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| revenue = $30.2 million<ref name="Ratings">{{cite web | url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/irs-form-990/201733059349100703_public.xml?_ga=2.172144547.1277348753.1553048283-524418911.1552927313 | title=John Templeton Foundation | website=ProPublica | access-date=19 March 2018 | archive-date=8 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233458/https://s3.amazonaws.com/irs-form-990/201733059349100703_public.xml?_ga=2.172144547.1277348753.1553048283-524418911.1552927313 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| expenses = $182.2 million<ref name="Ratings" />
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The '''John Templeton Foundation''' ('''Templeton Foundation''') is a [[Philanthropy|philanthropic]] organization that reflects the ideas of its founder, [[John Templeton]]
Templeton founded the organization in 1987 and headed it as chairman until
==Leadership==
[[John Templeton]] (29 November 1912 – 8 July 2008) was an American-born British [[investor]], banker, [[Asset management|fund manager]], and philanthropist. In 1954, he entered the [[Mutual fund|mutual fund market]] and created the [[Franklin Templeton Investments|Templeton Growth Fund]].<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/09/business/09templeton-cnd.html|title=Sir John M. Templeton, Philanthropist, Rockstar, Dies at 95|date=9 July 2000|first=Robert D.|last=McFadden}}</ref> According to a 2011 profile of the foundation:
<blockquote>Like many of his generation, Templeton was a great believer in progress, learning, initiative, and the power of human imagination — not to mention the free-enterprise system that allowed him, a middle-class boy from Winchester, Tennessee, to earn billions of dollars on Wall Street. ... Unlike most of his peers, however, Templeton thought that the principles of progress should also apply to religion. He described himself as "an enthusiastic Christian" — but was also open to learning from Hinduism, Islam and other religious traditions. Why, he wondered, couldn't religious ideas be open to the type of constructive competition that had produced so many advances in science and the free market?<ref name="Nature2011">{{cite journal |last1=Waldrop |first1=M. Mitchell |title=Religion: Faith in science |journal=Nature |date=17 February 2011 |volume=470 |issue=7334 |pages=323–325 |doi=10.1038/470323a|pmid=21331019 |bibcode=2011Natur.470..323W |doi-access=free }} {{open access}}</ref></blockquote>
These were the values he sought to promote first through the [[Templeton Prize]] which he started in 1972 and then through the foundation, which he founded in 1987 and ran until
[[John Templeton Jr.]] was president of the foundation from its inception in 1987 and worked as a pediatric surgeon; he was chief of pediatric surgery at [[Children's Hospital of Philadelphia]] in 1995, when he stopped practicing medicine to join the foundation.<ref name="Bailey"/> He took over as chairman when his father died. He was an [[evangelical Christian]] and supported various [[American conservatism|American conservative]] causes.<ref name=NYT2015>{{cite news |title=John M. Templeton Jr., Who Led Foundation, Dies at 75 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/20/us/john-m-templeton-jr-who-led-foundation-dies-at-75.html |work=Associated Press via the New York Times |date=May 19, 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="philly.com">{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2008-10-28/news/25263219_1_ban-gay-marriage-heterosexual-marriages-proposition|title=$1 million for their own two cents Bryn Mawr couple are largest individual donors in efforts to ban gay marriage in California.|work=Philadelphia Inquirer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216130758/http://articles.philly.com/2008-10-28/news/25263219_1_ban-gay-marriage-heterosexual-marriages-proposition|archive-date=December 16, 2013 |first=David |last=O'Reilly|date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> He always maintained that he tried to run the foundation according to his father's wishes instead of his own
Heather Templeton Dill, the daughter of John Templeton Jr., became president in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=People in the News (8/02/15): Appointments and Promotions|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/people-in-the-news-8-02-15-appointments-and-promotions|newspaper=Philanthropy News Digest|date=2 August 2015}}</ref>
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The Templeton Prize was established by [[John Templeton]] and he administered the prize until the foundation was established in 1987, which took it over.<ref name="Nature2011"/><ref name=economist>{{Cite news | url = http://www.economist.com/obituary/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11745591 |newspaper = The Economist| title= Obituary – John Templeton | access-date=July 2, 2009|date=July 17, 2008}}</ref> The prize has "a value of about $1.7 million, making it one of the world’s largest annual awards given to an individual".<ref name="Bailey"/>
The early prizes were given solely to people who had made great achievements in the field of religion; [[Mother Teresa]] received the inaugural award in 1973,<ref name="Nature2011"/> with other early winners including Sir [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (1975),<ref name=indy>{{Cite web | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/philosopher-wins-163800000-award-for-spiritual-focus-440262.html| work=The Independent|access-date=2 July 2009 | date= 15 March 2007|first=Arifa|last=Akbar|title=Philosopher wins £800,000 award for spiritual focus}}</ref> [[Chiara Lubich]] (1977),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350399/Chiara-Lubich|title = Lubich, Chiara – Italian Roman Catholic lay leader | access-date=2 July 2009|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> and [[Nikkyō Niwano]] (1979).<ref name=humble>{{Cite book | title = The Humble Approach: Scientists Discover God |first=John|last=Templeton|isbn=1-890151-17-3 |publisher=Templeton Foundation Press|pages=170–172|date=1998-05-10}}</ref> In the 1980s, John Templeton began considering the intersection of science and religion, and after he appointed two scientists to the judging panel, scientists who worked at the intersection began receiving it; [[Alister Hardy]] was the first, in 1987.<ref name="Nature2011"/> More recent winners of the Templeton Prize have included the [[Dalai Lama]] in 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2012/0329/Dalai-Lama-wins-Templeton-Prize-as-more-than-simple-Buddhist-monk|title=Dalai Lama wins Templeton Prize as more than 'simple Buddhist monk'|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|first=Ron|last=Scherer|date=March 29, 2012}}</ref> [[King Abdullah II of Jordan]] in 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://religionnews.com/2018/06/27/templeton-prize/|title=King of Jordan wins Templeton Prize for fostering Muslim cooperation|publisher=Religion News Service|first=Chris|last=Herlinger|date=June 27, 2018}}</ref> Brazilian Jewish physicist and astronomer [[Marcelo Gleiser]] in 2019,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/jewish-physicist-becomes-first-latin-american-to-win-templeton-prize|title=Jewish physicist becomes first Latin American to win Templeton Prize|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|first=Marcus M.|last=Gilban|date=March 20, 2019}}</ref> and [[Primatology|primatologist]] [[Jane Goodall]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/may/20/naturalist-jane-goodall-wins-2021-templeton-prize-for-lifes-work |title=Naturalist Jane Goodall wins 2021 Templeton prize for life's work|first1=Harriet|last1=Sherwood|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 May 2021}}</ref>
==Grants==
Templeton "was a great believer in progress, learning, initiative and the power of human imagination—not to mention the free-enterprise system".<ref name="Nature2011"/> While most of its funding goes to topics in science, philosophy, and religion, around 40 percent of its annual grants go to character development, genius, freedom
Some research programs supported by the foundation
{{As of|2015}}, the foundation
The top ten largest grants as of 2018 were:<ref name="Grants 2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.templeton.org/grants/grant-database|title=Grant Database|website=John Templeton Foundation |year=2018}}</ref>
{| class="sortable wikitable"
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| Doing Development Differently|| Matt Warner, Brad Lips || Atlas Economic Research Foundation || $3,095,213
|-
| Freedom Forum Global Expansion ||
|-
| Small-Scale Fundamental Physics Block Grant || Gerald Gabrielse || Northwestern University || $3,000,000
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! Project
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! Project
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[[File:Black Holes - Monsters in Space.jpg|thumb|The [[Black Hole Initiative]] at [[Harvard University]] received a Templeton Foundation grant of over seven million dollars in 2016.]]
====QISS (Quantum Information Structure of Spacetime)====
The John Templeton Foundation granted over two million dollars in 2019, and then 4.5 million dollars in 2022 to QISS.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Quantum Information Structure Of Spacetime (QISS), Phase 1 grant |url=https://www.templeton.org/grant/the-quantum-information-structure-of-spacetime-qiss|work=[[John Tempelton Foundation]] |date=2019 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Quantum Information Structure Of Spacetime (QISS), Phase 2 Grant |url=https://www.templeton.org/grant/the-quantum-information-structure-of-spacetime-qiss-second-phase|work=[[John Tempelton Foundation]] |date=2022 |access-date=6 February 2023}}</ref> The QISS consortium brings together specialists from [[quantum gravity]], [[quantum information]], foundations of [[quantum mechanics]], as well [[Philosophy of Science]] to the physics of quantum [[spacetime]] on an information theoretical basis, bring within reach empirical access to [[Phenomenological quantum gravity|quantum gravity phenomenology]] leveraging rapidly advancing quantum technologies, and promote interactions between physicists and philosophers. The broader goal of QISS is to establish a long-term research program that brings together represented communities. Marios Christodoulou and [[Carlo Rovelli]] are the project leaders.
====Black Hole Initiative====
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[[File:Prehistoric Tools - Les Combarelles - Les Eyzies de Tayac - MNP.jpg|thumb|right|A grant of over three million dollars to the [[Stone Age Institute]] supports the study of what factors led human ancestors to things such as toolmaking.]]
[[File:Indo-European branches map.svg|thumb|A 2019 grant supports the study of the distribution of the [[Indo-European languages]].]]
In 2016, the foundation awarded $5.4 million to the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME)
Several grants
In March 2019, the foundation provided the bulk of a group of grants adding up to over $7 million to enable the Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Science (The Brain Institute) at [[Chapman University]] to examine "how the human brain enables conscious control of decisions and actions".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.chapman.edu/2019/03/05/brain-institute-receives-over-7-million-for-research-on-neurophilosophy-of-free-will/|title=Brain Institute Receives Over $7 Million for Research on Neurophilosophy of Free Will|publisher=Chapman University|first=Pamela|last=Ezell|date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
A grant from the foundation supports a study of religion and health conducted by [[Tyler VanderWeele]] of [[Harvard University]]. VanderWeele is the [[John L. Loeb]] and [[Frances Lehman Loeb]] Professor of [[Epidemiology]] in the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]], and co-director the University's Initiative on Health, Religion and Spirituality. His research has focused on the application of [[causal inference]] to epidemiology, as well as on the relationship between [[religion and health]].<ref name="VanderWeele">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/tyler-vanderweele/ |title=Tyler VanderWeele |website=[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] |language=en-us |access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref><ref name="Ducharme">{{Cite magazine |url=
In June 2019, the foundation awarded one of its largest grants to the Blavatnik Institute at [[Harvard Medical School]] for its [[Ancient DNA]] Atlas project that seeks to sequence the DNA of ancient human remains
The funding was used to embrace a multi-disciplinary approach and crowd-
===Social sciences===
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====Center on Religion and Chinese Society====
The Center on Religion and Chinese Society of the [[Purdue University]] in [[Indiana]] is funded by the foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Purdue sociologist receives $3.5 million grant to study religion in China - Purdue University|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/releases/2015/Q2/purdue-sociologist-receives-3.5-million-grant-to-study-religion-in-china.html|access-date=2021-01-21|website=www.purdue.edu}}</ref> The current director of the center, the [[Chinese Americans|Chinese American]] Christian scholar [[Fenggang Yang]], has been granted more than $9.5 million to support his projects,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/newsroom/purduetoday/didyouknow/2015/Q4/did-you-know-center-on-religion-and-chinese-society.html|title=Did You Know: Center on Religion and Chinese Society|last=Patterson Neubert|first=Amy|date=10 December 2015|publisher=Purdue University}}</ref> The center has published research on [[religion in China]], especially based on Yang's own theory of the so-called "religious market", with speculations were based on a report of the Pew Research Center, another publication backed by the foundation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-event-transcript/|title=Event Transcript: Global Christianity|last=Stern|first=Amy|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=19 December 2011}}</ref> Some scholars of Chinese religion have criticized Yang's sociological theories about religion in China,<ref name=Liang2016>{{cite journal|last=Liang|first=Yongjia|title=The Anthropological Study of Religion in China: Contexts, Collaborations, Debates and Trends|journal=Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series|issue=250|pages=14–15|date=2016|url=https://ari.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/wps16_250.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Goossaert|first=Vincent|title=Fenggang Yang, Religion in China. Survival & Revival under Communist Rule" (review)|url=https://assr.revues.org/24770|journal=Bulletin Bibliographique, [[Archives de
===Psychology===
====Positive psychology, religion and medicine====
[[Harold G. Koenig]], Dale Mathews, David Larson, Jeffrey Levin, [[Herbert Benson]] and [[Michael McCullough (psychologist)|Michael McCullough]] are scholars to whom the foundation has provided funds to "report the positive relations" between [[Religion and health|religion and medicine]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/blindfaithunholy00sloa|title=Blind faith: the unholy alliance of religion and medicine|last=Sloan|first=Richard P.|date=2006|publisher=New York : St. Martin's Press|others=Internet Archive|pages=60–63|isbn=9780312348816}}</ref> One field in which the foundation has been particularly supportive is [[positive psychology]], as developed by [[Martin Seligman]], [[Angela Duckworth]] and others.<ref name="UPenn"/> Positive psychology is "the scientific study of what makes life most worth living",<ref name="Peterson2008">{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Peterson (psychologist) |date=16 May 2008 |title=What Is Positive Psychology, and What Is It Not? |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-good-life/200805/what-is-positive-psychology-and-what-is-it-not |website=Psychology Today |access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref> or "the scientific study of positive human functioning and flourishing on multiple levels that include the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life".<ref>{{
</ref> Positive psychology is concerned with [[eudaimonia]], "the good life", reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. Positive psychology began as a new domain of psychology in 1998 when Seligman chose it as the theme for his term as president of the [[American Psychological Association]].<ref name="Time">{{cite web |url=http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/images/TimeMagazine/Time-Happiness.pdf |title=Time Magazine's cover story in the special issue on "The Science of Happiness", 2005 |access-date=2011-02-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060711093607/http://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/images/timemagazine/Time-Happiness.pdf |archive-date=2006-07-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Happier : learn the secrets to daily joy and lasting fulfillment|last=Tal.|first=Ben-Shahar|date=2007|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0071510967|location=New York|oclc=176182574}}</ref> ====Scientific development of virtue interventions====
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==Reception==
The foundation has received both praise and criticism for its awards. The [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|French National Center for Scientific Research]] (CNRS) has been critical of the foundation for funding "initiatives to bring science and religion closer together."<ref name=CNRS>{{cite web|title=La Fondation Templeton, les formes présentables du créationnisme philosophique : des initiatives "science et religions" pour dissoudre les limites entre le collectif et l'individuel, entre le public et le privé|url=http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosevol/decouv/articles/chap1/lecointre5.html|author=Guillaume Lecointre|publisher=[[Centre national de la recherche scientifique|French National Center for Scientific Research]]}}</ref> Science journalist [[Chris Mooney (journalist)|Chris Mooney]], an atheist, received a 2010 Templeton-Cambridge Journalism Fellowship. In a 2010 article on his ''Discover'' magazine blog, Mooney wrote, "I can honestly say that I have found the lectures and presentations that we've heard here to be serious and stimulating. The same goes for the discussions that have followed them".<ref>{{cite web|last=Mooney|first=Chris|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/intersection/2010/06/07/science-and-religion-on-the-cam-part-i/#more-8792|title=Science and Religion on the Cam, Part I|website=Doscover|date=7 June 2010|access-date=3 March 2011|archive-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134431/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/intersection/2010/06/07/science-and-religion-on-the-cam-part-i/#more-8792|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Some scholars have expressed concerns about the nature of the awards, research projects, and publications backed by the foundation. These concerns include questioning its integrity, cronyism, and its Templeton Freedom Awards. Journalist Sunny Bains pointed out in 2011 that Templeton Freedom Awards are administered by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, a group that opposes taking action on climate change and defends the tobacco industry, which also gives the foundation funding.<ref>Libby A. Nelson. [https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/05/21/some-philosophy-scholars-raise-concerns-about-templeton-funding "Some philosophy scholars raise concerns about Templeton funding"]. ''Inside Higher ED'': May 21, 2013</ref><ref>Josh Rosenau. [http://scienceblogs.com/tfk/2011/03/05/how-bad-is-the-templeton-found/ How Bad is the Templeton Foundation?]. Science Blogs.</ref><ref>John Horgan. [https://www.edge.org/conversation/john_horgan-the-templeton-foundation-a-skeptics-take The Templeton Foundation: A Skeptic's Take]. Edge.org.</ref><ref>Sean Carroll. [http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/05/i_won_t_take_money_from_templeton_science_and_religion_can_t_be_reconciled.html The Templeton Foundation Distorts the Fundamental Nature of Reality: Why I Won't Take Money from the Templeton Foundation]. Slate.com</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bains|first=Sunny|date=2011|title=Questioning the Integrity of the John Templeton Foundation|journal=Evolutionary Psychology|volume=9|issue=1|pages=92–115|doi=10.1177/147470491100900111|pmid=22947958|doi-access=free|pmc=10480919}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2011/apr/06/prize-mug-martin-rees-templeton|title=Martin Rees and the Templeton travesty {{!}} Jerry Coyne|last=Coyne|first=Jerry|date=2011-04-06|newspaper=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref>
===Religious funding===
[[File:Paul Davies.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paul Davies]], physicist and 1995 Templeton Prize laureate, has defended the foundation's role in the scientific community.]]
Critics have asserted that the foundation has supported Christian-oriented research in the field of the scientific [[religious studies|study of religions]],<ref name=Wiebe>{{cite journal|last=Wiebe|first=Donald|title=Religious Biases in Funding Religious Studies Research?|url=https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/bitstream/handle/11222.digilib/125290/2_Religio_17-2009-2_6.pdf|journal=Religio: Revue Pro Religionistiku|volume=XVII|number=2|year=2009|pages=125–140|issn=1210-3640}} p. 126.</ref> although the foundation has awarded both the Templeton Prize and numerous grants to persons of widely varied religious backgrounds, having provided extensive funding of Islamic scholarship, Buddhist research, and Jewish public engagement. ''Wired'' magazine has noted that "the scientists who apply to the foundation for support, though, are not required to state their religious beliefs, or to have any".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/1999/06/sir-john/|title=Sir John's Divine Gamble|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|first=Gary|last=Wolf|date=June 1, 1999}}</ref> In 2006, [[John Horgan (journalist)|John Horgan]], a 2005 Templeton-Cambridge fellow then working as a freelance science journalist, wrote in ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' that he had enjoyed his fellowship, but felt guilty that by taking money from the foundation, he had contributed to the mingling of science with religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.johnhorgan.org/the_templeton_foundation__a_skeptic_s_take_52371.htm|title=The Templeton Foundation: A Skeptic's Take|publisher=John Horgan|date=7 April 2006|access-date=3 March 2011|archive-date=11 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311223407/http://johnhorgan.org/the_templeton_foundation__a_skeptic_s_take_52371.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Horgan stated "misgivings about the foundation's agenda of reconciling religion and science". He said that a conference he attended favored scientists who "offered a perspective clearly skewed in favor of religion and Christianity."<ref name="Edge Horgan">{{cite web|url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/horgan06/horgan06_index.html|title=The Templeton Foundation: A Skeptic's Take|last=Horgan|first=John|date=4 May 2006|website=Edge}}</ref> Horgan fears recipients of large grants from the foundation sometimes write what the foundation wants rather than what they believe.<ref name="Edge Horgan"/> [[Richard Dawkins]], in his 2006 book ''[[The God Delusion]]'', interprets Horgan as saying that "Templeton's money corrupts science", and characterizes the prize as going "usually to a scientist who is prepared to say something nice about religion".<ref name='GodDelusion'>{{cite book|last=Dawkins|first=Richard|title=The God Delusion|publisher=Black Swan|year=2006|location=UK|isbn=9780552773317|page=183}}</ref> Donald Wiebe, a scholar of [[religious studies]] at the [[University of Toronto]], similarly criticized the foundation in a 2009 article entitled ''Religious Biases in Funding Religious Studies Research?''. According to him, the foundation supports Christian bias in the field of religious studies, by deliberately imposing constraints to steer the results of the research.<ref name=Wiebe/>
[[Paul Davies]], physicist and 1995 Templeton Prize laureate, gave a defense of the foundation's role in the scientific community in the ''Times Higher Education Supplement'' in March 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seeking inspiration in science|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/seeking-inspiration-in-science/194642.article|date=11 March 2005|website=Times Higher Education}}</ref> In 2010, journalist [[Nathan Schneider]] published a lengthy investigative article about the foundation, entitled ''God, Science and Philanthropy'', in ''[[The Nation]]''. In the article, he aired complaints about the foundation, but observed that many of its critics and grantees alike failed to appreciate "the breadth of the foundation's activities, much less the quixotic vision of its founder, John Templeton". Schneider observed: "At worst, Templeton could be called heterodox and naïve; at best, his was a mind more open than most, reflective of the most inventive and combinatorial strains of American religious thought, eager to radically reinterpret ancient wisdom and bring it up to speed with some version from the present."<ref name=schneider>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/god-science-and-philanthropy?page=full|title=God, Science and Philanthropy|newspaper=The Nation|date=3 June 2010|last1=Schneider|first1=Nathan|access-date=3 March 2011|archive-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211190640/http://www.thenation.com/article/god-science-and-philanthropy?page=full|url-status=dead}}</ref> Though the foundation, in Schneider's view, "has associated itself with political and religious forces that cause it to be perceived as threatening the integrity of science and protecting the religious status quo," these alliances meant the foundation "is also better positioned than most to foster a conservatism—and a culture generally—that holds the old habits of religions and business responsible to good evidence, while helping scientists better speak to people's deepest concerns".<ref name=schneider/> In 2011, the science journal ''Nature'' took note of the ongoing controversy among scientists over working with Templeton.<ref name="Nature2011"/> [[Jerry Coyne]], [[University of Chicago]] evolutionary biologist, sees a fundamental impossibility in attempting to reconcile faith with science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2011/02/16/nature-on-templeton/|title=''Nature'' on Templeton|website=Why Evolution Is True|date=6 February 2011}}</ref> Coyne told ''Nature'' writer Mitchell Waldrop that the foundation's purpose is to eliminate the wall between religion and science, and to use science's prestige to validate religion. Other scientists, including Foundation grantees like University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo and Anthony Aguirre, a University of California—Santa Cruz astrophysicist, told ''Nature'' that they have never felt pressured by Templeton to spin their research toward religion-friendly conclusions.<ref name="Nature2011"/>
Sunny Bains of [[University College London]] Faculty of Engineering Science claimed that there is "evidence of cronyism (especially in the awarding
===Intelligent design===
A 2007 article in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' described the foundation as having "drawn criticism for its early support of intelligent design",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iritani |first1=Evelyn |title=Testing the role of trust and values in financial decisions |url=
Some organizations funded by the foundation in the 1990s gave book-writing grants to [[Guillermo Gonzalez (astronomer)|Guillermo Gonzalez]] and to [[William A. Dembski|William Dembski]], proponents of [[intelligent design]] who later joined the [[Discovery Institute]].<ref name="Nature2011"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dembski |first1=William A. |title=Being as Communion: A Metaphysics of Information |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317175445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wYHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18 |language=en}}</ref> The foundation also gave money directly to the Discovery Institute which in turn passed it through to Baylor University, which used the funds to support Dembski's salary at its short-lived [[Michael Polanyi Center]].<ref name=Trojan>{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=Barbara |last2=Gross |first2=Paul R. |title=Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195319736 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mMSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA306 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|306}}<ref name=wedgeatwork>{{cite news |last1=Gross |first1=Barbara |title=The Wedge at Work |url=https://ncse.com/creationism/analysis/wedge-at-work |work=NCSE |date=3 December 2008 |language=en}}</ref> The foundation funded projects by [[Bruce L. Gordon]], associate director of the center, after the center was dissolved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Final In Series Of Science And Faith Lectures To Be Held April 22–23 |url=https://www.baylor.edu/mediacommunications/news.php?action=story&story=7161 |work=Media Communications {{!}} Baylor University |date=19 April 2004}}</ref> Some media outlets described the foundation as a supporter of intelligent design during the ''[[Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District]]'' litigation in the mid-2000s, a charge which the foundation denied.<ref name="Nature2011"/> The foundation "explicitly warns intelligent-design researchers not to bother submitting proposals: they will not be considered."<ref name="Nature2011"/><ref name=NYT2005>{{cite news |last1=Goodstein |first1=Laurie |title=Intelligent Design Might Be Meeting Its Maker |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/weekinreview/intelligent-design-might-be-meeting-its-maker.html |work=New York Times |date=December 4, 2005 |language=en}}</ref>
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A number of journalists have highlighted connections with conservative causes. A 1997 article in ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' written by [[David Plotz]] said the foundation had given a significant amount of financial support to groups, causes and individuals considered [[American conservatism|conservative]], including gifts to [[Gertrude Himmelfarb]], [[Milton Friedman]], [[Walter E. Williams]], [[Julian Lincoln Simon]] and [[Mary Lefkowitz]], and called John Templeton Jr. a "sugar daddy" for such thinkers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Plotz |first=David |url=http://www.slate.com/id/1822/ |title=God's Venture Capitalist |publisher=Slate.com |date=1997-06-08 |access-date=2015-03-08}}</ref> The foundation also has a history of supporting the [[Cato Institute]], a [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] think-tank and [[The Heritage Foundation]] [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] think-tank,<ref name="Dembicki">{{cite news |last1=Dembicki |first1=Jeff |title=How a conservative US network undermined Indigenous energy rights in Canada |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/18/conservative-us-network-undermined-indigenous-energy-rights-in-canada |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=18 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> as well as projects at major research centers and universities such as [[Hernando de Soto (economist)|Hernando de Soto]]'s [[Institute for Liberty and Democracy|Instituto Libertad Y Democracia]] and the [[X Prize Foundation]], which is described as "a nonprofit organization that designs and manages [[Inducement prize contest|public competition]]s intended to encourage technological development that could benefit humanity".
In a 2007 article in ''[[The Nation]]'' [[Barbara Ehrenreich]] drew attention to the foundation's former president John M. Templeton Jr. funding of the conservative group [[Freedom's Watch]], and referred to the foundation as a "right
== Climate change denial ==
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==Templeton Press==
The foundation also funds an affiliated [[publisher]], Templeton Press,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templetonpress.org|title=Going beyond books to explore our place in the universe|publisher=Templeton Press}}</ref> which from 2004 to 2010 published the periodical ''In Character: A Journal of Everyday Virtues''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://incharacter.org|title=In Character, A Journal of Everyday Virtues by the John Templeton Foundation|publisher=Incharacter.org}}</ref> From 2000 to 2003 it published ''Research news & opportunities in science and theology'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Research news & opportunities in science and theology. |publisher=WorldCat |language=en |date=2000|oclc=44423629 }}</ref> in which [[Bruce L. Gordon]] published a piece on the state of "design theory" in the aftermath of the [[Michael Polanyi Center]] affair.<ref name=Trojan/>{{rp|378}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Bruce |title=Intelligent Design Movement Struggles with Identity Crisis |journal=Research News & Opportunities in Science and Theology |date=January 2001 |page=9 |url=https://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Apologetics/ResearchNews1-01Gordon.html }}</ref> Templeton Press has a partnership with the [[Yale University Press]], producing books on character and
==References==
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