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{{Short description|96-mile long border between England and Scotland}}
{{Redirect|Border country|the novel|Border Country (novel)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox border
| name = Anglo-Scottish border<br />Crìochan Anglo-Albannach
| image = File:Border of Scotland and England.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| alt =
| caption = The A1 road crossing the border between Scotland and England. Entry to Scotland is marked by three [[Flag of Scotland|Scottish saltires]] and entry into England is marked by three [[Flag of Northumberland|flags of Northumberland]].
| territory1 = {{ENG}}
| territory2 = {{SCO}}
| length = 96 miles (154 km)
| enclaves =
| established = 25 September 1237
| establishedreason = Signing of the [[Treaty of York]]
| current = 1999
| currentreason = [[Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999]]
| disestablished =
| disestablishedreason =
| treaties = [[Treaty of York]]<br />Treaty of Newcastle<br />[[Treaty of Union 1706]]
}}
The '''Anglo-Scottish border''' ({{Langx|gd|Crìochan Anglo-Albannach}}) is an internal [[border]] of the [[United Kingdom]] separating [[Scotland]] and [[England]] which runs for <span style="white-space:nowrap">96 miles (154 km)</span> between [[Marshall Meadows Bay]] on the east coast and the [[Solway Firth]] in the west.
The [[Firth of Forth]] was the [[border]] between the [[Picts|Picto]]-[[Gaels|Gaelic]] [[Kingdom of Alba]] and the [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] [[Kingdom of Northumbria]] in the early [[10th century]]. It became the first Anglo-Scottish border with the [[History of Anglo-Saxon England#English unification (10th century)|annexation]] of Northumbria by [[Anglo-Saxon England]] in the mid-10th century. In 973, the Scottish king [[Kenneth II]] attended the English king [[Edgar the Peaceful]] at [[King Edgar's council at Chester|Edgar's council in Chester]]. After Kenneth had reportedly done homage, Edgar rewarded Kenneth by granting him [[Lothian]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rollason |first=David W. |author-link=David Rollason |title=Northumbria, 500 – 1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521813352 |page=275}}</ref> Despite this transaction, the control of [[Lothian#Lothian under the control of the Angles|Lothian]] was not finally settled and the region was taken by the Scots at the [[Battle of Carham]] in 1018 and the [[River Tweed]] became the ''[[de facto]]'' Anglo-Scottish border. The Solway–Tweed line was legally established in 1237 by the [[Treaty of York]] between England and Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scotland Conquered, 1174-1296|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/conquered.htm|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> It remains the border today, with the exception of the [[Debatable Lands]], north of [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]], and a small area around [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], which was [[Capture of Berwick (1482)|taken by England]] in 1482. Berwick was not fully annexed into [[England]] until 1746, by the [[Wales and Berwick Act 1746]].<ref name="BlackstoneStewart1839">{{cite book|last1=Blackstone|first1=William|last2=Stewart|first2=James|title=The rights of persons, according to the text of Blackstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdoDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA92|year=1839|publisher=Edmund Spettigue|page=92}}</ref>
For centuries until the [[Union of the Crowns]], the region on either side of the boundary was a lawless territory suffering from the repeated raids in each direction of the [[Border Reivers]]. Following the [[Treaty of Union 1706]], ratified by the [[Acts of Union 1707]], which united Scotland with [[England and Wales]] to form the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], the Border forms the boundary of the two legal [[jurisdiction (area)|systems]] as the treaty between Scotland and England guaranteed the continued separation of [[English law]] and [[Scots law]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Collier|first=J.G.|title=Conflict of Laws|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-78260-0|pages=6|url=http://assets.cambridge.org/052178/2600/sample/0521782600ws.pdf|quote=For the purposes of the English [[conflict of laws]], every country in the world which is not part of [[England and Wales]] is a foreign country and its foreign laws. This means that not only totally foreign independent countries such as France and [[Russia]]... are foreign countries but also [[British Overseas Territories|British Colonies]] such as the [[Falkland Islands]]. Moreover, the other parts of the United Kingdom—Scotland and Northern Ireland—are foreign countries for present purposes, as are the other [[British Islands]], the [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]], and [[Guernsey]].}}</ref> The [[age of marriage]] under [[Scots law]] is 16, while it is 18 under [[English law]]. The border settlements of [[Gretna Green]] to the west, and [[Coldstream]] and [[Lamberton, Berwickshire|Lamberton]] to the east, were convenient for [[elope]]rs from England who wanted to marry under Scottish laws, and marry without publicity.
The marine boundary was adjusted by the [[Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999]] so that the boundary within the [[territorial waters]] (up to the {{convert|12|mi|km|adj=on}} limit) is {{convert|90|m}} north of the boundary for [[North Sea oil|oil installations]] established by the Civil Jurisdiction (Offshore Activities) Order 1987.<ref>[http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parliamentarybusiness/28862.aspx?r=4227&mode=html Scottish Parliament Official Report 26 April 2000]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved 19 May 2012.</ref> The land border is near and roughly parallel to the 420 million-year-old [[Iapetus Suture]].
== History ==
{{See also|Scottish Marches|Border Reivers|Debatable Lands}}
[[File:Anglo-Scottish.border.history.jpg|thumb|250px|History of the border]]
The border country, historically known as the [[Scottish Marches]], is the area on either side of the Anglo-Scottish border including parts of the modern [[council areas]] of [[Dumfries and Galloway]] and the [[Scottish Borders]], and parts of the [[Counties of England|English counties]] of [[Cumbria]] and [[Northumberland]]. It is a hilly area, with the Scottish [[Southern Uplands]] to the north, and the [[Cheviot Hills]] forming the border between the two countries to the south. From the [[Norman conquest]] of England until the reign of James VI of Scotland, who in the course of his reign became [[James I of England]] while retaining the more northerly realm, border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on [[Earl of March|Scottish Earls of March]] and [[Lord Warden of the Marches|Lord Warden]] of the [[Marches]] to defend and control the frontier region.
===Second War of Scottish Independence===
[[File:1334 Treaty of Newcastle.svg|right|thumb|Territory (in brown, hence including [[Edinburgh]]) claimed by England in the [[Treaty of Newcastle (1334)]].]]
In 1333, during the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]], Scotland was defeated at the [[Battle of Halidon Hill]] and [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] occupied much of the borderlands. Edward declared [[Edward Balliol]] the new King of Scots, in exchange for much of southern Scotland and absolute supplication, but this was not recognised by the majority of the Scottish nobility who remained loyal to David II and conflict continued.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Political History of England, Volume 3 |editor=William Hunt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKoNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA321|year=1905 }}</ref> By 1341, Perth and Edinburgh had been retaken by the Scots and Edward Balliol fled to England, effectively nullifying the supposed treaty. Edward would continue the war but would be unable to restore the puppet ruler Balliol to the throne and with the [[Treaty of Berwick (1357)]] Scottish independence was once again acknowledged with any pretence to territorial annexations dropped.
=== Clans ===
A 16th-century Act of the Scottish Parliament talks about the chiefs of the border clans, and a late 17th-century statement by the Lord Advocate uses the terms "clan" and "family" interchangeably. Although Lowland aristocrats may have increasingly liked to refer to themselves as "families", the idea that the term "clan" should be used for Highland families alone is a 19th-century convention.<ref>{{cite web|last=Agnew|first=Crispin|title=Clans, Families and Septs|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/clans_families_septs.htm|publisher=Electric Scotland|access-date=19 May 2012|date=13 August 2001}}</ref>
Historic Border clans include the following: [[Clan Armstrong|Armstrong]], Beattie, Bannatyne, Bell, Briar, [[Clan Carruthers|Carruthers]], [[Clan Douglas|Douglas]], [[Clan Elliot|Elliot]], [[Clan Graham|Graham]], Hedley of Redesdale, Henderson, [[Clan Hall|Hall]], [[Clan Home|Home or Hume]], [[Clan Irvine|Irvine]], [[Clan Jardine|Jardine]], [[Clan Johnstone|Johnstone]], [[Clan Kerr|Kerr]], [[Clan Little|Little]], [[Clan Moffat|Moffat]], [[Clan Nesbitt|Nesbitt]], [[Clan Ogilvy|Ogilvy]], [[Porteous family|Porteous]], Robson, Routledge, [[Clan Scott|Scott]], [[Clan Thompson|Thompson]], [[Clan Tweedie|Tweedie]].
=== Scottish Marches ===
{{main|Scottish Marches}}
During late medieval and early modern eras—from the late 13th century, with the creation by [[Edward I of England]] of the first [[Lord Warden of the Marches]] to the early 17th century and the creation of the Middle Shires, promulgated after the personal union of England and Scotland under [[James VI and I|James VI of Scotland]] (James I of England)—the area around the border was known as the [[Scottish Marches]].
For centuries the Marches on either side of the boundary was an area of mixed allegiances, where families or clans switched which country or side they supported as suited their family interests at that time, and lawlessness abounded. Before the personal union of the two kingdoms under James, the border clans would switch allegiance between the Scottish and English crowns depending on what was most favourable for the members of the clan. For a time a powerful local clan dominated a region on the border between England and Scotland. It was known as the [[Debatable Lands]] and neither monarch's writ was heeded.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}<!--citations needed for all the information in the paragraph-->
=== Middle Shires ===
Following the 1603 [[Union of the Crowns]], [[James VI of Scotland|King James VI & I]] decreed that the Borders should be renamed 'the Middle Shires'. In the same year the King placed [[George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar]] in charge of the pacification of the borders. Courts were set up in the towns of the Middle Shires and known reivers were arrested. The more troublesome and lower classes were executed without trial; known as "[[Jeddart justice]]" (after the town of [[Jedburgh]] in [[Roxburghshire]]). Mass hanging soon became a common occurrence. In 1605 he established a joint commission of ten members, drawn equally from Scotland and England, to bring law and order to the region. This was aided by statutes in 1606 and 1609, first to repeal hostile laws on both sides of the border, and then to more easily prosecute cross-border raiders.<ref name="Stats">See: [[Border Reivers#Legislation]]</ref> Reivers could no longer escape justice by crossing from England to Scotland or vice versa.<ref>Act anent fugitive persones of the borders to the in country (1609): ''Forsamekle as the kingis majestie is resolved to purge the mydele schyres of this isle, heirtofoir callit the bordouris of Scotland and England, of that barbarous crueltie, wickednes and incivilitie whilk be inveterat custome almaist wes become naturall to mony of the inhabitantis thairof...'' (Translated: ''Forasmuch as the king's majesty is resolved to purge the middle shires of this isle, heretofore called the borders of Scotland and England, of that barbarous cruelty, wickedness and incivility which by inveterate custom almost was become natural to many of the inhabitants thereof...'')</ref> The rough-and-ready Border Laws were abolished and the folk of the middle shires found they had to obey the law of the land like all other subjects.
In 1607 James felt he could boast that "the Middle Shires" had "become the navel or umbilic of both kingdoms, planted and peopled with civility and riches". After ten years King James had succeeded; the Middle Shires had been brought under central law and order. By the early 1620s the Borders were so peaceful that the Crown was able to scale down its operations.
Despite these improvements, the Joint Commission continued its work, and as late as 25 September 1641 under [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]], [[Sir Richard Graham, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Graham]], a local laird and English MP, was petitioning the [[Parliament of Scotland]] "for regulating the disorders in the borders".<ref>'''Petition of Sir Richard Graham regarding the middle shires:''' I am desired by Sir Richard Graham to move your majesty and this house of parliament that some present course may be taken for regulating the disorders that are now in the middle shires, this being the best time whilst the English commissioners are here that order may be given to the commissioners of both kingdoms to call the border landlords now in town to inform themselves what course has been formerly held for the suppressing of disorder and apprehending of felons and fugitives.</ref> Conditions along the border generally deteriorated during the [[Commonwealth (England)|Commonwealth]] and [[The Protectorate|Protectorate]] periods, with the development of [[Moss-trooper]] raiders. Following the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]], ongoing border lawlessness was dealt with by reviving former legislation, renewed continually in eleven subsequent acts, for periods ranging from five to eleven years, up until the late 1750s.<ref name="Stats"/>
==Controversial territories==
===The Debatable Lands===
[[File:Scots' Dike - geograph.org.uk - 1706629.jpg|thumb|[[Scots' Dike]]]]
The [[Debatable Lands]] lay between Scotland and England to the north of [[Carlisle]],<ref name = "Histories">{{cite book | title = The County Histories of Scotland, Volume 5 | publisher = W. Blackwood and Sons | location= [[Scotland]] |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnY_AQAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Debatable+Lands%22&pg=PA161| date = 1896 | pages = 160–162 | access-date = 3 December 2018 }}</ref> the largest population centre being [[Canonbie]].<ref name = "O'Sullivan">{{cite book | title = The Reluctant Ambassador: The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Chaloner, Tudor Diplomat | author= Dan O'Sullivan | publisher = Amberley Publishing Limited |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oMV5DAAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Debatable+Lands%22&pg=PP52 | date = 2016 | isbn = 9781445651651 | access-date = 8 May 2018 }}</ref> For over three hundred years the area was effectively controlled by local [[Scottish clan|clans]], such as the [[Clan Armstrong|Armstrongs]], who successfully resisted any attempt by the Scottish or English governments to impose their authority.<ref>''The History of Liddesdale, Eskdale, Ewesdale, Wauchopedale and the ...'', Volume 1 By Robert Bruce Armstrong pp. 181–2</ref> In 1552 commissioners met to divide the land in two: Douglas of [[Drumlanrig Castle|Drumlanrigg]] leading the Scots; [[Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton|Lord Wharton]] leading the English; the French ambassador acting as umpire. The [[Scots' Dike]] was built as the new frontier, with stones set up bearing the arms of England and of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/burghley/debatble.htm|title=Debatable Land|website=www.geog.port.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle-2-15039/a-short-history-of-the-debatable-lands-and-border-reivers-1-4137552|title=A short history of the Debatable Lands and Border Reivers|website=www.scotsman.com}}</ref>
===Berwick-upon-Tweed===
[[Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick]] is famous for its hesitation over whether it is part of Scotland or England.<ref>[https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/2014/09/scottish-referendum-means-berwick-upon-tweed-faces-uncertain-future New Statesman. 11 Sep 2014. ''The Scottish referendum means Berwick-upon-Tweed faces an uncertain future''.] Retrieved 2 December 2018.</ref> [[Berwickshire]] is in Scotland while the town is in England, although both Berwick and the lands up to the [[Firth of Forth]] belonged to the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]] in the [[Early Middle Ages]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A tale of one town |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/tyne/3727046.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=8 October 2004 |access-date=13 April 2007 | first=Rachel | last=Kerr}}</ref> The town changed hands more than a dozen times before being finally [[Capture of Berwick (1482)|taken by the English]] in 1482, though confusion continued for centuries. The [[Wales and Berwick Act 1746]] clarified the status of Berwick as an English town. In the 1950s the artist [[Wendy Wood (artist)|Wendy Wood]] moved the border signs south to the middle of the [[River Tweed]] as a protest.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swapping sides: the English town that wants to be Scottish|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/swapping-sides-the-english-town-that-wants-to-be-scottish-781569.html|access-date=31 December 2009|newspaper=The Independent|date=13 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706135737/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/swapping-sides-the-english-town-that-wants-to-be-scottish-781569.html|archive-date=6 July 2008|url-status=dead|quote=It was Berwick which became the focal point for the direct action of one of the first modern Scottish nationalists, Wendy Wood in the 1950s. Controversially...she was regularly arrested for moving the border signs over the Tweed.}}</ref> In 2008 [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] [[Member of the Scottish Parliament|MSP]] [[Christine Grahame]] made calls in the [[Scottish Parliament]] for Berwick to become part of Scotland again.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7237802.stm |title='Return to fold' call for Berwick |access-date=17 July 2008 |work=BBC News |date=10 February 2008}}</ref> Berwick's MP [[Anne-Marie Trevelyan]] has resisted any change, arguing that: "Voters in Berwick-upon-Tweed do not believe it is whether they are in England or Scotland that is important."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/election_2010/england/8640148.stm|title=Berwick-upon-Tweed: English or Scottish?|date=1 May 2010|work=BBC News}}</ref>
=== The Ba Green ===
At the River Tweed the border runs down the middle of the river, however between the villages of [[Wark on Tweed|Wark]] and [[Cornhill-on-Tweed|Cornhill]] the Scottish border comes south of the river to enclose a small riverside meadow of approximately 2 to 3 acres (about a hectare). This piece of land is known as the Ba Green. It is said locally that every year the men of [[Coldstream]] (to the North of the river) would play [[mob football]] with the men of Wark (to the South of the river) at [[Ba game|Ba]], and the winning side would claim the Ba Green for their country. As Coldstream grew to have a larger population than Wark, the Coldstream men always defeated the Wark men at the game, and so the land became a permanent part of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of Scottish phrase and fable|last=Crofton|first=Ian|publisher=Birlinn|year=2012|isbn=9781841589770|location=Edinburgh|pages=25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8y8BQAAQBAJ&q=ba+green+scotland+wark+coldstream&pg=PT94|title=The Reivers: The Story of the Border Reivers|last=Moffat|first=Alistair|date=2011-07-01|publisher=Birlinn|isbn=9780857901156|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/75497611#zoom=3&lat=3758&lon=3490&layers=BT|title=(Showing Scottish border south of the Tweed) - Berwickshire Sheet XXIX.SW (includes: Coldstream) -|website=[[National Library of Scotland]]|language=en|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref>
==Hadrian's Wall misconception==
[[File:Hadrian's Wall and old tree, Melkridge Common - geograph.org.uk - 1068757.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Hadrian's Wall]] near [[Greenhead, Northumberland|Greenhead]]. The Wall has never formed the actual Anglo-Scottish border.]]
It is a [[common misconception]] that [[Hadrian's Wall]] marks the Anglo-Scottish border. The wall lies entirely within England and has never formed this boundary.<ref>[http://blog.english-heritage.org.uk/30-surprising-facts-hadrians-wall/ English Heritage. ''30 Surprising Facts About Hadrian's Wall''] Retrieved 18 March 2017.</ref><ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/14e09b78-3a6d-11e4-8ee4-00144feabdc0 Financial Times. ''Borders held dear to English and Scots''] Retrieved 18 March 2017.</ref> While in the west, at Bowness-on-Solway, it is less than {{convert|0.6|mi|km|1|abbr=on}} south of the border with Scotland, in the east it is as much as {{convert|68|mi|km}} away.
For centuries the wall was the boundary between the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] province of ''[[Roman Britain|Britannia]]'' (to the south) and the [[Celts|Celtic]] lands of ''[[Caledonia]]'' (to the north). However ''Britannia'' occasionally extended as far north as the later [[Antonine Wall]]. Furthermore, to speak of England and Scotland at any time prior to the ninth century is anachronistic; such nations had no meaningful existence during the period of Roman rule.
"Hadrian's Wall" is nonetheless often used as an informal reference to the modern border, often semi-humorously.{{efn|name="Humour"}}
==Migration==
Cumbria and Northumberland have amongst the largest Scottish-born communities in the world outside Scotland. 16,628 Scottish-born people were residing in Cumbria in [[2001 UK Census|2001]] (3.41% of the county's population) and 11,435 Scottish-born people were residing in Northumberland (3.72% of the county's population); the overall percentage of Scottish-born people in England is 1.62%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination |title=Neighbourhood Statistics Home Page |publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref>
Consequently, almost 9% of Scotland's population is English-born (459,486), with higher than average percentages of English-born people in both Dumfries & Galloway and the Scottish Borders council areas, respectively, reaching as high as 35% or higher English-born.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thoughtcontrolscotland.com/2019/05/22/are-english-settlers-in-the-highlands-nicer-than-those-in-the-borders-and-if-so-why/ | title=Are English settlers in the Highlands nicer than those in the Borders and if so why? | date=22 May 2019 }}</ref>
==List of places on the border, or associated with it==
[[File:Flags of Scotland-England border.jpg|thumb|right|Three [[Flag of Scotland|Scottish saltire]] flags fly at the border marking entry into Scotland]]
===On the border===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Carter Bar]]
* [[Marshall Meadows Bay]]
* [[Pennine Way]]
* [[Scots' Dike]]
* [[Solway Firth]]
* [[
* [[Union Bridge (Tweed)]]
}}
===England===
[[File:England-Scotland border on the B6461 - geograph.org.uk - 130478.jpg|thumb|"Welcome to Northumberland"]]
====
{{main|Cumbria}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[
* [[
* [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]
* [[
* [[Historic counties of England|County]] of [[Cumberland]]
* [[Kershopefoot]]
* [[Longtown, Cumbria|Longtown]]
* [[Skitby]]
* [[Stapleton, Cumbria|Stapleton]]
}}
====Northumberland====
[[File:Geograph-3999506 Kershope Bridge over Kershope Burn on the Anglo-Scottish Border.jpg|thumb|Kershope Bridge over [[Kershope Burn]]. Northumberland is to the left and the Scottish Borders to the right]]
{{main|Northumberland}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ancroft]]
* [[Barmoor Castle]]
* [[Barrow Burn]]
* [[Beadnell]]
* [[Belford, Northumberland|Belford]]
* [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]], and the former [[Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough)|borough]]
* [[Bowsden]]
* [[Branxton, Northumberland|Branxton]]
* [[Byrness]]
* [[Carham]]
* [[Catcleugh Reservoir]]
* [[Chatton]]
* [[Chillingham Castle]]
* [[Cornhill-on-Tweed]]
* [[Crookham, Northumberland|Crookham]]
* [[Doddington, Northumberland|Doddington]]
* [[Duddo]] and [[Duddo Tower]]
* [[Etal, Northumberland|Etal]] and [[Etal Castle]]
* [[Fowberry Tower]]
* [[Goswick]]
* [[Greystead]]
* [[Haggerston, Northumberland|Haggerston]] and [[Haggerston Castle]]
* [[Horncliffe]]
* [[Howtel]]
* [[Islandshire]]
* [[Kielder, Northumberland|Kielder]], [[Kielder Forest]] and [[Kielder Water]]
* [[Kilham, Northumberland|Kilham]]
* [[Kirknewton, Northumberland|Kirknewton]]
* [[Lilburn, Northumberland|Lilburn]] and [[Lilburn Tower]]
* [[Lindisfarne]] and [[Lindisfarne Castle]]
* [[Lowick, Northumberland|Lowick]]
* [[Middleton, Northumberland|Middleton]]
* [[Milfield]]
* [[Mindrum]]
* [[Norham]] and [[Norham Castle]]
* [[North Sunderland]]
* [[Otterburn, Northumberland|Otterburn]]
* [[Redesdale]] & [[River Rede]]
* [[Scremerston]]
* [[Spittal, Northumberland|Spittal]]
* [[Twizell Castle]]
* [[Wark on Tweed]]
* [[Wooler]]
* [[Yeavering]]
}}
===Scotland===
[[File:Welcome to Scotland sign A1 road.jpg|right|thumb|A sign marking entry to Scotland on the [[A7 road (Great Britain)|A7]], on the border of [[Dumfries and Galloway]]]]
[[File:Scotland Welcomes You^ - geograph.org.uk - 7129.jpg|right|thumb|A sign marking entry to Scotland at [[Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway|Gretna]], on the border of [[Dumfries and Galloway]]]]
[[File:Coldstream Bridge02 2000-01-03.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Coldstream Bridge|bridge]] over the [[River Tweed|Tweed]] at [[Coldstream]]]]
====
{{main|Dumfries and Galloway}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[
* [[Canonbie]]
* [[Gilnockie Tower]]
* [[Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway|Gretna]]
* [[Gretna Green]]
* [[Langholm]]
* [[Rowanburn]]
}}
====Borders====
{{main|Scottish Borders}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Allanton, Scottish Borders|Allanton]]
* [[Ayton, Scottish Borders|Ayton]]
* [[Birgham]]
* [[Cessford Castle]]
* [[Chirnside]]
* [[Coldstream]]
* [[Dinlabyre]]
* [[Duns, Scottish Borders|Duns]]
* [[Eccles, Scottish Borders|Eccles]]
* [[Eden Water]]
* [[Edgerston]]
* [[Ednam]]
* [[Edrington]]
* [[Edrom]]
* [[Ettrick, Scotland|Ettrick]]
* [[Eyemouth]]
* [[Fogo, Scottish Borders|Fogo]]
* [[Foulden, Scottish Borders|Foulden]]
* [[Galashiels]]
* [[Hawick]]
* [[Hermitage, Scottish Borders|Hermitage]] and [[Hermitage Castle]]
* [[Hilly Linn]]
* [[Hilton, Berwickshire|Hilton]]
* [[Hume Castle]]
* [[Hutton, Scottish Borders|Hutton]]
* [[Jedburgh]]
* [[Kelso, Scottish Borders|Kelso]]
* [[Kirk Yetholm]] & [[Town Yetholm]]
* [[Ladykirk, Scottish Borders|Ladykirk]]
* [[Lamberton, Berwickshire|Lamberton]]
* [[Leitholm]]
* [[Liddesdale]]
* [[Mordington]]
* [[Morebattle]]
* [[Mowhaugh]]
* [[Newcastleton]]
* [[Oxnam]]
* [[Paxton, Scottish Borders|Paxton]]
* [[Roxburgh]] and [[Roxburgh Castle]]
* [[Saughtree]]
* [[Selkirk, Scottish Borders|Selkirk]]
* [[Southdean]]
* [[Swinton, Scottish Borders|Swinton]]
* [[Timpanheck]]
* [[Whitsome]]
}}
==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Carham Burn
* [[River Esk, Dumfries and Galloway|River Esk]]
* [[River Rede]]
* [[River Sark]]
* [[River Teviot]]
* [[River Tweed]]
* [[Whiteadder Water]]
* [[Liddel Water]]
* [[Kershope Burn]]
}}
==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[The Cheviot]]
* [[Carter Bar]] & [[Carter Fell]]
* [[Windy Gyle]]
}}
==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Anglo]]
* [[Cheviot Hills]]
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[
* [[Border
* [[Border
* ''[[Both sides the Tweed]]''
* [[
* [[
* [[Scotch Corner]]
* [[
* [[
* [[
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
<ref name="Humour">Three examples of a humorous reference to Hadrian's Wall:
* "and there are plans for an electrified fence along Hadrian's Wall to prevent emigration from the rump republic" ({{harvnb|Sandbrook|2012}} quoting [[Robert Moss]] in ''The Collapse of Democracy'' (1975));
* "a situation that the (notional) electrification of Hadrian's Wall is unlikely to change" {{harv|Ijeh|2014}};
* A cartoon: "Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan" showing an extension of Hadrian's Wall around the coastline of England and Wales {{harv|Hughes|2014}}.
</ref>
}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* {{citation |last=Hughes |first=Alex |author-link=Alex Hughes (cartoonist) |date=5 September 2014|title=Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan |publisher=alexhughescartoons.co.uk |url=http://www.bdonline.co.uk/what-did-scotland-do-for-architecture?/5070540.article |access-date=15 December 2014}}
* {{citation |last=Ijeh |first=Ike |date=27 August 2014 |title=What did Scotland do for architecture? |journal=Building Design Online |url=http://www.bdonline.co.uk/what-did-scotland-do-for-architecture?/5070540.article |access-date=7 October 2016}}
* {{citation |last=Sandbrook |first=Dominic |author-link=Dominic Sandbrook |year=2012 |chapter=Chapter 6: Could it happen here? |title=Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974–1979 |edition=illustrated |publisher=Penguin |location=UK |isbn=9781846140327 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NwS2Eig-Y5oC&pg=PT242 about 214]}}
==Further reading==
* Aird, W.M. (1997) "Northern England or southern Scotland? The Anglo-Scottish border in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the problem of perspective" In: Appleby, J.C. and Dalton, P. (Eds) ''Government, religion and society in Northern England 1000-1700'', Stroud : Sutton, {{ISBN|0-7509-1057-7}}, p. 27–39
* Crofton, Ian (2014) ''Walking the Border: A Journey Between Scotland and England'', Birlinn
*{{cite book |last1=Readman |first1=Paul |title=Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914 |date=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-32058-2 |pages=169–191 |language=en |chapter=Living a British Borderland: Northumberland and the Scottish Borders in the Long Nineteenth Century}}
* Robb, Graham (2018) ''The Debatable Land: The Lost World Between Scotland and England'', Picador
* Robson, Eric (2006) ''The Border Line'', Frances Lincoln Ltd.
* [[Walter Shaw Sparrow|Sparrow, W. S.]] and Crockett, W. S. (1906). ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31678 In the Border Country]'', Hodder & Stoughton, London
==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Borders, The|The Borders}}
{{commons category-inline|Border between England and Scotland}}
* [http://www.hodgson-clan.net/border-clans-and-american-migration.htm The Border Clans and their Emigration to America] at Hodgson Clan
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DqZYsckBwI&ab_channel=JayForeman The world's oldest border?], from [[Jay Foreman (comedian)|Jay Foreman]]'s "Map Men" series
{{Geography of Scotland}}{{Borders of the United Kingdom}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Scottish Border}}
[[Category:Anglo-Scottish border| ]]
[[Category:1237 establishments in England]]
[[Category:13th century in England]]
[[Category:13th century in Scotland]]
[[Category:Borders of England]]
[[Category:
[[Category:English law]]
[[Category:Scots law]]
[[Category:1237 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historical geography of the United Kingdom]]
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