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{{Short description|American politician (born 1933)}}
'''Michael Dukakis''' (born [[November 3]], [[1933]]) is a politician from [[Massachusetts]] in the [[United States]].
{{Pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Michael Dukakis
| image = File:Michael Dukakis (cropped new).jpg
| caption = Dukakis in 1977
| order = 65th and 67th [[Governor of Massachusetts]]
| lieutenant = [[John Kerry]]<br>[[Evelyn Murphy]]
| term_start = January 6, 1983
| term_end = January 3, 1991
| predecessor = [[Edward J. King]]
| successor = [[Bill Weld]]
| lieutenant1 = [[Thomas P. O'Neill III]]
| term_start1 = January 2, 1975
| term_end1 = January 4, 1979
| predecessor1 = [[Francis W. Sargent]]
| successor1 = Edward J. King
| office2 = Member of the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
| term_start2 = January 3, 1963
| term_end2 = January 3, 1971
| predecessor2 = [[Sumner Z. Kaplan]]
| successor2 = Jon Rotenberg
| constituency2 = [[Massachusetts House of Representatives' 10th Norfolk district|10th Norfolk]] (1963–1965)<br />[[Massachusetts House of Representatives' 13th Norfolk district|13th Norfolk]] (1965–1971)
| birth_name = Michael Stanley Dukakis
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1933|11|3}}
| birth_place = [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Kitty Dukakis|Katharine Dickson]]|1963}}
| children = 3, including [[John Dukakis|John]] (adopted)
| relatives = [[Olympia Dukakis]] (cousin)
| education = [[Swarthmore College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Harvard University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
| signature = M Dukakis Signature.svg
| branch = [[United States Army]]
| rank = [[Specialist (rank)#United States Army|Specialist]]
| unit = 8020th Administrative Unit<ref name="chicagotribune1988">{{Cite web |last=Shanker |first=Thom |author2=A member of the ''Tribune''{{'}}s Washington bureau |date=October 9, 1988 |title=While Seeking Higher Rank, Dukakis Keeps Military Brass at Parade Rest |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-10-09-8802060222-story.html |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620075131/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1988-10-09-8802060222-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| serviceyears = 1955–1957
| awards = [[Order of Honour (Greece)|Grand Commander of the Order of Honor]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kokkinidis |first=Tasos |date=October 26, 2020 |title=Greece Honors Former Presidential Candidate Michael Dukakis |url=https://greekreporter.com/2020/10/26/greece-honors-former-presidential-candidate-michael-dukakis/ |work=[[Greek Reporter]] |access-date=July 31, 2021 |archive-date=July 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731184652/https://greekreporter.com/2020/10/26/greece-honors-former-presidential-candidate-michael-dukakis/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=|title=Michael Dukakis's voice|type=speech|description=Michael Dukakis speaks on [[Balanced budget|balancing the budget]]<br/>Recorded October 13, 1988}}
| battles = [[Korean War]]
}}
 
'''Michael Stanley Dukakis''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ʊ|ˈ|k|ɑː|k|ᵻ|s}} {{respell|duu|KAH|kiss}}; born November 3, 1933) is an American retired lawyer and politician who served as [[governor of Massachusetts]] from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1991. He is the longest-serving governor in [[Massachusetts]] history and only the second [[Greek-American]] governor in U.S. history, after [[Spiro Agnew]]. He was [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988|nominated]] by the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] for president in the [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 election]], losing to the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee, [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[George H. W. Bush]].
He was [[Governor of Massachusetts]] from [[1974]] until [[1978]], then again from [[1982]] until [[1990]]. He was the [[US Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] nominee for [[President of the United States]] in [[1988]], but [[U.S. presidential election, 1988|lost]] to [[George Bush]].
 
Born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], to Greek immigrants, Dukakis attended [[Swarthmore College]] before enlisting in the [[United States Army]]. After graduating from [[Harvard Law School]], he won election to the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]], serving from 1963 to 1971. He won the 1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election but lost his 1978 bid for re-nomination to [[Edward J. King]]. He defeated King in the 1982 gubernatorial primary and served as governor from 1983 to 1991, presiding over a period of economic growth known as the "[[Massachusetts Miracle]]".
Dukakis was attacked by Bush before the election as "a card-carrying liberal" for his membership in the [[American Civil Liberties Union]]. Dukakis has been blamed for allowing "liberal" to be considered a bad word. He ran for office with [[Texas|Texan]] [[Lloyd Bentsen]] as his running mate.
 
Building on his popularity as governor, Dukakis sought the Democratic presidential nomination for the [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 presidential election]]. He prevailed in the [[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988|Democratic primaries]] and was formally nominated at the [[1988 Democratic National Convention]]. Dukakis chose Senator [[Lloyd Bentsen]] of Texas as his running mate, while the Republicans nominated a ticket of George H. W. Bush and Senator [[Dan Quayle]]. Dukakis made history as the first [[Greek Americans|Greek-American]] and [[Aromanians in Greece|Aromanian]] presidential candidate, first [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] major-party nominee, and the first major-party nominee with ancestry outside Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cornell |first=George W. |date=1988-10-01 |title=Greek Orthodox Commander in Chief Would Be a First : Episcopal Church Leads List of Presidential Religious Ties |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-10-01-me-4251-story.html |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NYT" />{{efn|His father was born in Edremit, modern-day Turkey.}} Although he lost the election, carrying only ten states and [[Washington, D.C.]], he improved on the Democratic performances in the previous two elections. After the election, Dukakis announced that he would not seek another term as governor, and he left office in 1991.
He later he served on the [[board of directors]] for [[Amtrak]].
 
Since leaving office, Dukakis has served on the board of directors for [[Amtrak]] and taught political science at [[Northeastern University]] and [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]. He was mentioned as a potential appointee to the Senate in 2009 to fill the vacancy caused by [[Ted Kennedy]]'s death, but Governor [[Deval Patrick]] chose [[Paul G. Kirk]]. In [[2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|2012]], Dukakis backed the successful Senate campaign of [[Elizabeth Warren]], whom he also supported in the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries]]. With the death of [[Bob Dole]] on December 5, 2021, Dukakis became the oldest living major party presidential candidate who was never elected president.
 
==Early life and education==
Dukakis was born in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]]. His father Panos (1896–1979) was a Greek immigrant from [[Edremit, Balıkesir|Edremit]] in [[Turkey]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Panos-Dukakis/6000000024679216653|title=Panos Dukakis|website=geni_family_tree|date=January 15, 1896 |access-date=May 2, 2021|archive-date=May 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502090736/https://www.geni.com/people/Panos-Dukakis/6000000024679216653|url-status=live}}</ref> Panos Dukakis settled in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], in 1912, and graduated from [[Harvard Medical School]] twelve years later, subsequently working as an [[Obstetrics|obstetrician]]. Dukakis's mother Euterpe (née Boukis; 1903–2003) was born in [[Larissa]], to [[Aromanians|Aromanian]] parents from [[Vrysochori]].<ref name=NYT>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/17/us/campaign-trail-tapping-another-ethnic-group.html | author=Bernard Weinraub | title=Campaign Trail; Tapping Another Ethnic Group | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 17, 1988 | access-date=August 24, 2008 | archive-date=November 5, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042704/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/17/us/campaign-trail-tapping-another-ethnic-group.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Charles C. Moskos 1989 176">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcTvNg77kp4C&pg=PA176|title= Greek Americans: Struggle and Success|edition=2nd|author=Charles C. Moskos|page=176|publisher=Transaction Publishers|date=1989|isbn=0-88738-778-0|access-date=April 5, 2015}}</ref> The Aromanians, or "[[Vlachs]], as they are called in their Balkan homeland, are descendants of Latin-speaking people of the Roman Empire."<ref name="NYT" /> She and her family emigrated to [[Haverhill, Massachusetts]], in 1913.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/daily/03/dukakis.htm |title=Euterpe Dukakis, mother of former Mass. governor, dies at 99 |agency=Associated Press |date=April 3, 2003 |newspaper=The Boston Globe |access-date=January 31, 2014 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202230430/http://www.boston.com/news/daily/03/dukakis.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Michael Dukakis Korea 1956.jpg|thumb|right|Dukakis off duty at a gun emplacement overlooking UN Command Military Armistice Commission base camp at Munsan-ni Korea 1956.]]
Dukakis attended [[Brookline High School]] in his hometown,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/23/opinion/fanfares-for-michael-dukakis.html "Fanfares for Michael Dukakis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202120617/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/23/opinion/fanfares-for-michael-dukakis.html |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 23, 1988. Retrieved February 5, 2008. "And then the candidate, once a trumpeter in the Brookline High School band, took the podium and performed his own Fanfare for the Common Man."</ref> where he was an honor student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis, and cross-country teams.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Ruttman | first=Larry | year=2005 | url=http://www.voicesofbrookline.com/ | title=Voices of Brookline | publisher=Peter E. Randall Publisher LLC | location=Portsmouth, New Hampshire | page=195 | isbn=1-931807-39-6 | access-date=December 30, 2013 | archive-date=January 4, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104203015/http://voicesofbrookline.com/ | url-status=live }}</ref> As a 17-year-old senior in high school, he ran the [[Boston Marathon]].<ref name=trash>{{cite news | url = http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2015/10/27/mike-dukakis-picks-up-trash/ | title = Talking Trash with Mike Dukakis | first = Garrett | last = Quinn | work = [[Boston (magazine)|Boston]] | issue = November 2015 | access-date = October 28, 2015 | archive-date = October 29, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151029135417/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/article/2015/10/27/mike-dukakis-picks-up-trash/ | url-status = live }}</ref> He graduated from [[Swarthmore College]] in 1955 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[political science]]. Although Dukakis had been accepted into [[Harvard Law School]], he chose to enlist in the [[United States Army]]. After basic training at [[Fort Dix]] and advanced individual training at [[Camp Gordon]], he was assigned as radio operator to the 8020th Administrative Unit in [[Munsan]], [[South Korea]]. The unit was a support group to the [[United Nations]] delegation of the Military Armistice Commission<ref name="chicagotribune1988"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/ |title=Kitty and Michael Dukakis Biographies |publisher=Northeastern.edu |access-date=September 8, 2016 |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826225405/http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/15447/DUKAKIS-MILITARY-SERVICE-UNEVENTFUL-SAY-WHAT-FEW-RECORDS-EXIST-AFTER-FIRE.html?pg=all |title=Dukakis' Military Service Uneventful, Say What Few Records Exist After Fire |newspaper=Deseret News |date=August 29, 1988 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913120901/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/15447/DUKAKIS-MILITARY-SERVICE-UNEVENTFUL-SAY-WHAT-FEW-RECORDS-EXIST-AFTER-FIRE.html?pg=all |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dukakis served from 1955 to 1957. He then received his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] degree from Harvard Law School in 1960. Dukakis is also an [[Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)|Eagle Scout]] and recipient of the [[Distinguished Eagle Scout Award]] from the [[Boy Scouts of America]].<ref name="honor">{{Cite book | last=Townley | first=Alvin | url=http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531 | title=Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts | year=2007 | publisher=St. Martin's Press | location=New York | pages=192–196 | isbn=978-0-312-36653-7 | access-date=December 29, 2006 | archive-date=December 19, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219180428/http://www.thomasdunnebooks.com/TD_TitleDetail.aspx?ISBN=0312366531 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Dukakis began his political career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/ |title=Kitty and Michael Dukakis Biographies |publisher=Northeastern.edu |access-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-date=May 30, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530091034/http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/kitty-and-michael-dukakis-biographies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
== State legislature ==
[[File:1967 Michael Dukakis Massachusetts House of Representatives (1).png|thumb|Dukakis while a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
Dukakis served four terms in the [[Massachusetts House of Representatives]] between 1962 and 1970.<ref name=hri1>{{cite web |url=http://www.hri.org/hri/dukakis.html |title=Michael S. Dukakis |publisher=Hri.org |date=November 3, 1933 |access-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-date=April 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408132653/http://www.hri.org/hri/dukakis.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1966, Dukakis unsuccessfully ran for [[Attorney General of Massachusetts]].<ref name="wtva1">{{cite web |title=Michael Dukakis Fast Facts |url=https://www.wtva.com/content/national/497875861.html |publisher=WTVA-TV |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210030446/https://www.wtva.com/content/national/497875861.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[1970 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1970]], Dukakis was the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket led by Boston mayor [[Kevin White (politician)|Kevin White]].<ref name="hri1" /> However, the Democratic ticket lost the 1970 gubernatorial election. After losing his bid for lieutenant governor, Dukakis returned to the private sector, practicing law and becoming a partner at [[Hill and Barlow]].<ref name="wtva1" />
 
==Governor of Massachusetts==
 
=== 1974 election ===
{{see also|1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election}}
[[File:Governor Dukakis speaks at the 1976 Democratic National Convention.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Dukakis speaking at the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]]]]
 
=== First term ===
{{See also|1977–1978 Massachusetts legislature}}
Dukakis was elected governor in 1974, defeating the incumbent Republican [[Francis Sargent]] during a period of fiscal crisis. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a "reformer" and pledging a "lead pipe guarantee" of no new taxes to balance the state budget. He would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful [[Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts)|Metropolitan District Commission]] (MDC), a bureaucratic enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways and roads abutting those waterways. In addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis's efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters. As a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary.
 
Governor Dukakis hosted President [[Gerald Ford]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts. {{!}} The American Presidency Project|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-old-north-bridge-concord-massachusetts|access-date=October 13, 2021|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173747/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-old-north-bridge-concord-massachusetts|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Britain's Queen Elizabeth II]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-rides-with-gov-michael-dukakis-through-news-photo/631621874|title=Queen Elizabeth II rides with Gov. Michael Dukakis through the North End during her visit to Boston, July 11, 1976|website=Getty Images|date=January 13, 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=May 24, 2019|archive-date=May 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524191248/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/queen-elizabeth-ii-rides-with-gov-michael-dukakis-through-news-photo/631621874|url-status=live}}</ref> during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the [[United States Bicentennial|bicentennial of the United States]]. He gained some notice as the only politician in the state government who went to work during the [[Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978|Blizzard of 1978]], during which he went to local TV studios in a sweater to announce emergency bulletins.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/03/have_we_learned_anything/?page=full | title = Have we learned anything? | author = Peter J. Howe | newspaper = The Boston Globe | date = February 3, 2008 | access-date = August 19, 2014 | archive-date = August 20, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140820083040/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/02/03/have_we_learned_anything/?page=full | url-status = live }}</ref> Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 [[exoneration]] of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis [[Commutation of sentence|commuted the sentences]] of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers.
 
His first term performance proved to be insufficient to offset a backlash against the state's high sales and property tax rates, which turned out to be the predominant issue in the [[1978 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1978 gubernatorial campaign]]. Dukakis, despite being the incumbent Democratic governor, was refused renomination by his own party. The [[Massachusetts Democratic Party|state's Democratic Party]] chose to support Director of the [[Massachusetts Port Authority]] [[Edward J. King]] in the [[Partisan primary|primary]], partly because King rode the wave against high property taxes, but more significantly because state Democratic Party leaders lost confidence in Dukakis's ability to govern effectively. King also enjoyed the support of the power brokers at the MDC, who were unhappy with Dukakis's attempts to dismantle their powerful bureaucracy. King also had support from state police and public employee unions. Dukakis suffered a scathing defeat in the primary, a disappointment that his wife Kitty called "a public death".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-17-mn-36772-story.html|title=An Enigma: For Dukakis, Key Is Voter Perception|date=January 17, 1988|first=Bob|last=Drogin|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=January 18, 2023|archive-date=January 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118114259/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-17-mn-36772-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Cabinet===
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" style="float:margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px solid #000; font-size:85%"
|-
! style="background:#dcdcdc" colspan="3"|The First Dukakis Cabinet
|-
| style="text-align:left" | '''OFFICE'''
| align=left | '''NAME'''
| align=left | '''TERM'''
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]]
| align=left | '''Michael Dukakis'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|Lt. Governor]]
| align=left | '''[[Thomas P. O'Neill III]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Transportation
| align=left | '''[[Frederick P. Salvucci]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Communities and Development
| align=left | '''[[William G. Flynn]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Environmental Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Evelyn Murphy]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Consumer Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Lola Dickerman]]'''<br />'''[[Christine Sullivan (state cabinet secretary)|Christine Sullivan]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1976<br />1976–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Human Services
| align=left | '''[[Lucy W. Benson]]'''<br />'''[[Jerald Stevens]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1975<br />1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Elder Affairs
| align=left | '''[[James H. Callahan]]'''
| align=left | 1977–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Administration & Finance
| align=left | '''[[John R. Buckley]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Public Safety
| align=left | '''[[Charles V. Barry]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Economic Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Howard N. Smith]]'''
| align=left | 1977–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Energy
| align=left | '''[[Henry Lee (state cabinet secretary)|Henry Lee]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Education
| align=left | '''[[Paul Parks]]'''
| align=left | 1975–1979
|}
 
===Between governorships===
Following his first governorship, Dukakis taught at [[Harvard University]]'s [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]].<ref name=wtva1/> In 1980, Dukakis published his book ''State and Cities: The Massachusetts Experience''.<ref name=wtva1/>
 
===Second term===
[[File:Flynn, Ferraro, and Dukakis.jpg|thumb|right|Governor Dukakis with Boston Mayor [[Raymond Flynn]] and Democratic vice-presidential nominee [[Geraldine Ferraro]] campaigning in the [[1984 United States presidential election|1984 presidential election]].]]
{{see also|1982 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1985–1986 Massachusetts legislature|1986 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|1987–1988 Massachusetts legislature|1989–1990 Massachusetts legislature}}
Four years later, having made peace with the state Democratic Party, MDC, the state police and public employee unions, Dukakis defeated King in a re-match in the 1982 Democratic primary. He went on to defeat his Republican opponent, [[John Winthrop Sears]], in the November election. Future United States Senator, [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]] Democratic presidential nominee, and US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] was elected [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|lieutenant governor]] on the same ballot with Dukakis, and served in the Dukakis administration from 1983 to 1985.
 
Dukakis served as governor during which time he presided over a high-tech boom and a period of prosperity in Massachusetts while simultaneously earning a reputation as a 'technocrat'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/magazine/dukakis.html|title=Dukakis|last=Butterfield|first=Fox|date=May 8, 1988|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 22, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010150/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/magazine/dukakis.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The National Governors Association voted Dukakis the most effective governor in 1986. Residents of the city of Boston and its surrounding areas remember him for the improvements he made to Boston's [[public transport|mass transit]] system, especially major renovations to the [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|city's trains and buses]]. He was known for riding the [[Rapid transit|subway]] to work every day as governor.<ref>{{cite news| url =https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/23/us/boston-in-transit-war-against-uneasy-riding.html| title =Boston in transit war against uneasy riding| newspaper =The New York Times| date =March 23, 1986| access-date =February 11, 2017| archive-date =August 10, 2016| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160810162959/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/23/us/boston-in-transit-war-against-uneasy-riding.html| url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/01/31/south-station-may-track-for-new-name-that-mike-dukakis/GBlBTJUC0HJDf94wKYN9yM/story.html|title= Will there be a new Duke at South Station?|author= Michael Levenson|newspaper= The Boston Globe|date= January 31, 2014|access-date= June 21, 2017|archive-date= August 19, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160819215801/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/01/31/south-station-may-track-for-new-name-that-mike-dukakis/GBlBTJUC0HJDf94wKYN9yM/story.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
 
In 1988, Dukakis and [[Rosabeth Moss Kanter]], his economic adviser in the 1988 presidential elections, wrote a book entitled ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=01deAAAAIAAJ Creating the Future: the Massachusetts Comeback and Its Promise for America]'', an examination of the [[Massachusetts Miracle]].<ref>Butterfield, Fox (May 1, 1988).[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/books/what-you-see-is-what-you-get.html?pagewanted=all "What you see is what you get"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231746/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/01/books/what-you-see-is-what-you-get.html?pagewanted=all |date=March 5, 2016 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved April 14, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite book | title= Management theory | last= Sheldrake | first= John | year= 2003 | publisher= [[Thomson Learning]] | location= London | isbn= 978-1-86152-963-3 | page= 231 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=59Qi-X9PEgoC&pg=PA231 }}</ref>
 
===Cabinet===
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="2" style="float:margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px solid #000; font-size:85%"
|-
! style="background:#dcdcdc" colspan="3" | The Second Dukakis Cabinet
|-
| style="text-align:left" | '''OFFICE'''
| align=left | '''NAME'''
| align=left | '''TERM'''
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Governor of Massachusetts|Governor]]
| align=left | '''Michael Dukakis'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts|Lt. Governor]]
| align=left | '''[[John Kerry]]'''<br />'''[[Evelyn Murphy]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1985<br />1987–1991
|-
! style="background:#000" colspan="3"|
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Transportation
| align=left | '''[[Frederick P. Salvucci]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Communities and Development
| align=left | '''[[Amy S. Anthony]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Environmental Affairs
| align=left | '''[[James Hoyte]]'''<br />'''[[John DeVillars]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1988<br />1988–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Consumer Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Paula W. Gold]]'''<br />'''[[Mary Ann Walsh]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1989<br />1989–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Human Services
| align=left | '''[[Manuel C. Carballo]]'''<br />'''[[Philip W. Johnston]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1984<br />1984–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Elder Affairs
| align=left | <br />'''[[Richard H. Rowland]]'''<br />'''[[Paul J. Lanzikos]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1987<br />1987–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Labor
| align=left | '''[[Paul Eustace]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Administration & Finance
| align=left | '''[[Frank Keefe (state cabinet secretary)|Frank Keefe]]'''<br />'''[[L. Edward Lashman]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1988<br />1988–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Public Safety
| align=left | '''[[Charles V. Barry]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Economic Affairs
| align=left | '''[[Evelyn Murphy]]'''<br />'''[[Joseph Alviani]]'''<br />'''[[Grady Hedgespeth]]'''<br />'''[[Alden S. Raine]]'''
| align=left | 1983–1986<br />1986–1989<br />1989–1989<br />1989–1991
|-
| style="text-align:left" | Secretary of Energy
| align=left | '''[[Sharon Pollard]]'''
| align=left | <br />1983–1989
|}
 
==1988 presidential campaign==
{{Main|Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign}}
{{Further|1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1988 United States presidential election}}
 
=== Primaries ===
[[File:Dukakis1988rally.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Michael Dukakis at a campaign rally in [[UCLA]]'s [[Pauley Pavilion]], the night before the US presidential election of 1988 (Mon, November 7, 1988).]]
Using the phenomenon termed the "[[Massachusetts Miracle]]" to promote his campaign, Dukakis sought the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] nomination for [[President of the United States]] in the [[1988 United States presidential election]], prevailing over a primary field that included [[Jesse Jackson]], [[Dick Gephardt]], [[Paul Simon (politician)|Paul Simon]], [[Gary Hart]], [[Joe Biden]] and [[Al Gore]], among others. Composer [[John Williams]] wrote "Fanfare for Michael Dukakis" in 1988 at the request of Dukakis's father-in-law, Harry Ellis Dickson. The piece was premiered under the baton of Dickson (then the Associate Conductor of the [[Boston Pops]]) at that year's [[1988 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]]. Dukakis won the Democratic nomination, with 2,877 out of 4,105 delegates. He chose [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Lloyd Bentsen]] of Texas to be his [[Vice President of the United States|vice presidential]] running mate. Dukakis was pro-choice on the issue of abortion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldman |first=Ari L. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/07/us/dukakis-s-ties-to-orthodox-church-stay-warm-despite-abortion-stance.html |title=Dukakis's Ties to Orthodox Church Stay Warm Despite Abortion Stance |newspaper=NYTimes.com |date=September 7, 1988 |access-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-date=May 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525082752/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/07/us/dukakis-s-ties-to-orthodox-church-stay-warm-despite-abortion-stance.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Dukakis made history as the first non-[[White Americans|Western European American]] nominated for president by a major party, and was, until President Obama's nomination in 2008, the only major presidential nominee in history with [[Ancestral background of presidents of the United States|ancestry from outside]] [[Northwestern Europe]]. Every United States presidential nominee except for Martin van Buren (who was of entirely Dutch ancestry) has had ancestry from the [[British Isles]].<ref name="AAP">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Gary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FNnAAAAMAAJ |title=Ancestors of American Presidents |date=1995 |publisher=New England Historic Genealogical Society |isbn=0-936124-19-9 |page=8 |access-date=April 4, 2021}}</ref> As the first [[Greeks|ethnic Greek]] nominated for the Presidency by a major party, Dukakis enjoyed strong support among the [[Greek Americans|Greek American]] community. The Associated Press reported in April 1988 that there was an "outpouring of pride in Dukakis", which was especially strong and sentimental among older generations of Greek Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnic Excitement About Dukakis: 'He's Greek' |url=https://apnews.com/article/db93e9942413d98892e8a8472107b771 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> Dukakis stressed his working-class background as the son of impoverished immigrants, and his fluency in [[Greek language|Greek]] among several other languages. Touching on his immigrant roots, Dukakis used [[Neil Diamond]]'s ode to immigrants, "[[America (Neil Diamond song)|America]]", as the theme song for his campaign. This was seen as a sharp departure from his previous political campaigns in heavily white Massachusetts, in which the ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' reported that Dukakis rarely, if at all, made a point of his ethnicity (hence the reported colloquial saying "I knew Michael Dukakis before he was Greek").<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Stark |first=Steven D. |date=September 25, 1988 |title=WHY DUKAKIS' ETHNIC PITCH MAY NOT PLAY AT THE POLLS |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/09/25/why-dukakis-ethnic-pitch-may-not-play-at-the-polls/3139d0d2-5fb3-482f-b7f1-2efd1c5a9845/ |access-date=June 26, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Although George H.W Bush's campaign did not make a point of it in their [[attack ad]]s, researchers and pollsters often discussed the vulnerability of Dukakis embracing his heritage. Conservative analyst [[William Schneider Jr.]] said that Dukakis' Greekness was the "great unspoken issue" of the election.<ref name=":0" /> The ''Post'' assessed that Bush's desirability as a [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestants|WASP]] would inevitably make a victory more difficult for Dukakis in the long run.<ref name=":0" />
 
Regardless of community support, Dukakis had trouble with the personality that he projected to the voting public. His reserved and stoic nature was easily interpreted to be a lack of passion; Dukakis was often referred to as "[[Zorba the Greek|Zorba the Clerk]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/10/23/how-history-would-vote/07e891bd-f38c-4c36-a40b-e76b92115e4f/|title=HOW HISTORY WOULD VOTE|date=October 23, 1988|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 22, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010156/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/10/23/how-history-would-vote/07e891bd-f38c-4c36-a40b-e76b92115e4f/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, Dukakis is considered to have done well in the first presidential debate with George H.W. Bush, with ''The New York Times'' reporting, "Democratic and Republican analysts generally agreed that Mr. Dukakis had turned in the better performance in the first of two Presidential debates, frequently managing to put Mr. Bush on the defensive."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dionne |first1=E.J. Jr. |title=After The Debate; Round One Undecisive &#91;sic&#93; |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/us/after-the-debate-round-one-undecisive.html |work=The New York Times |date=September 27, 1988 |access-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-date=February 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133532/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/us/after-the-debate-round-one-undecisive.html?searchResultPosition=7 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the second debate, his performance was poor and played to his reputation as being cold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/presidential-debates-errors-mistakes-gaffes-biggest-history-214279|title=The 8 Biggest Unforced Errors in Debate History|last=Zelizer|first=Julian E.|website=POLITICO Magazine|date=September 24, 2016 |language=en|access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-date=January 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123011841/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/09/presidential-debates-errors-mistakes-gaffes-biggest-history-214279|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
During the campaign, Dukakis's mental health became an issue when he refused to release his full medical history and there were, according to ''The New York Times'', "persistent suggestions" that he had undergone psychiatric treatment in the past.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/us/dukakis-releases-medical-details-to-stop-rumors-on-mental-health.html?pagewanted=all "Dukakis Releases Medical Details To Stop Rumors on Mental Health"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305063750/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/us/dukakis-releases-medical-details-to-stop-rumors-on-mental-health.html?pagewanted=all |date=March 5, 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', August 4, 1988.</ref> The issue gained further traction after a White House press conference, during which President [[Ronald Reagan]] flippantly referred to Dukakis as an "invalid".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_krr3Zs0D8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211103/6_krr3Zs0D8| archive-date=November 3, 2021 | url-status=live|title=Dukakis' mental health questioned| date=March 16, 2016|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the 2008 film ''[[Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story]]'', journalist [[Robert Novak]] revealed that Republican strategist [[Lee Atwater]] had personally tried to get him to spread these mental health rumors.<ref name=BoogieMan>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/atwater/etc/script.html ''Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021171256/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/atwater/etc/script.html |date=October 21, 2017 }} transcript, [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], director: [[Stefan Forbes]], 2008.</ref> Editors at ''The Washington Times'' contributed to these rumors when they ran a story headlined "Dukakis Kin Hints at Sessions", suggesting that a member of the Dukakis family had said "it is possible" that Dukakis saw a psychiatrist. A week later the reporter, [[Gene Grabowski (communications strategist)|Gene Grabowski]], revealed that ''Times'' editors had taken the full quote out of context. The full quote was "It's possible, but I doubt it."<ref>{{Cite news|title = Reporter Quits in Dispute Over Dukakis Story|url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-13-mn-192-story.html|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = August 13, 1988|access-date = January 8, 2016|issn = 0458-3035|language = en-US|archive-date = January 25, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160125185346/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-08-13/news/mn-192_1_straight-story|url-status = live}}</ref>
 
Dukakis's general election campaign was subject to several criticisms and gaffes on issues such as [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]], [[the pledge of allegiance in schools]], and a [[Michael Dukakis tank photograph|photograph of Dukakis in a tank]] which was intended to portray him as a sound choice for [[commander-in-chief]] but which was widely perceived to have backfired. Like the allegations of psychiatric problems, these were vulnerabilities which Atwater identified and exploited. In 1991, shortly before his death from a brain tumor, Atwater apologized to Dukakis for the "naked cruelty" of the 1988 campaign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gravely Ill, Atwater Offers Apology |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/us/gravely-ill-atwater-offers-apology.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 13, 1991 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502045245/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/us/gravely-ill-atwater-offers-apology.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TNY20080505">{{cite magazine |author=Dorothy Wickenden |title=Going Positive |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=May 5, 2008 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2008/05/05/080505taco_talk_wickenden |access-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501040315/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2008/05/05/080505taco_talk_wickenden |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
===Crime===
[[File:Vice President Bush debates with Michael Dukakis, Los Angeles, CA 13 Oct 88.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Dukakis debating Vice President Bush in Los Angeles in October 1988.]]
During the campaign, Vice President [[George H. W. Bush]], the Republican nominee, criticized Dukakis for his traditionally liberal positions on many issues, calling him a "card-carrying member of the [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]]". Dukakis's support for a [[prison furlough]] program was a major election subject. During his first term as governor, he had vetoed a bill that would have stopped furloughs for first-degree murderers.<ref>Oshinsky, David. [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/books/what-became-of-the-democrats.html?pagewanted=all "What Became of the Democrats"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307192351/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/books/what-became-of-the-democrats.html?pagewanted=all |date=March 7, 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'' (October 20, 1991): "In 1976 the state legislature passed a bill that would have ended the furloughs of first-degree murderers. Governor Dukakis, as the Edsalls point out, vetoed it. A strong advocate of prisoners' rights, he contended that the bill would 'cut the heart out of efforts at inmate rehabilitation.'"</ref> During his second term, that program resulted in the release of convicted murderer [[Willie Horton]], who committed a rape and assault in Maryland after being furloughed.<ref>''Crime, Risk and Insecurity'' ed. Tim Hope and Richard Sparks, p. 266</ref> George H. W. Bush mentioned Horton by name in a speech in June 1988, and a conservative [[political action committee]] (PAC) affiliated with the Bush campaign, the National Security Political Action Committee, aired an ad entitled "Weekend Passes", which used a [[mug shot]] image of Horton. The Bush campaign refused to repudiate the ad. It was followed by a separate Bush campaign ad, "[[Revolving Door (television advertisement)|Revolving Door]]", criticizing Dukakis over the furlough program without mentioning Horton. The legislature canceled the program during Dukakis's last term.
 
===Tank photograph===
[[File:Michael Dukakis in tank.jpg|thumb|right|The photograph of Dukakis in an M1 Abrams tank from the US presidential election of 1988.]]
Dukakis was criticized during the campaign for a perceived softness on defense issues, particularly the controversial "[[Strategic Defense Initiative|Star Wars]]" program, which he promised to weaken. In response to this, Dukakis orchestrated what would become the key image of his campaign, although it turned out quite differently from what he intended. On September 13, 1988, Dukakis visited the [[General Dynamics]] [[General Dynamics Land Systems|Land Systems]] plant in [[Sterling Heights, Michigan]], to take part in a [[photo op]] in an [[M1 Abrams]] tank. The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], had been photographed in 1986 riding in a [[Challenger 1|Challenger]] tank while wearing a scarf, which turned out very successfully and helped in her 1987 reelection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/tank.shtml |title=Radio4 – Today/The Fate of Tanks |publisher=BBC.co.uk |date=October 3, 2014 |access-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-date=April 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429025625/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/tank.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm10.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801060800/http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0309/lm10.html|url-status=dead|title=100 Photographs that Changed the World by Life - The Digital Journalist|archivedate=August 1, 2015|website=digitaljournalist.org}}</ref> General Dynamics protocol requires one to wear the protective helmet for safety and communication when the tank is running at full speed, although Dukakis campaign staffers were aware that a politician putting on any headgear was a faux pas. A member of the press did photograph Dukakis without the helmet when the tank exited the garage at a slow speed, but the rest of the photographers snapped shots of Dukakis wearing a helmet when the tank made a high speed pass.<ref name="tank">{{cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-099119 |title=Dukakis and the tank |author=King, Josh |work=Politico |date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-date=March 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303230948/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-099119 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBlEOvIBTEs | title=Dukakis and the Tank: The Making of a Political Disaster | website=[[YouTube]] | date=December 3, 2013 | access-date=June 13, 2022 | archive-date=June 13, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613221934/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBlEOvIBTEs | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The image of Dukakis wearing a helmet while riding the tank was ridiculed by Bush and the media. The following week, a poll found that 25 percent of respondents said they were less likely to support him because of the tank ride.<ref name="tank"/> Footage of Dukakis in the tank was used in a television ad by the Bush campaign which aired during the [[1988 World Series|World Series]]. The Dukakis campaign produced a 60-second response ad that featured a television set playing Bush's ad, which is flicked off the screen by a finger later revealed to be Dukakis as he proclaims that he is fed up with "George Bush's negative TV ads", but this "pin-the-tail-on-the-donkey advertising"{{what?|date=October 2024}} only ended up drawing further attention to the tank ride.<ref name="tank"/>
 
The phrase "Dukakis in the tank" remains a shorthand for backfired [[public relations]] outings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apoliticus.com/2008/11/top-5-political-blunders/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218121839/http://www.apoliticus.com/2008/11/top-5-political-blunders/|url-status=usurped|title=Top 5: Political Blunders|archivedate=2008-12-18|website=apoliticus.com}}</ref> In 2008, when asked about the photograph, Dukakis said "Should I have been in the tank? Probably not, in retrospect. But these days when people ask me, 'Did you get here in a tank?' I always respond by saying, 'No, and I've never [[George H. W. Bush vomiting incident|thrown up all over the Japanese prime minister]]'."<ref name="tank"/>
 
===Result===
The Dukakis/Bentsen ticket lost the election by a decisive margin in the [[Electoral College (United States)|Electoral College]] to [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[Dan Quayle]], carrying only 10 states and the [[Washington, D.C.|District of Columbia]]. Many believed he should have been campaigning across the country. During this time, his 17-point lead in opinion polls completely disappeared, as his lack of visibility allowed Bush to define the issues of the campaign. A large number of Democrats believed that the loss was to blame on Dukakis's delayed response to Bush and underestimating Bush's strength as a candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vennochi |first=Joan |author-link=Joan Vennochi |date=November 9, 1988 |title=Party Comes to Grips With Defeat Democrats Fault Dukakis for Failing To 'Expose' Bush |edition=Third |page=24 |work=[[Boston Globe]] |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/294495470 |access-date=August 12, 2023 |id={{ProQuest|294495470}}}}</ref> Dukakis has since stated that the main reason he lost was his decision "not to respond to the Bush attack campaign, and in retrospect it was a pretty dumb decision."<ref>{{cite web |last=Rizzo |first=John |url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-99119_Page4.html |title=Dukakis and the Tank – Josh King |work=POLITICO Magazine |date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327164448/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2013/11/dukakis-and-the-tank-99119_Page4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
[[File:ElectoralCollege1988.svg|thumb|left|The 1988 election with electoral votes by state.]]
 
Despite Dukakis's loss, his performance was a marked improvement over the previous two Democratic efforts, both in the popular vote and the Electoral College. Though Bush still won a majority of the popular vote, Dukakis's margin of loss (7.8%) nationally was narrower than Jimmy Carter's in [[1980 United States presidential election|1980]] (9.7%) or Walter Mondale's in [[1984 United States presidential election|1984]] (18.2%), and earned 41.8&nbsp;million votes nationally.
 
Dukakis made some strong showings in states that had voted for Republicans [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[Gerald Ford]]. He managed to pull off a close win in New York, which at the time was the second largest state in terms of electoral votes; he also scored victories in Rhode Island, Hawaii, his home state of Massachusetts, Oregon, and Washington. [[Walter Mondale]] had lost all six states, and since then, all six states have remained in the Democratic column at presidential elections.<ref name="270 to win hist">{{Cite news|url=https://www.270towin.com/historical-presidential-elections/|title=Historical U.S. Presidential Elections 1789–2016|access-date=October 12, 2018|archive-date=March 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319032911/https://www.270towin.com/historical-presidential-elections/|url-status=live}}</ref> He swept Iowa, winning by 10 points in a state that had voted Republican in the last five presidential elections. His proportion of the popular vote would not be matched by any subsequent Democratic presidential candidate in South Dakota (46.51%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=46&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison—South Dakota|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=November 6, 2020|author=Leip, David|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728234236/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=46&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|url-status=live}}</ref> Kansas (42.56%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Kansas|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=November 6, 2020|author=Leip, David|archive-date=July 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729000221/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=20&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|url-status=live}}</ref> Oklahoma (41.28%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=40&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Oklahoma|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=November 6, 2020|author=Leip, David|archive-date=July 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712154158/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=40&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|url-status=live}}</ref> Wyoming (38.01%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=56&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Wyoming|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=November 6, 2020|author=Leip, David|archive-date=April 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419050455/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=56&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|url-status=live}}</ref> or Idaho (36.01%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=16&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison—Idaho|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=November 6, 2020|author=Leip, David|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728222030/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=16&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Although Dukakis cut into the Republican hold in the Midwest, he failed to dent the emerging GOP stronghold in the South that had been forming since the end of World War II with a temporary reprieve with [[Jimmy Carter]] (along with future President and [[Southern Democrat]] [[Bill Clinton]], albeit to a much lesser extent). He lost most of the South by a wide margin, with Bush's popular vote margins exceeding 15% in most states.<ref name="1988 all states">{{cite web|title=1988 Presidential General Election Data – National|url=http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1988&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|access-date=February 7, 2013|archive-date=October 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031043941/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1988&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0|url-status=live}}</ref> He carried most of the southern-central parishes of Louisiana,<ref name="1988 all states"/> which was also his best Southern popular vote margin. His second-lowest Southern margin was Texas, where four overwhelmingly [[Mexican-American]] counties of [[South Texas]] delivered more than 81% of the vote to Dukakis, and were among his top five counties or county-equivalents nationally.<ref name="1988 all states"/>
 
In 2008, Dukakis stated during an interview with [[Katie Couric]] that he "owe[d] the American people an apology" because "if I had beaten the old man [i.e. George H. W. Bush], we never would have heard of the kid [i.e. George W. Bush], and we wouldn't be in this mess."<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4386669n | publisher=CBS News | title=Dukakis Defends Obama Campaign | access-date=April 1, 2009 | archive-date=January 15, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100103/http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=4386669n | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==Post-1988 political career==
[[File:Brad Sherman and Michael Dukakis.jpg|thumb|right|Dukakis with [[Brad Sherman]] in 2001]]
[[File:Dukakis campaigning for Warren 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Dukakis campaigning with US Senate candidate [[Elizabeth Warren]] in 2012]]
[[File:Michael Dukakis 53663330063 o (1).jpg|thumb|Dukakis in 2024]]
 
His final two years as governor were marked by increased criticism of his policies and significant tax increases to cover the economic effects of the U.S. economy's "soft landing" at the end of the 1980s and the recession of 1990. He announced in early 1989 that he would not seek reelection to a fourth term.<ref>{{Cite news |last=R. Gold |first=Allan |date=January 4, 1989 |title=Dukakis Rules Out 4th Term as Governor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/04/us/dukakis-rules-out-4th-term-as-governor.html |work=The New York Times}}</ref>
 
After the end of his term, he served on the [[board of directors]] for [[Amtrak]], and became a professor of [[political science]] at [[Northeastern University]], a visiting professor of political science at [[Loyola Marymount University]], and visiting professor in the Department of Public Policy at the Luskin School of Public Affairs at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luskin.ucla.edu/person/michael-dukakis/|title=Michael Dukakis|website=UCLA Luskin|language=en-US|access-date=June 22, 2019|archive-date=July 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705030344/https://luskin.ucla.edu/person/michael-dukakis/|url-status=live}}</ref> He had retired from his teaching roles by 2021.<ref>{{cite magazine|url = https://blueprint.ucla.edu/feature/mike-dukakis-on-politics-and-history/|title = Mike Dukakis: The State of Politics|date = Spring 2021|last = Boyarsky|first = Bill|magazine = UCLA Blueprint|accessdate = November 3, 2023}}</ref> Along with a number of other notable Greek-Americans, he is a founding member of The Next Generation Initiative: a leadership program aimed at getting students involved in public affairs. In November 2008, Northeastern named its Center for Urban and Regional Policy after Michael Dukakis and his wife Kitty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/history-of-dukakis-center/|title=History of Dukakis Center|website=www.northeastern.edu|language=en-US|access-date=January 24, 2018|archive-date=February 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221194710/http://www.northeastern.edu/dukakiscenter/about/history-of-dukakis-center/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dukakis is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of [[Issue One]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.issueone.org/reformers/#reformer-full-list|title=ReFormers Caucus|website=[[Issue One]]|access-date=November 18, 2019|archive-date=July 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718192635/https://www.issueone.org/reformers/#reformer-full-list|url-status=live}}</ref> Dukakis retired from Northeastern at age 90 in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Retiring at 90, Michael Dukakis is hailed as teacher, leader and benevolent 'nag' |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2024/04/12/retiring-90-dukakis-northeastern-weld-clinton-patrick-healey |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.wbur.org |language=en}}</ref> ''Dukakis: Recipe for Democracy'', a documentary film about Dukakis's life as professor at Northeastern, premiered on October 22, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=From the Statehouse to the silver screen: Film showcases the life of Mike Dukakis, a political icon and beloved Northeastern professor |url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2024/10/18/mike-dukakis-film/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=news.northeastern.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title='This is home': In new documentary, Dukakis reflects on democracy, politics and Brookline |url=https://brookline.news/this-is-home-in-new-documentary-dukakis-reflects-on-democracy-politics-and-brookline/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=brooklyne.news |language=en}}</ref>
 
In August 2009, the 75-year-old Dukakis was mentioned as one of two leading candidates as a possible interim successor to [[Ted Kennedy]] in the U.S. Senate, after Kennedy's death.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/08/21/who_should_fill_kennedys_seat/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=Who should fill Kennedy's seat? | first=Scot | last=Lehigh | date=August 21, 2009 | access-date=August 25, 2009 | archive-date=August 26, 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826160442/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/08/21/who_should_fill_kennedys_seat/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8269945.stm | work=BBC News Online | title=Kennedy successor to be appointed | date=September 22, 2009 | access-date=May 12, 2010 | archive-date=January 26, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126220535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8269945.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Instead, Gov. Patrick named [[Paul G. Kirk]], the other leading candidate and favorite of the Kennedy family who promised not to run in the special election, to fill the seat.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/24/kennedy.replacement/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Paul Kirk to fill Kennedy's Senate seat | access-date=May 12, 2010 | date=September 24, 2009 | archive-date=April 11, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411065917/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/09/24/kennedy.replacement/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Dukakis has also been an advocate for effective public transportation and high-speed rail as a solution to automobile congestion and the lack of space at airports; and for extended learning time initiative in public schools.<ref>"[http://www.ocregister.com/articles/school-day-expanded-2015970-children-massachusetts Make the school day a full day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417005424/http://www.ocregister.com/articles/school-day-expanded-2015970-children-massachusetts |date=April 17, 2008 }}", ''[[The Orange County Register]]'', April 11, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/08/21/who_should_fill_kennedys_seat/|title=Who should fill Kennedy's seat?|first=Scot|last=Lehigh|newspaper=Boston.com|date=August 21, 2009|via=The Boston Globe|access-date=August 25, 2009|archive-date=August 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826160442/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/08/21/who_should_fill_kennedys_seat/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Dukakis stated on January 31, 2014, that he was not in favor of an effort to rename [[South Station]] as the "Gov. Michael S. Dukakis Transportation Center", although it was later renamed to that name. He went on to state that he would not object to the naming of the as-yet unbuilt [[North-South Rail Link]] after him.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2014/01/michael_dukakis_decries_terminal_honor | work=Boston Herald | title=Michael Dukakis decries terminal honor? | first=Laurel | last=Sweet | date=January 31, 2014 | access-date=January 31, 2014 | archive-date=January 31, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131140209/http://bostonherald.com/news_opinion/local_coverage/2014/01/michael_dukakis_decries_terminal_honor | url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In [[2012 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|2012]], Dukakis worked to support the successful candidacy of fellow Democrat [[Elizabeth Warren]] to the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rizzuto |first1=Robert, I |title=Former Massachusetts Gov. Michael Dukakis and Sierra Club turn out for Elizabeth Warren |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2012/04/former_mass_gov_michael_dukaki.html |website=Masslive |language=en |date=21 April 2012}}</ref> During the [[2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Dukakis endorsed [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|the campaign]] of [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Eugene |title=Michael Dukakis: Donald Trump is 'nuts' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/18/politics/michael-dukakis-donald-trump/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=3 April 2024 |language=en |date=18 March 2016}}</ref> Dukakis endorsed [[Setti Warren]]'s unsuccessful [[2018 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|2018]] candidacy for the Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial nomination.<ref>{{cite web |last1=DeCosta-Klipa |first1=Nik |title=Michael Dukakis endorses Setti Warren for his old job |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2017/12/13/michael-dukakis-setti-warren-governor |website=www.boston.com |date=December 13, 2017}}</ref> Dukakis endorsed Elizabeth Warren's [[Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign|candidacy]] in the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Bob Oakes |author2=Wilder Fleming |title=Dukakis On Joe Biden's 2020 Campaign |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/04/26/dukakis-biden-2020-campaign |publisher=WBUR |date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426132301/https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/04/26/dukakis-biden-2020-campaign |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |access-date=November 8, 2019}}</ref> He later endorsed Democratic nominee, [[Joe Biden]] during the general election.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Garcia |first1=Victor |title=Michael Dukakis bashes Trump, says voters must 'get this guy out of the White House before he destroys us' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/michael-dukakis-defeat-trump-before-destroys-us |website=Fox News |access-date=February 20, 2021 |date=July 10, 2020 |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711002247/https://www.foxnews.com/media/michael-dukakis-defeat-trump-before-destroys-us |url-status=live }}</ref> He and his wife also endorsed [[Ed Markey]] for reelection to his Massachusetts U.S. senate seat [[2020 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|in 2020]] during both the primary and general elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2020/01/28/michael-and-kitty-dukakis-endorse-markey-for-senate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119203530/https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2020/01/28/michael-and-kitty-dukakis-endorse-markey-for-senate|archive-date=January 19, 2021|title=Michael And Kitty Dukakis Endorse Markey For Senate|publisher=GBH|author=Michael P. Norton|date=January 28, 2020|accessdate=January 19, 2021}}</ref>
 
==Electoral history==
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|[[Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1974]]<ref name="America Votes">{{Cite book |last1=Scammon |first1=Richard M. |url=https://archive.org/details/americavotes2400rich/page/216/mode/2up |title=America Votes 24: A Handbook of Contemporary American Election Statistics |last2=McGillivray |first2=Alice V. |last3=Cook |first3=Rhodes |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=1-56802-600-5 |pages=216 |url-access=registration}}</ref>}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis
|votes = 992,284
|percentage = 53.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (US)
|candidate = [[Francis W. Sargent]] (incumbent)
|votes = 784,353
|percentage = 42.29
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1978<ref>{{Cite web |title=1978 Governor Democratic Primary |url=https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/view/123932/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]}}</ref>}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Edward J. King]]
|votes = 442,174
|percentage = 51.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis (incumbent)
|votes = 365,417
|percentage = 42.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Barbara Ackermann]]
|votes = 58,220
|percentage = 6.72
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|Massachusetts Democratic gubernatorial primary, 1982<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Governor Democratic Primary |url=https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/view/91820/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]}}</ref>}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis
|votes = 631,911
|percentage = 53.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Edward J. King (incumbent)
|votes = 549,335
|percentage = 46.51
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|[[Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1982]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1982 Governor General Election |url=https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/view/91822/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]}}</ref>}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis
|votes = 1,219,109
|percentage = 59.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (US)
|candidate = [[John W. Sears|John Winthrop Sears]]
|votes = 749,679
|percentage = 36.57
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|[[Massachusetts gubernatorial election, 1986]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1986 Governor General Election |url=https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/view/92679/ |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=[[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts]]}}</ref>}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis (incumbent)
|votes = 1,157,786
|percentage = 68.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (US)
|candidate = [[George Kariotis]]
|votes = 525,364
|percentage = 31.20
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|[[Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1988|1988 Democratic presidential primaries]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Scammon |first1=Richard M. |title=America Votes 20: A Handbook of Contemporary American Election Statistics |last2=McGillivray |first2=Alice V. |publisher=[[CQ Press]] |year=1993 |isbn=0-87187-784-8 |pages=60 |url=https://archive.org/details/americavoteshand0000rich_h4p1/page/60/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-04-28}}</ref>}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis
|votes = 9,817,185
|percentage = 42.75
|convention delegates = 6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Jesse Jackson]]
|votes = 6,685,699
|percentage = 29.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Al Gore]]
|votes = 3,134,516
|percentage = 13.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Dick Gephardt]]
|votes = 1,388,356
|percentage = 6.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Paul M. Simon]]
|votes = 1,018,136
|percentage = 4.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Gary Hart]]
|votes = 389,003
|percentage = 1.69
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|[[1988 Democratic National Convention]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland |first=Keating |title=All The Votes...Really |url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000930224301/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/san.diego/facts/weird.facts/votes.shtml |archive-date=2000-09-30 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis
|votes = 2,877
|percentage = 70.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Jesse Jackson
|votes = 1,219
|percentage = 29.70
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Richard H. Stallings]]
|votes = 3
|percentage = 0.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Joe Biden]]
|votes = 2
|percentage = 0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Dick Gephardt
|votes = 2
|percentage = 0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = [[Lloyd Bentsen]]
|votes = 1
|percentage = 0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Gary Hart
|votes = 1
|percentage = 0.02
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|[[US presidential election, 1988]] (Popular Vote)}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (US)
|candidate = [[George H. W. Bush]]
|votes = 48,886,597
|percentage = 53.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis
|votes = 41,809,476
|percentage = 45.6
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin no change | title={{center|US presidential election, 1988 (Electoral College)}}}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Republican Party (US)
|candidate = [[George H. W. Bush]]
|votes = 426
|percentage = 79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (US)
|candidate = Michael Dukakis
|votes = 111
|percentage = 21
}}
{{Election box end}}
 
==Family==
[[File:Dukakis (17439145706).jpg|thumb|Dukakis with his wife Kitty in 2015]]
 
Dukakis is married to [[Kitty Dukakis|Katharine D. (Kitty) Dukakis]]. They have three children: [[John Dukakis|John]], Andrea, and Kara. John is the issue of Kitty's first marriage, to Phoenix businessman John Chaffetz (who later fathered former Congressman [[Jason Chaffetz]]); Michael Dukakis adopted John, Jr.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bierman |first=Noah |date=October 6, 2015 |title=Conservative GOP leader has unexpected Democratic fan: Michael Dukakis |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-chaffetz-dukakis-20151005-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Romano |first=Lois |date=July 20, 1988 |title=John Dukakis and the Man Who Raised Him |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/07/21/john-dukakis-and-the-man-who-raised-him/c8530671-e43e-4bd5-ba8a-217783ef6dd6/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pyle |first=Amy |date=1988-05-30 |title=Party Politics : Son Stresses Dukakis' Ethnic Roots at Valley Greek Festival |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-30-me-2350-story.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
During the second presidential debate on October 13, 1988, in Los Angeles, Dukakis revealed that he and his wife had had another child, who died about 20 minutes after birth. Dukakis is the cousin of Academy Award–winning actress [[Olympia Dukakis]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241144/bio IMDb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320144215/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0241144/bio |date=March 20, 2017 }} — Biography for Michael Dukakis. Retrieved October 18, 2009.</ref> In 1988, they shared that they attend both [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Orthodox]] and [[Jews|Jewish]] worship services out of respect for both of the spouses' faiths.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Sessions Stepp |first=Laura |date=November 3, 1988 |title=NOMINEES' UPBRINGING AND THEIR FAITH: DUKAKIS TAKES SOME STEPS AWAY FROM STRICT ORTHODOX BELIEFS |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/11/04/nominees-upbringing-and-their-faith/0d014379-6c2f-4e0f-abe5-94c90dc4245d/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
 
The Dukakises continue to reside in the home that they bought in the early 1970s in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]], where they both grew up. However, they have also maintained a home in Los Angeles during the winters, when he taught at UCLA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17959 |title=George Bush: Appointment of Katharine D. Dukakis as a Member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council |publisher=Presidency.ucsb.edu |access-date=April 5, 2015 |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403120618/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=17959 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign]]
* [[Ward Commission]]
{{clear}}
 
==References==
'''Informal references'''
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>
'''Citations'''{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==Further reading==
* {{cite magazine |first=Margaret |last=Carlson |author-link=Margaret Carlson |date=June 20, 1988 |title=A Tale of Two Childhoods |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967701,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312220530/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967701,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 12, 2007 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Didion |first1=Joan |author-link=Joan Didion |title=Insider Baseball |journal=The New York Review of Books |date=October 27, 1988 |volume=35 |issue=16 |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1988/10/27/insider-baseball/ |language=en |issn=0028-7504}}
* {{cite book |first=Stephen J. |last=Ducat |year=2004 |title=The Wimp Factor: Gender Gaps, Holy Wars, and the Politics of Anxious Masculinity |location=Boston |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |isbn=0-8070-4344-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/wimpfactorgender00duca/page/84 84]–99 |url=https://archive.org/details/wimpfactorgender00duca |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=Nyhan |author-link=David Nyhan |year=1988 |title=The Duke: The Inside Story of a Political Phenomenon |publisher=Warner Books |isbn=0-446-35454-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-8SIcaOonMC }}
* {{cite book |first=Larry |last=Ruttman |author-link=Larry Ruttman |year=2005 |title=Voices of Brookline |location=Portsmouth, New Hampshire |publisher=Peter E. Randall |isbn=1-931807-39-6 |pages=xvii–xx and 194–198 |url=http://www.voicesofbrookline.com/ }}
 
==External links==
{{sister project links|Michael Dukakis}}
* {{IMDb name|0241144}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120228224947/http://www.northeastern.edu/polisci/people/full-time-faculty/michael-s-dukakis/ Faculty Page at the Northeastern University Department of Political Science]
* [http://luskin.ucla.edu/michael-dukakis Faculty Page at UCLA] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516000835/http://luskin.ucla.edu/michael-dukakis |date=May 16, 2016 }})
* The [http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297123 Michael S. Dukakis Presidential Campaign records, 1962–1989 (bulk 1987–1988)] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012031332/http://www.library.neu.edu/archives/collect/findaids/m32find.htm |date=October 12, 2008 }}) are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
* The [http://hdl.handle.net/2047/D20297178 Joseph D. Warren papers, 1972–2003 (bulk 1980–1990)] are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA.
* [https://archive.today/20110717135623/http://www.hlrecord.org/2.4463/dukakis-discusses-presidential-debates-1.577632 Dukakis discusses presidential debates] as reported in the ''[[Harvard Law Record]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040202050816/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3036789/#26901579 Dukakis mentioned on MSNBC's ''Morning Joe'': The Scoop on 'Boogie Man']
* {{C-SPAN|120}}
 
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{{Unsuccessful major party pres candidates}}
{{USDemPresNominees}}
{{United States presidential election candidates, 1988}}
{{Governors of Massachusetts}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dukakis, Michael}}
[[Category:Michael Dukakis| ]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Greek Americans]]
[[Category:American Civil Liberties Union people]]
[[Category:American anti–death penalty activists]]
[[Category:American people of Aromanian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Brookline High School alumni]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1988 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Democratic Party governors of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Dukakis family]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from the United States]]
[[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Massachusetts lawyers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Northeastern University faculty]]
[[Category:Politicians from Brookline, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College alumni]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs faculty]]
[[Category:Members of Phi Kappa Phi]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dukakis"