: [[Āgama Section|Āgamas]] (equivalent to Nikāyas), [[Jataka tales|Jātakas]], [[Mahayana sutras|Mahāyāna Sūtras]], Esoteric texts, Vinaya, Sutra Commentaries, Abhidharma, Mahayana [[Shastra|Śāstras]] (‘Treatises’), Chinese commentaries, Chinese Treatises, Histories and biographies.<ref name=":1" />
== Tibetan Buddhist Canon ==
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* [[Tengyur]] ([[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]: ''bstan-'gyur'') or "Translated Treatises or [[Shastra]]s", is the section to which were assigned commentaries, treatises and abhidharma works (both Mahayana and non-Mahayana). The Tengyur contains 3,626 texts in 224 Volumes.
There many editions of the Tibetan Canon, some of the major editions include the [[Derge]] edition, the [[Lhasa]] edition, the Peking edition and the Jiang edition.
The Tibetan Kangyur and Tengyur were also translated into [[Classical Mongolian language|Classical Mongolian]], and these texts compose the Mongolian Buddhist Canon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klasanova |first=Lyudmila |title=The Mongolian Buddhist Canon as a Symbol of Cultural Dialogue between India and Mongolia: An Interview with Prof. Shashi Bala |url=https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/the-mongolian-buddhist-canon-as-a-symbol-of-cultural-dialogue-between-india-and-mongolia-an-interview-with-prof-shashi-bala/ |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Buddhistdoor Global |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Nepalese Sanskrit Buddhist Canon ==
[[File:Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg|thumb|Painted covers and single folio from the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā'' manuscript from [[Nepal]], dated 1511. [[Royal Library, Denmark]]]]
The [[Newar Buddhism|Newar Buddhist tradition]] of [[Nepal]] has preserved many Buddhist texts in [[Sanskrit]]. The Nepalese Buddhist textual tradition is a unique collection of Buddhist texts preserved primarily in Nepal, particularly within the [[Newar people|Newar]] Buddhist community of the [[Kathmandu Valley]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon - Contact Us |url=https://www.dsbcproject.org/pages/a-short-history-of-sanskrit-buddhist-manuscripts |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.dsbcproject.org}}</ref> It is distinct for its emphasis on preserving the Sanskrit originals of many Mahayana and Vajrayana scriptures, which have otherwise been lost in India and survived only in translations in regions like Tibet and China. The Newars have continued to copy Sanskrit manuscripts up to the present day.<ref name=":3" />
The Kathmandu Valley has long been a center for Buddhist scholarship, particularly following the destruction of Indian monasteries after the 12th-century [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]]. Tibetan scholars often visited to acquire texts, and local Newar Buddhists, including householder clergy (śākyabhikṣus and [[Vajracharya|vajrācāryas]]), were proficient in Sanskrit, making it a significant language for Buddhist scholarship in the region.<ref>Tuladhar-Douglas, Will. ''Remaking Buddhism for Medieval Nepal: The Fifteenth-Century Reformation of Newar Buddhism,'' Introduction. Routledge, Jan 24, 2007.</ref> From the 19th century onwards, Sanskrit manuscripts from Nepal were collected and sent to academic institutions in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and Europe by figures like Brian H. Hodgson, contributing to modern Buddhist studies.<ref>Lewis, Todd T. ''Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism,'' p. 11. SUNY Press, Sep 14, 2000.</ref> However, the focus of modern Newar Buddhist literature was largely on local compositions in the [[Newar language|Newari vernacular,]] reflecting the distinct practices of Newar Buddhism. Newar texts often used bilingual formats, integrating Sanskrit and Newari, and employed diverse calligraphic scripts like Newā [[Lipi (script)|Lipi]] and [[Ranjana script|Rañjana]].
=== Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon ===
A recent [[digital humanities]] project is compiling a Sanskrit Buddhist canon based on surviving [[Sanskrit Buddhist literature]]. The [[University of the West]], in collaboration with the Nagarjuna Institute in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]], has worked to digitize and distribute Sanskrit scriptures into the Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon (DSBC) project.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon - Contact Us |url=https://www.dsbcproject.org/pages/main-introduction |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.dsbcproject.org}}</ref> The scope of the DSBC project is vast, encompassing the digitization of at least 600 Mahayana Buddhist sutras that have survived in Sanskrit. As of now, the DSBC has successfully digitized over 604 texts, equating to roughly 50,000 pages, with more than 369 scriptures available on its official website. The collection continues to expand as additional texts are digitized and made accessible to the public.<ref name=":2" />
==As a title==
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