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{{Short description|Operation of a vehicle}}
{{Other uses|Driving (disambiguation)||Drive (disambiguation)||Driver (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Convertible Mercedes Car Driving On A Highway.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Driving a convertible
[[File:Thủ tướng Malaysia trải nghiệm lái xe Vinfast Lux SA2.0 (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]] [[Mahathir Mohamad]] driving car in [[Vietnam]]]]
'''Driving''' is the controlled operation and movement of a [[land vehicle]], including [[car]]s, [[motorcycle]]s, [[truck]]s, and [[bus]]es.
The term "driver" originated in the 15th century, referring to the occupation of driving working animals
In many countries, drivers must pass practical and theoretical driving tests to obtain a driving license. Physical skills required for driving include proper hand placement, gear shifting, pedal operation, [[steering]], [[braking]], and operation of [[ancillary]] devices. Mental skills involve hazard awareness, decision-making, evasive maneuvering, and understanding [[vehicle dynamics]]. [[Distractions]], [[altered states of consciousness]], and certain medical conditions can impair a driver's mental skills.▼
▲'''Driving''' is the controlled operation and movement of a [[vehicle]], including [[car]]s, [[motorcycle]]s, [[truck]]s, and [[bus]]es. Permission to drive on public [[highway]]s is granted based on a set of conditions being met and drivers are required to follow the established road and traffic laws in the location they are driving. The word driving, has etymology dating back to the 15th century and has developed as what driving has encompassed has changed from working animals in the 15th to automobiles in the 1800s. Driving skills have also developed since the 15th century with physical, mental and safety skills being required to drive. This evolution of the skills required to drive have been accompanied by the introduction of driving laws which relate to not only the driver but the driveability of a car.
Safety concerns in driving include poor road conditions, low visibility, [[texting while driving]], [[speeding]], [[impaired driving]], [[sleep-deprived driving]], and [[reckless driving]]. Laws regarding driving, [[driver licensing]], and [[vehicle registration]] vary between jurisdictions. Most countries have laws against driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Some countries impose annual renewals or point systems for driver's licenses to maintain road safety.▼
▲The term "driver" originated in the 15th century, referring to the occupation of driving working animals like pack or draft horses. It later applied to electric railway drivers in 1889 and motor-car drivers in 1896. The world's first long-distance road trip by automobile occurred in 1888 when Bertha Benz drove a Benz Patent-Motorwagen from Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany. Driving requires both physical and mental skills, as well as an understanding of the rules of the road.
▲In many countries, drivers must pass practical and theoretical driving tests to obtain a driving license. Physical skills required for driving include proper hand placement, gear shifting, pedal operation, steering, braking, and operation of ancillary devices. Mental skills involve hazard awareness, decision-making, evasive maneuvering, and understanding vehicle dynamics. Distractions, altered states of consciousness, and certain medical conditions can impair a driver's mental skills.
▲Safety concerns in driving include poor road conditions, low visibility, texting while driving, speeding, impaired driving, sleep-deprived driving, and reckless driving. Laws regarding driving, driver licensing, and vehicle registration vary between jurisdictions. Most countries have laws against driving under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Some countries impose annual renewals or point systems for driver's licenses to maintain road safety.
The [[World Health Organization]] estimates that 1.35 million people are killed each year in road traffic; it is the leading cause of death for people age 5 to 29.<ref name=WHO2018>{{cite report|author=World Health Organization|title=
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== Etymology ==
{{
The origin of the term ''driver'', as recorded from the 15th century, refers to the occupation of driving [[working animal]]s, especially [[Packhorse|pack horses]] or [[draft horses]]. The verb
[[File:Driving to top of Mt Washington 1899.jpg|thumb|In 1899, an automobile was driven to the summit of [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], New Hampshire, for the first time]]
The world's first long-distance [[road trip]] by automobile was
In 1899, F. O. Stanley and his wife
==Driving skills==
[[File:Bus driver (5171124305).jpg|thumb|Driving a bus in traffic.]]
Driving in [[traffic]] is more than just knowing how to operate the mechanisms which control the vehicle; it requires knowing how to apply the rules of the road (which
Although direct operation of a [[bicycle]] and a mounted [[animal]] are commonly referred to as ''riding'', such operators are legally considered drivers and are required to obey the [[Traffic#Rules of the road|rules of the road]]. Driving over a long distance is referred to as a [[road trip]].
In
===Physical skill===
[[File:Cesta za V. Prapratnu 01935.webm|thumb|Control direction, acceleration, and deceleration.]]
A driver must have physical skills to be able to control direction, acceleration, and deceleration. For motor vehicles, the detailed tasks include:
* Proper hand placement and seating position
* Starting the vehicle's engine with the [[Automobile self starter|starting system]]
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* Applying [[brake]] pressure to slow or stop the vehicle
* Operating other important ancillary devices such as the [[Turn signals|indicators]], [[headlights]], [[parking brake]] and [[windshield wiper]]s
* Speed and [[Skid (automobile)|
===Mental skill===
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[[Distracted driving|Distractions]] can compromise a driver's mental skills, as can any [[altered state of consciousness]]. One study on the subject of [[mobile phones and driving safety]] concluded that, after controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, drivers talking on a phone exhibited greater impairment than drivers who were suffering from alcohol intoxication.<ref name="Strayer">{{Cite web |first1=David |last1=Strayer |first2=Frank |last2=Drews |first3=Dennis |last3=Crouch |title=Fatal Distraction? A Comparison of the Cell-Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver |location=University of Utah Department of Psychology |year=2003 |url=http://www.psych.utah.edu/AppliedCognitionLab/DrivingAssessment2003.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411094037/http://www.psych.utah.edu/AppliedCognitionLab/DrivingAssessment2003.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-11 }}</ref> In the US "During daylight hours, approximately 481,000 drivers are using cell phones while driving according to the publication on the National Highway Traffic Safety Association. Another survey indicated that music could adversely affect a driver's concentration."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/distracted-driving|title=Distracted Driving|last=National Highway Traffic Safety Association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Distracted Driving {{!}} NHTSA |url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/distracted-driving |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.infoniac.com/science/hard-rock-and-classic-music-could-lead-to-road-accidents.html Hard-Rock and Classic Music Could Lead to Road Accidents, New Survey Says]; Infoniac.com</ref>
Seizure disorders and Alzheimer's disease are among the leading medical causes of mental impairment among drivers in the United States and Europe.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Appel |first=Jacob |date=2009-06-01 |title=Must Physicians Report Impaired Driving? Rethinking a Duty on a Collision Course with Itself |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/JCE200920204 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Ethics |language=en |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=136–140 |doi=10.1086/JCE200920204 |pmid=19554818 |s2cid=43453501 |issn=1046-7890}}</ref> Whether or not physicians should be allowed, or even required, to report such conditions to state authorities, remains highly controversial.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
===Safety===
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* [[Reckless driving]] and [[street racing]]
==
There is a high rate of injury and death caused by motor vehicle accidents that involve teenage drivers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Aimee |last2=Lewis |first2=Sharon R. |last3=Weiss |first3=Harold |date=2020-08-16 |title=Mobility management to prevent, reduce, or delay driving a car in teenagers |url= |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=8 |pages=CD009438 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009438.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8094927 |pmid=32799320}}</ref> There is evidence that the less teenagers drive, the risk of injury drops.<ref name=":0" /> There is a lack of evidence as to whether educational interventions to promote active transport and share information about the risks, cost, and stresses involved with driving are effective at reducing or delaying car driving in the teenage years.<ref name=":0" />
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====Driver training====
Drivers may be required to take lessons with an approved [[driving instructor]] (or are strongly encouraged to
In many countries, even after passing one's driving test, new drivers are initially subject to special restrictions under [[graduated driver licensing]] rules. For example, in Australia, novice drivers are required to carry "P" ("provisional") plates,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://roads-waterways.transport.nsw.gov.au/geared/your_licence/keeping_your_licence/rules_for_l_and_p_plate_drivers.html|title=Restrictions for L and P plate drivers
==Driving bans==
It is possible for a driver to be suspended or disqualified (banned) from driving, either for a short time or permanently. This is usually in response to a serious traffic offence (for example, causing death due to drink driving), repeated minor traffic offences (for example, accruing too many demerit points for speeding), or for a specific medical condition which prevents driving, pending a future assessment (for example, a traumatic brain injury).
Some jurisdictions implement [[road space rationing]], where vehicles are banned from driving on certain days depending on a variety of criteria, most commonly the letters and digits in their [[vehicle registration plate]].
A few countries banned women driving in the past. In [[Oman]], women were not allowed to drive until 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Here's what Omani women say about Saudi lifting its ban on women drivers|url=http://timesofoman.com/article/118197|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629022302/http://timesofoman.com/article/118197|archive-date=June 29, 2018|access-date=28 June 2018|work=Times of Oman}}</ref> In [[Saudi Arabia]], women were not issued driving licenses until 2018. Saudi women had periodically staged driving protests against these restrictions and in September 2017, the Saudi government agreed to lift the ban, which went into effect in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/26/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-women-drive.html|title=Saudi Arabia Agrees to Let Women Drive|first=Ben|last=Hubbard|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 26, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Hands-free driving]]
==References==
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