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{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language}}{{Infobox language
| name = Bats
| nativename = {{lang|bbl|ბაცბა მოტტ}}<br/>{{transl|bbl|Batsba Moṭṭ}}<br>{{tlit|bbl|batsba motjiti}}
| states = [[North Caucasus]]
| region = Zemo-Alvani in [[Kakheti]]
Line 20 ⟶ 19:
| mapcaption = {{legend|#54D500|Bats}}
| ethnicity = [[Bats people]]
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[batsʰba motʼː]}}<br>{{IPA|[batsbur mɔt’ː]}}
}}
'''Bats''' (''Batsbur Mott, or Batsba Moṭṭ''
==History==
Line 34 ⟶ 33:
==Classification & Distribution==
=== Geographic distribution ===
Most speakers of Bats live in the village of [[Zemo-Alvani]], on the [[Kakhetia Plain|Kakheti Plain]], in the [[Akhmeta Municipality]] of Georgia. There are some families of Bats in [[Tbilisi]] and other bigger towns in Georgia.
== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
Bats has a [[Linguistic typology|typologically common]] five-vowel system. Although some authors claim that all vowels but /u/ contrast in [[Vowel length|length]], no [[Minimal pair|minimal pairs]] are given in any studies of Batsbi, nor are examples of long vowels available in the literature.
{| class="wikitable IPA" border="1" style="text-align: center"
Line 51 ⟶ 50:
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA link| |-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
Line 62 ⟶ 61:
|}
Bats also has
All vowels and diphthongs have
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable IPA" border="1" style="text-align: center"
|+ Consonant Phonemes of Bats<ref name="HG1994">Holisky, Dee Ann and Gagua, Rusudan, 1994. "Tsova-Tush (Batsbi)", in ''The indigenous languages of the Caucasus'' Vol 4, Rieks Smeets, editor. Caravan Books, pp. 147-212</ref>
Line 216 ⟶ 215:
|
|
|}
=== Phonotactics ===
The most common syllable type in Batsbi is CVC.<ref name="HG1994" /> However, Batsbi words commonly contain sequences of two consonants, the second of which is often a fricative.<ref name=":0" /> Stop-stop clusters often contain an [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]. Those two-consonant clusters can occur in any position within the word, although less commonly word-finally. Sequences of three consonants do occur as well, although many are borrowings from [[Georgian language|Georgian]]. Like many clusters in non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Easterday |first=Shelece |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3268721 |title=Highly complex syllable structure: A typological and diachronic study |date=2019-07-04 |publisher=[object Object] |language=en |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3268721}}</ref> consonant sequences in Batsbi often fail to conform to the [[sonority sequencing principle]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word-initial Two-consonant Clusters<ref name="HG1994" />
!C1
!C2
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Example
! rowspan="2" |English
|-
|'''Stop'''
|'''Fricative'''
|-
|b
|ʒ
|'''bʒ'''ã
|ბჟა<sup>ნ</sup>
|''livestok''
|-
|p
|ħ
|'''pħ'''e
|ფჰჾე
|''village''
|-
|tʃ
|x
|'''tʃx'''otʼ
|ჩხოტ
|''waterfall''
|-
|kʼ
|ʕ
|'''kʼʕ'''okʼ
|კჺოკ
|''hole''
|-
|m
|ʕ
|'''mʕ'''al
|მჺალ
|''common''
|-
|'''Stop'''
|'''Stop'''
| colspan="2" |'''Example'''
|'''English'''
|-
|tʼ
|qʼ
|'''tʼqʼ'''a
|ტყა
|''twenty''
|-
|kʼ
|n
|'''kʼn'''atẽ
|კნათე<sup>ნ</sup>
|''boy''
|-
|tʃʼ
|qʼ
|'''tʃʼq'''ʼempʼʷ
|ჭყემფუ
|''throat''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word-initial Three-consonant Clusters<ref name="HG1994" />
!C1
!C2
!C3
! colspan="2" |Example
!English
|-
|p
|s
|t’
|'''pst’'''u
|ფსტუ
|''wife''
|-
|t
|x
|ɾ
|'''txɾ'''il
|თხრილ
|''ditch''
|-
|t’
|k’
|m
|'''t’k’m'''el
|ტკმელ
|''dust''
|-
|t’
|q’
|v
|'''t’q’v'''e
|თყვე
|''prisoner''
|-
|g
|ɾ
|d
|'''gɾd'''eml
|გრდემლ
|''anvil''
|}
Of the words containing three-consonant onsets above, all but /pst'''’'''u/ “wife” and /t’k’mel/ “dust” are native to Batsbi, the other ones being [[Loanword|loanwords]] from Georgian.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Word-final clusters
!C1
!C2
! colspan="2" |Example
!English
|-
|ɾ
|k’
|tsa'''ɾk'''ʼ
|ცარკ
|''tooth''
|-
|p
|x
|ve'''px'''
|ვეფხ
|''tiger''
|-
|t
|x
|ma'''tx'''
|მათხ
|''sun''
|-
|v
|r
|skʼi'''vɾ'''
|სკივრ
|''skunk''
|-
|n
|t’
|abʒo'''nt’'''
|აბჟონტ
|''stirrup''
|}
Line 935 ⟶ 1,082:
==Morphosyntax==
Batsbi is an [[SOV language]] with [[Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive]] alignment which makes extensive use of bound [[morphological derivation]] and [[inflection]]. It has both [[grammatical gender]] (i.e. noun classes) and several [[Grammatical case|grammatical cases]].
=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns - first and second persons ====
Batsbi [[Pronoun|pronouns]] encode three persons, two numbers, and clusivity for first person plural (“you and
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Line 988 ⟶ 1,134:
|''You (Ye)''
|}
==== Third person pronouns/Demonstratives ====
Batsbi does not encode gender in pronouns. Gender is indexed instead on verbs and adjectives.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|'''Absolutive'''
|ო
o
|ობი
obi
|-
|'''Ergative'''
|ოჴუს
oqus
|ოჴარ
oqar
|-
|
|''s/he''
|''they''
|}
==== Adnominal demonstratives ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Proximal
!Medial
!Distal
|-
|'''Absolutive'''
|ე
e
|ის
is
|ო
o
|-
|'''Oblique'''
|ეჴ
eq
|იცხ
icx
|ოჴ
oq
|-
|
|''this''
|''that''
|''that yonder''
|}
Adnominal demonstratives code no gender in Batsbi.
{{interlinear
| number = 1a|ე ფსტუიჩოვ|e pstʼuinčov|DEM.proximal woman-ERG|"This woman"
}}{{interlinear
| number = 1b|ე სტაკოვ|e stʼakʼov|DEM.proximal man-ERG|"This man
}}
{{interlinear
| number = 1c|ო სტაკოვ|o stʼakʼov|DEM.distal man-ERG|"That man over there"
}}
==== Interrogative pronouns ====
Line 1,005 ⟶ 1,216:
|ვუხ
vux
| rowspan="2" |მაცა<sup>ნ</sup>
macã
| rowspan="2" |მელʻ
meɬ
| rowspan="2" |მიჩ, მიჩა
mič, miča
|მენუხ
Line 1,019 ⟶ 1,230:
|სტევ
st’ev
|მენხუიჩოვ
menxuičov
Line 1,029 ⟶ 1,237:
As in other Nakh languages, Batsbi has several [[noun class]]es (grammatical genders) that are indexed through class [[Prefix|prefixes]] on some vowel-initial verbs, adjectives, numerals, and a few other words.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Alice |title=Batsbi Sketch Grammar |date= }}</ref> That is, nouns themselves show no morphologically marks for gender. Gender indexing is highly complex in the language, with subject gender agreement on [[Intransitive verb|intransitive verbs]] (absolutive), but object agreement on transitive verbs. The table below shows gender agreement on verbs for three of the noun classes:
{| class="wikitable"
|+<ref name="
! rowspan="2" |Noun class
!Subject
!Verb group
!Translation
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Intransitive (subject agreement)'''
|-
|'''M'''
|ვაშუ
vašu
|'''ვ'''
'''v-'''
|''
|-
|'''F'''
|ჲაშუ
jašu
|'''ჲ'''
'''j-'''
|''
|-
|'''D'''
|ბადერ
bader
|'''დ'''ახე<sup>ნ</sup>
'''d'''-axẽ
|''The child D-left''
|-
|'''Bd'''
|ფჰჾუ
pħu
|
|''The
|-
|
Line 1,063 ⟶ 1,277:
|-
|'''M'''
|ნანას
nanas
|
|''
(lit. “Mother brother took”)
|-
|'''F'''
|დადას
dadas
|
|''Father'' F-''
(lit. “Father sister took”)
|-
|'''D'''
|ნანას
nanas
|ბადერ '''დ'''იკე<sup>ნ</sup>
bader '''d'''-ik’ẽ
|''Mother'' D-''took the child''
|-
|'''Bd'''
|დადას
dadas
|ფჰჾუ '''ბ'''
pħu '''b-'''
|''
|}
==== Number of classes ====
Holisky and Gagua (1994) analyse Batsbi as having five noun classes,<ref name="HG1994" /> whereas Alice Harris posits that Batsbi has eight genders in total, based on the behaviour of words that fail to conform to the patterns of the five major classes.<ref name=":0" /> The breakdown below follows Harris:
{| class="wikitable"
Line 1,146 ⟶ 1,371:
| Bd || '''b-''' || '''d-'''
| animals
| {{plainlist|* ფჰჾუ {{transl|bbl|pħu}}
*
}}
|'''ბ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup>
Line 1,155 ⟶ 1,380:
|'''ბ'''ა
'''b'''-a
|“the
“the bread is big”
“the bear is big”
|-
| J || colspan="2" | '''j-'''
| various
| {{plainlist|* ცარკ {{transl|bbl|carkʼ}}
*
*
}}
|'''ჲ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup>'''j'''-aqqõ
'''ჲ'''-ავი<sup>ნ</sup>
'''j'''-avĩ
|'''ჲ'''ა
'''j'''-a
|“the tooth is big”
“the milk is light”
“the rain is light”
|-
| *Bd
| body parts (15 nouns)
| {{plainlist|
Line 1,181 ⟶ 1,407:
* ჭყემპუ {{transl|bbl|čʼqʼempʼʷ}}
}}
|'''ბ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup>'''b'''-aqqõ
|'''ბ'''ა
'''b'''-a
|“it is a big fist”
“the eye is big”
throat is
|-
Line 1,218 ⟶ 1,443:
|}
==== Exceptions and Nouns without inherent gender ====
According to Holisky and Gagua (1994), the class with the largest number of nouns is the D-class (e.g. '''''d'''a'' “it is”), followed by the J-class (e.g. '''''j'''a'' “it is”). Class D markers are also used when the noun class is unknown (as in open interrogatives, see 1a) and in clauses with mixed genders (1d).
{{interlinear
| number = 2a|ვუხ და|vux d-a|what Cl.D-be|"What is it?"
}}
{{interlinear
| number = 2b|ღოჭ ჲა|ǧočʼ j-a|stick Cl.J-be|"It is a stick"
}}
{{interlinear
| number = 2c|ნექ და|nek d-a|knife Cl.D-be|"It is a knife"
}}
{{interlinear
| number = 2d|ღოჭე ნექე და|ǧočʼe neke d-a|stick-and knife-and Cl.D-be|"It is both a stick and knife"
}}
Additionally, some nouns referring to humans have no inherent gender, so that class agreement is contextual. These includes the words for “teacher” (უჩიტელ ''učitʼel''), “friend” (ნაყბისტ ''naq’bist’''), “enemy” (მასთხოვ ''mastxov''), “neighbor” (მეზობელ ''mezobel'') and others.<ref name="HG1994" />
{{interlinear
| number = 3a|უჩიტელ '''ვ'''ა|učitʼel '''v'''-a|teacher Cl.M-is|"He is a teacher"
}}
{{interlinear
| number = 3b|უჩიტელ '''ჲ'''ა|učitʼel '''j'''-a|teacher Cl.F-is|"She is a teacher"
}}
Gender is lexicalized in a few words such as '''''v'''ašu'' ('''ვ'''აშუ “brother”) vs. '''''j'''ašu'' ('''ჲ'''აშუ “sister”),in that -''ašu'' could be translated as “sibling”.
==== Gender agreement in adjectives ====
Only eight vowel-initial adjectives agree in gender with the noun they modify:<ref name="HG1994" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Adjective agreement (singular)
! rowspan="2" |Gender
(sg/pl)
!'''-aqqõ'''
!-ut’q’ĩ
!-avĩ
!-acĩ
!-uq’ĩ
!-asẽ
!-acũ
!-axxẽ
|-
| -აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup>
| -უტყი<sup>ნ</sup>
| -ავი<sup>ნ</sup>
| -აცი<sup>ნ</sup>
| -უყი<sup>ნ</sup>
| -ასე<sup>ნ</sup>
| -აცუ<sup>ნ</sup>
| -ახხე<sup>ნ</sup>
|-
|M (v-/b-)
|'''v'''-aqqõ
|'''v'''-ut’q’ĩ
|'''v'''-avĩ
|'''v'''-acĩ
|'''v-'''uq’ĩ
|'''v'''-asẽ
|'''v'''-acũ
|'''v'''-axxẽ
|-
|F (j-/d-)
|'''j'''-aqqõ
|'''j'''-ut’q’ĩ
|'''j'''-avĩ
|'''j'''-acĩ
|'''j-'''uq’ĩ
|'''j'''-asẽ
|'''j'''-acũ
|'''j'''-axxẽ
|-
|D (d-)
|'''d'''-aqqõ
|'''d'''-ut’q’ĩ
|'''d-'''avĩ
|'''d'''-acĩ
|'''d'''-uq’ĩ
|'''d'''-asẽ
|'''d'''-acũ
|'''d'''-axxẽ
|-
|J (j-)
|'''j'''-aqqõ
|'''j'''-ut’q’ĩ
|'''j-'''avĩ
|'''j'''-acĩ
|'''j'''-uq’ĩ
|'''j'''-asẽ
|'''j'''-acũ
|'''j'''-axxẽ
|-
|Bd (b-/d-)
|'''b-'''aqqõ
|'''b'''-ut’q’ĩ
|'''b-'''avĩ
|'''b-'''acĩ
|'''b'''-uq’ĩ
|'''b'''-asẽ
|'''b'''-acũ
|'''b'''-axxẽ
|-
|'''English'''
|''“big”''
|''“small”''
|''“light”''
|''“heavy”''
|''“thick”''
|''“empty”''
|''“short”''
|''“long”''
|}
===Grammatical number and case===
Batsbi nouns are [[Inflection|inflected]] for two [[Grammatical number|numbers]], singular and plural, and nine cases. Number inflection occurs via [[Suffix|suffixation]] and/or root changes, and is chiefly unpredictable. Harris (ms) identifies nine suffixes for plural marking in the nominative case; note that vowel changes (i.e. [[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]]) may also affect the root of the plural form.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Nominative
Line 1,236 ⟶ 1,574:
|''deer''
|-
| -
|ნიყ
niq’
|ნიყ'''იშ'''
niq’-'''
|''road(s)''
|-
Line 1,257 ⟶ 1,595:
|''heart(s)''
|-
| -
|ფჰჾუ
pḥu
|ფჰჾ'''არჩ'''
|''dog(s)''
|-
| -
|ტჺირ
tʼʕir
|ტჺირ'''ერჩ'''
tʼʕir-'''
|''star(s)''
|-
| -ar
|კეჭ
kʼeč̣
|კ'''ა'''ჭ'''არ'''
kʼ'''a'''
|''bundle(s)''
|-
Line 1,342 ⟶ 1,680:
|-
! [[Comitative case|Comitative]]
| nekʼt͜sʰĩ,
nekʼet͜sʰĩ | nekʼicĩ || t͜sʰokʼlet͜sʰĩ || t͜sʰokʼlit͜sʰĩ | colspan="2" |
|}
===Verbs===
Verds in Batsbi encode not only tense, and aspect, but also gender, person, mood, and other categories. Person suffixes also encode whether the subject of the verb is ergative or absolutive. Person suffixes for are shown in the table below. Note that Batsbi verbs also agree with the object through a prefix denoting a noun class, not shown in the table that follows.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''First'''
|'''Ergative'''
''to cut''
|თეტო'''ს'''
tet’o-'''s'''
|თეტო'''თხ'''
tet’o-'''tx'''
|-
|'''Absolutive'''
''to take''
| -იკე'''სუ'''
-ikʼe-'''sʷ'''
| -იკესთ'''ხუ'''
-ikʼe-'''txʷ'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Second'''
|'''Ergative'''
''to cut''
|თეტო'''ჰჾ'''
tet’o-'''ħ'''
|თეტუ'''იშ'''
tet’w-'''iš'''
|-
|'''Absolutive'''
''to take''
| -ისკე'''ჰჾუ'''
-ikʼe-'''ħʷ'''
| -ისკე'''შუ'''
-ikʼe-'''šʷ'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Third'''
|'''Ergative'''
''to cut''
| colspan="2" |თეცტ<sup>უ</sup>
tet’ʷ
|-
|'''Absolutive'''
''to take''
|
|
|}
Batsbi has explicit inflections for [[Agent (grammar)|agentivity]] of a verb; it makes a distinction between:
: {{transl|bbl|{{IPA|as woʒe}}}} (I fell down through no fault of my own)
: {{transl|bbl|{{IPA|so woʒe}}}} (I fell down and it was my own fault)
=== Postpositions ===
In Batsbi, a number of spatial and time relations are expressed via [[Adposition|postpositions]]. In many cases, the nouns that precede the postposition occur in the [[dative case]], although there are exceptions.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Postposition
!Example
!English
|-
|მაქ
mak
| rowspan="2" |ტივენ '''მაქ''' ბა
t’iv-en '''mak''' ba
| rowspan="2" |''They'' (M) ''are on the bridge''
(lit. ''bridge on they.are'')
|-
|‘''on’''
|-
|კიკელ
kʼikʼel
| rowspan="2" |ტივენ '''კიკელ''' ვაიხნას
tʼiv-en '''kʼikʼel''' vaixnas
| rowspan="2" |''I'' (M) ''walked under the bridge''
(lit. ''bridge under I walked'')
|-
|''‘under’''
|-
|ფეხ
pex
| rowspan="2" |ნანენ '''ფეხ'''
nan-en '''pex'''
| rowspan="2" |''Next to mother''
(lit. ''mother next to'')
|-
|‘''next to’''
|-
|ჰჾათხ(ე)
ħatx(e)
| rowspan="2" |წენინ '''ჰჾათხე'''
c’en-in '''ħatxe'''
| rowspan="2" |''In front of the house''
(lit. house in front of)
|-
|‘''in front of’''
|}
Note that some of the directions or states which in English and Indo-European languages are expressed via prepositions, are in Batsbi expressed via [[Locative case|locative]] cases.
== Numerals ==
| |||