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{{Short description|King of the United Kingdom
{{Redirect|The Prince Regent||prince regent|and|George IV (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox royalty
| image = King George IV of the United Kingdom in Coronation Robes (by Thomas Lawrence) - Royal Collection (RCIN 405918).jpg
| caption = [[Portrait of George IV|Portrait
| alt = George wears his coronation robes and four collars of chivalric orders: the Golden Fleece, Royal Guelphic, Bath and Garter.
| reign = 29 January 1820 – {{awrap|26 June 1830}}
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| succession2 = [[Prince Regent of the United Kingdom]]
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = <!--Himself as King-->
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Caroline of Brunswick]]|1795|1821|end=died}}
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==Early life==
[[File:Allan Ramsay - Queen Charlotte (1744-1818), with her Two Eldest Sons - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright|George (left) with his mother, Queen Charlotte, and younger brother, [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany|Frederick]]. Portrait by [[Allan Ramsay (artist)|Allan Ramsay]], 1764]]
George was born at [[St James's Palace]], London, on 12 August 1762, the first child of [[King George III]] and [[Queen Charlotte]]. As the eldest son of a British sovereign, he automatically became [[Duke of Cornwall]] and [[Duke of Rothesay]] at birth; he was created [[Prince of Wales]] and [[Earl of Chester]] a few days later.{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=1}} On 18 September of the same year, he was baptised by [[Thomas Secker]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=2}} His godparents were his maternal uncle [[Adolphus Frederick IV, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (for whom the [[Lord Chamberlain]], [[William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire]], stood proxy); his paternal grand-uncle [[Prince William, Duke of Cumberland]]; and his grandmother [[Augusta, Dowager Princess of Wales]].{{Sfnp|Hibbert|1972|page=2}} George was a talented student, and quickly learned to speak French, German and Italian, in addition to his native English.{{Sfnp|Hibbert|2008}}
At the age of 18, Prince George was given a separate establishment, and in dramatic contrast to his prosaic, scandal-free father, threw himself with zest into a life of dissipation and wild extravagance involving heavy drinking and numerous mistresses and escapades. He was a witty conversationalist, drunk or sober, and showed good, but grossly expensive, taste in decorating his palace. George turned 21 in 1783, and obtained a grant of £60,000 (equivalent to £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|60000|1783|r=-3}}}} today{{Inflation/fn|UK|df=y}}) from Parliament and an annual income of £50,000 (equivalent to £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|50000|1783|r=-3}}}} today{{Inflation/fn|UK|df=y}}) from his father. It was far too little for his
[[File:GeorgeIV1780.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Portrait miniature]] by [[Richard Cosway]], {{circa|1780}}–82]]
Soon after he reached the age of 21, the prince became infatuated with [[Maria Fitzherbert]]. She was a commoner (though granddaughter of a baronet), six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic.{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=33}} Nevertheless, the prince was determined to marry her. This was in spite of the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], which barred the spouse of a Catholic from succeeding to the throne, and the [[Royal Marriages Act 1772]], which prohibited his marriage without the King's consent.{{Sfnp|Parissien|2001|page=64}}
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==Regency crisis of 1788==
[[File:GeorgeIV1785.jpg|thumb|upright|Mezzotint engraving by [[Samuel William Reynolds]], based on a painting by [[Sir Joshua Reynolds]], 1785]]
In the summer of 1788, the King's mental health deteriorated, possibly as the result of the hereditary disease [[porphyria]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Röhl |first1=J. C. G. |title=Purple Secret |last2=Warren |first2=M. |last3=Hunt |first3=D. |date=1998 |publisher=Bantam Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=T. J. |last2=Wilkinson |first2=D. |date=2010 |title=King George III and porphyria: a clinical re-examination of the historical evidence |journal=History of Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=81 Pt 1 |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1177/0957154X09102616 |pmid=21877427 |s2cid=22391207}}</ref> He nonetheless discharged some of his duties and declared Parliament [[wikt:prorogue|prorogued]] from 25 September to 20 November. During the prorogation, he became deranged, posing a threat to his own life, and when Parliament reconvened in November, the King could not deliver the customary [[speech from the throne]] during the [[State Opening of Parliament]]. Parliament found itself in an untenable position: according to long-established law it could not proceed to any business until the delivery of the King's Speech at a State Opening.{{Sfnp|Innes|1914|pages=396–397}}<ref name="david1">David, pp. 92–119.</ref>
Although arguably barred from doing so, Parliament began debating a regency. In the House of Commons, Charles James Fox declared his opinion that Prince George was automatically entitled to exercise sovereignty during the King's incapacity. A contrasting opinion was held by the prime minister, [[William Pitt the Younger]], who argued that, in the absence of a statute to the contrary, the right to choose a regent belonged to Parliament alone.{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=54}} He even stated that, without parliamentary authority "the Prince of Wales had no more right ... to assume the government, than any other individual subject of the country".{{Sfnp|Derry|1963|page=71}} Though disagreeing on the principle underlying a regency, Pitt agreed with Fox that the Prince of Wales would be the most convenient choice for a regent.{{Sfnp|Innes|1914|pages=396–397}}<ref name="david1"/>
[[File:GeorgeIV1792.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Miniature by [[Richard Cosway]], 1792]]
The Prince of Wales, though offended by Pitt's boldness, did not lend his full support to Fox's approach. Prince George's brother [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]], declared that George would not attempt to exercise any power without previously obtaining the consent of Parliament.{{Sfnp|Derry|1963|page=91}} Following the passage of preliminary resolutions Pitt outlined a formal plan for the regency, suggesting that Prince George's powers be greatly limited. Among other things, George would not be able either to sell the King's property or to grant a [[peerages in the United Kingdom|peerage]] to anyone other than a child of the King. Prince George denounced Pitt's scheme by declaring it a "project for producing weakness, disorder, and insecurity in every branch of the administration of affairs".<ref name="may">{{Cite book |last=May |first=Thomas Erskine |title=The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co |year=1896 |edition=11th |location=London |pages=184–195 |chapter=Chapter III: The Prerogatives of the Crown, During the Minority or Incapacity of the Sovereign |author-link=Erskine May}}</ref> In the interests of the nation, both factions agreed to compromise.<ref name="david1"/>
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==Marriage and mistresses==
[[File:Prince of Wales (later George IV), ca. 1798.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Portrait of George, Prince of Wales]]'' by [[Sir William Beechey]], 1798]]
Prince George's debts continued to climb, and his father refused to aid him unless he married his cousin [[Princess Caroline of Brunswick]].{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=70}} In 1795, the prince acquiesced, and they were married on 8 April 1795 at the [[Chapel Royal, St James's Palace]]. The marriage, however, was disastrous; each party was unsuited to the other. The two were formally separated after the birth of their only child, [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte]], in 1796, and remained separated thereafter. George remained attached to Maria Fitzherbert for the rest of his life, despite several periods of estrangement.<ref name="david2">David, pp. 150–205.</ref>
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On 11 May 1812, [[Assassination of Spencer Perceval|Perceval was assassinated]] by [[John Bellingham]]. The Prince Regent was prepared to reappoint all the members of the Perceval ministry under a new leader. The House of Commons formally declared its desire for a "strong and efficient administration",{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=144}} so George then offered leadership of the government to [[Lord Wellesley]] and afterwards to [[Lord Moira]]. He doomed the attempts of both to failure, however, by forcing each to construct an all-party ministry at a time when neither party wished to share power with the other. Possibly using the failure of the two peers as a pretext, George immediately reappointed the Perceval administration, with [[Lord Liverpool]] as prime minister.{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=145}}
The Tories, unlike Whigs such as [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey|Lord Grey]], sought to continue the vigorous prosecution of the war in Continental Europe against the powerful and aggressive
During this period George took an active interest in matters of style and taste, and his associates such as the dandy [[Beau Brummell]] and the architect [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] created the [[Regency style]], exemplified by the Regency terraces of [[Regent's Park]] and [[Regent Street]]. George took up the new idea of the seaside spa and had the [[Brighton Pavilion]] developed as a fantastical seaside palace, adapted by Nash in the "Indian Gothic" style inspired loosely by the [[Taj Mahal]], with extravagant "Indian" and "Chinese" interiors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rutherford |first=Jessica M. F. |title=The Royal Pavilion: The Palace of George IV |publisher=Brighton Borough Council |year=1995 |isbn=0-948723-21-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/royalpavilionpal00ruth/page/81 81]}}</ref>
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[[File:Coronation of George IV.jpg|thumb|left|[[George IV's coronation]], 19 July 1821]]
[[File:The landing of his Majesty, George the Fourth, at Holyhead, August 7th 1821.jpeg|thumb|left|George IV at [[Holyhead]] en route to Ireland on 7 August 1821, the day of his wife's death]]
When George III died in 1820, the Prince Regent, then aged 57, ascended the throne as George IV, with no real change in his powers.{{Sfnp|Innes|1915|page=81}} By the time of his accession, he was obese and possibly addicted to [[laudanum]].{{Sfnp|Hibbert|2008}}
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The King sought a divorce, but his advisors suggested that any divorce proceedings might involve the publication of details relating to George's own adulterous relationships. Therefore, he requested and ensured the introduction of the [[Pains and Penalties Bill]], under which Parliament could have imposed legal penalties without a trial in a court of law. The bill would have annulled the marriage and stripped Caroline of the title of queen. The bill proved extremely unpopular with the public, and was withdrawn from Parliament. George decided, nonetheless, to exclude his wife from his coronation at [[Westminster Abbey]], on 19 July 1821. Caroline fell ill that day and died on 7 August; during her final illness she often stated that she thought she had been poisoned.{{Sfnp|Innes|1915|page=82}}
[[File:George4coin.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Half crown (British coin)|Half-crown]] of George IV, 1821]]
[[File:George IV in kilt, by Wilkie.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait by [[David Wilkie (artist)|Sir David Wilkie]] depicting George during his 1822 trip to Scotland]]
George's coronation was a magnificent and expensive affair, costing about £243,000 (approximately £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|243000|1822|r=-3}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}};{{Inflation/fn|UK|df=y}} for comparison, his father's coronation had only cost about £10,000). Despite the enormous cost, it was a popular event.{{Sfnp|Hibbert|2008}} In 1821, George became the first monarch to pay a state visit to Ireland since [[Richard II of England]].{{Sfnp|De-la-Noy|1998|page=95}} The following year he visited [[Edinburgh]] for "one and twenty daft days".{{Sfnp|Prebble|1988}} His [[Visit of George IV to Scotland|visit to Scotland]], organised by Sir [[Walter Scott]], was the first by a reigning monarch since the mid-17th century.{{Sfnp|Parissien|2001|pages=316–323}}
George spent most of his later reign in seclusion at [[Windsor Castle]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=King George IV |url=https://www.royal.uk/king-george-iv-r-1820-1830 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=Official website of the British monarchy}}</ref> but he continued to intervene in politics. At first it was believed that he would support Catholic emancipation, as he had proposed a Catholic Emancipation Bill for Ireland in 1797, but his anti-Catholic views became clear in 1813 when he privately canvassed against the ultimately defeated Catholic Relief Bill of 1813. By 1824 he was denouncing Catholic emancipation in public.{{Sfnp|Parissien|2001|page=189}} Having taken the coronation oath on his accession, George now argued that he had sworn to uphold the Protestant faith, and could not support any pro-Catholic measures.{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=238}} The influence of the Crown was so great, and the will of the Tories under Prime Minister Liverpool so strong, that Catholic emancipation seemed hopeless. In 1827, however, Liverpool retired, to be replaced by the pro-emancipation Tory [[George Canning]]. When Canning entered office, the King, hitherto content with privately instructing his ministers on the Catholic Question, thought it fit to make a public declaration to the effect that his sentiments on the question were those of his revered father, George III.{{Sfnp|Hibbert|1973|page=292}}
Canning's views on the Catholic Question were not well received by the most conservative Tories, including the Duke of Wellington. As a result, the ministry was forced to include Whigs.{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|pages=231–234}} Canning died later in that year, leaving [[Lord Goderich]] to lead the tenuous Tory–Whig coalition. Goderich left office in 1828, to be succeeded by Wellington, who had by that time accepted that the denial of some measure of relief to Roman Catholics was politically untenable.{{Sfnp|Parissien|2001|page=190}}{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=237}} George was never as friendly with Wellington as he had been with Canning and chose to annoy the Duke by pretending to have fought at Waterloo disguised as a German general. With great difficulty Wellington obtained the King's consent to the introduction of a Catholic Relief Bill on 29 January 1829. Under pressure from his fanatically anti-Catholic brother [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]], the King withdrew his approval and in protest the Cabinet resigned ''en masse'' on 4 March. The next day the King, now under intense political pressure, reluctantly agreed to the Bill and the ministry remained in power.{{Sfnp|Hibbert|2008}} Royal
== Declining health and death ==
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George dictated his will in May and became very devout in his final months, confessing to an archdeacon that he repented of his dissolute life, but hoped mercy would be shown to him as he had always tried to do the best for his subjects.{{Sfnp|Smith|1999|page=269}} By June, he was unable to lie down, and received the [[Anointing of the sick|Sacrament]] on 14 June in the presence of Lady Conyngham, Halford, and a clergyman.{{Sfnp|Parissien|2001|page=6}} While Halford only informed the Cabinet on 24 June that "the King's cough continues with considerable expectoration", he privately told his wife that "things are coming to a conclusion ... I shall be released about Monday."{{Sfnp|Parissien|2001|pages=7-8}}
At about three in the morning of 26 June 1830 at Windsor Castle, George awoke and passed a bowel
==Legacy==
{{See also|Cultural depictions of George IV}}
[[File:a-voluptuary.jpg|thumb|"A VOLUPTUARY under the horrors of Digestion": 1792 caricature by [[James Gillray]] from George's time as Prince of Wales]]
[[File:Statue of King George IV in Trafalgar Square, London (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Equestrian statue of George IV, Trafalgar Square|Statue of George IV]]'' in [[Trafalgar Square]], London]]
George's only legitimate child, Charlotte, had died from [[Obstetrical hemorrhage|post-partum complications]] in 1817, after delivering a stillborn son. George III's second son, Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, had died childless in 1827, so the throne passed to the third son of George III, William, Duke of Clarence, who reigned as [[William IV]].{{Sfnp|Innes|1915|page=105}}▼
[[File:Marquis Wellesley pillar, Dun Laoghaire.jpg|thumb|An obelisk in [[Dún Laoghaire]], Ireland, honouring George IV's 1823 visit]]
▲George's only legitimate child, Charlotte, had died from [[Obstetrical hemorrhage|post-partum complications]] in 1817, after delivering a stillborn son. George III's second son, Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, had died childless in 1827, so the throne passed to the third son of George III, William, Duke of Clarence, who reigned as [[William IV]].{{Sfnp|Innes|1915|page=105}}
George was described as the "First Gentleman of England" on account of his style and manners.<ref>''The Diary of Prince Pückler-Muskau'' (May 1828). Quoted in Parissien (2001), p. 420.</ref> He was bright, clever, and knowledgeable, but his laziness and gluttony led him to squander much of his talent. ''The Times'' wrote that he would always prefer "a girl and a bottle to politics and a sermon".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clarke |first=John |date=1975 |title=George IV |journal=The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England |publisher=Knopf |page=225}}</ref>
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During the political crisis caused by Catholic emancipation, the Duke of Wellington said that George was "the worst man he ever fell in with his whole life, the most selfish, the most false, the most ill-natured, the most entirely without one redeeming quality".{{Sfnp|Hibbert|1973|page=310}} However, his eulogy delivered in the [[House of Lords]] called George "the most accomplished man of his age" and praised his knowledge and talent.{{Sfnp|Hibbert|1973|page=344}} Wellington's true feelings were probably somewhere between these two extremes; as he said later, George was "a magnificent patron of the arts ... the most extraordinary compound of talent, wit, buffoonery, obstinacy, and good feeling—in short a medley of the most opposite qualities, with a great preponderance of good—that I ever saw in any character in my life."{{Sfnp|Hibbert|1973|page=344}}
Upon George's death, ''[[The Times]]'' captured elite opinion succinctly: "There never was an individual less regretted by his fellow-creatures than this deceased king. What eye has wept for him? What heart has heaved one throb of unmercenary sorrow? ... If he ever had a
There are many statues of George IV, a large number of which were erected during his reign. In the United Kingdom, they include a [[bronze]] statue of him on horseback by [[Sir Francis Chantrey]] in [[Trafalgar Square]].{{Sfnp|Parissien|2001|pages=14, 162–163, 201, 277}}
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===Arms===
{{Multiple image
| align =
| header = Coats of arms of George IV
|
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Coat of Arms of the Hanoverian Princes of Wales (1714-1760).svg
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| caption4 = As King (in Scotland) (1820–1830)
}}
George's [[Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales|coat of arms as the Prince of Wales]] was the [[royal arms]] (with an [[inescutcheon]] of [[Gules]] plain in the Hanoverian [[Quartering (heraldry)|quarter]]), [[Cadency labels of the British royal family|differenced by a label]] of three points [[Argent]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velde |first=Francois R. |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |access-date=11 May 2013 |website=Heraldica}}</ref> The arms included the royal [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]] and [[supporter]]s but with the single arched [[coronet]] of his rank, all charged on the shoulder with a similar [[Label (heraldry)|label]]. His arms followed the change in the royal arms in 1801, when the Hanoverian quarter became an inescutcheon and the French quarter was dropped altogether.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=15324|page=2|date=30 December 1800}}</ref> The 1816 alteration did not affect him as it only applied to the arms of the King.<ref name="pinches">{{Cite book |last1=Pinches |first1=John Harvey |title=The Royal Heraldry of England |last2=Pinches |first2=Rosemary |publisher=Hollen Street Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-900455-25-X |series=Heraldry Today |location=Slough, Buckinghamshire |pages=228–229}}</ref>
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* {{Cite book |last=De-la-Noy |first=Michael |title=George IV |date=1998 |publisher=Sutton Publishing |isbn=0-7509-1821-7 |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |author-link=Michael De-la-Noy}}
* {{Cite book |last=Derry |first=John W. |authorlink=John W. Derry|title=The Regency Crisis and the Whigs |date=1963 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Garrett |first=Natalee |url=https://rsj.winchester.ac.uk/articles/10.21039/rsj.351 |date=2022|title=Royalty, Celebrity, and the Press in Georgian Britain, 1770-1820 |journal=Royal Studies Journal |volume= 9 |issue=2 |pages=
* {{Cite book |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |title=George IV, Prince of Wales, 1762–1811 |date=1972 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-12675-4 |location=London |author-link=Christopher Hibbert}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/georgeivregentki00hibb |title=George IV, Regent and King, 1811–1830 |date=1973 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=0-7139-0487-9 |location=London}}
* {{Cite ODNB |last=Hibbert |first=Christopher |date=2008 |orig-date=2004 |title=George IV (1762–1830)
* {{Cite book |last=Innes |first=Arthur Donald |date=1914 |title=A History of England and the British Empire |
* {{Cite book |last=Innes |first=Arthur Donald |year=1915 |title=A History of England and the British Empire |volume=4 |publisher=The MacMillan Company
* {{Cite book |last=Parissien |first=Steven |title=George IV: The Grand Entertainment |date=2001 |publisher=John Murray |isbn=0-7195-5652-X |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prebble |first=John |title=The King's Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, 1822 |date=1988 |publisher=Collins |isbn=9-780002-154048 |location=London}}
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== Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Machin |first=G. I. T. |date=1964 |title=The Catholic Question in English Politics 1820 to 1830 |
* {{Cite book |last=Priestley |first=J. B. |
* {{Cite journal |last=Raymond |first=John |date=1962 |title=King George IV: A Reappraisal |journal=[[History Today]] |pages=538–547, 614–621 |volume=12 |issue=
* [[Joanna Richardson|Richardson, Joanna]] (1960). ''The Disastrous Marriage: A Study of George IV and Caroline of Brunswick''. London: Jonathan Cape
* Richardson, Joanna (1966). ''George IV
==External links==
* [https://www.royal.uk/george-iv George IV] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/george-iv-king-of-the-united-kingdom-1762-1830#/type/subject George IV] at the official website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/george_iv_king.shtml George IV] at ''[[BBC History]]''
* {{NPG name|name=King George IV}}
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{{s-non|reason=Most recent}}
{{S-end}}
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{British princes}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:George 04 Of The United Kingdom}}
[[Category:George IV| ]]
[[Category:10th Royal Hussars officers]]▼
[[Category:1762 births]]
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[[Category:19th-century British monarchs]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]
[[Category:Monarchs of the United Kingdom]]▼
[[Category:Kings of Hanover]]▼
[[Category:Princes of Wales]]▼
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[[Category:Hanoverian princes]]▼
[[Category:Crown Princes of Hanover]]▼
[[Category:Dukes of Cornwall]]▼
[[Category:Dukes of Rothesay]]▼
[[Category:Monarchs of the Isle of Man]]▼
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[[Category:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]▼
[[Category:Blind royalty and nobility]]
[[Category:British blind people]]▼
[[Category:British royalty and nobility with disabilities]]
▲[[Category:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]]
[[Category:Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage]]
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[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary]]▼
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▲[[Category:Heirs to the British throne]]
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[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain]]
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▲[[Category:Owners of Epsom Derby winners]]
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▲[[Category:Princes of Wales]]
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[[Category:Sons of kings]]
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